There exists an electric potential across the nerve.

RESTING STAGE:

#greter Anions psn inside the cell memb.(-)

#equal Cations outside cell memb(+)
#Eletrochemical Gradient between outside and inside of membrane is -70 to -90 mV.(boley to
andar me negative chg zyada hota hay)
#This difference is called RESTING POTENTIAL.

This polarized membrane is a potential source of Energy.

Polarization develops becoz nerve cell memb is relatively permeable to K+ ions and Relatively
impermeanble to the Na+.

The inside of nerve has electrostatic negative charge whih keeps spme K+ bound inside and
restricts Cl- entry inside cell.Plus an active Na+ pump acts which keeps pumping out the Na+
outside from inside (ACTIVELY).Na+ keeps getting inside as acc to conc gradient but pump
keeps pumping it out maintaining the potential gradient.

As long as nerve's unstimulated,Polarization i maintained.

DEPOLARIZATION STAGE:

when stimulus of sufficient intensity applied:

# Membrane is activated and its permeability to Sodium changes(it occurs due to Ca

displacement from Phospholipid binding sites.)

# K moves out of cell and Na moves into the cell so The polarized membrane gets Depolarized.
# The mebrane actualy reverses in Polarity such that negative potential develops out cell and
Positive inside cell(Nearly twice The REVERSE POLARITY develops in this state).
# Propogation of nerve impulse occurs by passage of action potential by continuing stimulation .
# Myelinted nerves me REVERSE POLARITY develops only at nodes of Ranvier whic is
demyelinated.
thats called SALTATORY CONDUCTION as kind of jumping nerve impulse occurrs.
# Only at certain points depolarisation remains and as the impulse is carried forward the area left
back Repolarized soon.

REPOLARIZATION:

It occurs following Depolarization.

Altered permeabilty again starts to change...as in an attempt to get back as to POLARIZED state.

# High permebility of K is restored so that it starts gettin into cell due to electrostatic forces and
flows out of cell de to concentration gradient(Passively)

# By this time Na+ lso passively flows in acc/to conc'n gradient of itself.
# Relative impermeabilty to Na+ is restored so that Na+ Pumps are reactived which pump out
Na+ out the cell actively against electrostatic forces.
#ATP is used to pump out Na+ against conc'n gradient.
# this occurs after 3-4 mSec n the memb remains depolarized during these secs which cant be
depolarized further during this.

#These 3-4 m secs form the ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD...when no further stimulation
may occur.
# After this when the polarity starts to Return to polarized state the nerve can be stimulated but
with greater than previous stimulus...This is RELATIVE REFRACTORY PERIOD.
# After the relative ref pd. when polarity has returned to pre impulse level,Nerve is
REPOLARIZED completely and will respond to stimulus of normal intensity.

Once an impulse has been initiated within particular nerve fibre,ampitude of electrical impulse
and speed of nerve conduction remains constant invariably independent of the quality nd intensity
of Stimulus applied. (this rule may see variation in case of multi fibre nerves...where intensity
surely affects the no of fibres stimulated and hence the reaction/responce observed).