INTRODUCTION
by given each its place and thus forms the structure in nanometer scale.
derived from Greek word dwarf. Here it refers to one billionth of a meter
or (10-9).
NANOSTRUCTURE
as components.
chemistry methods, but they can then self assemble into larger Nanoscale
structures.
Nanoscientists are very interested in them because when rolled into tubes
thick they are called single walled carbon Nanotubes. Nanotubes are the
Carbon NanoTube
grade steel. Nanotubes are not only strong but they are also very light
which materials other than carbon are introduced into the tube matrix.
Nanowires.
science and industry. IBM have already used nanotubes to craft usable
• Top-Down Approach
• Bottom-Up approach
scratch a soft surface we can modify the structure. Similarly with the tip
• It is relatively expensive
• It is relatively slow.
Nanoscale Lithography
pattern on the stone, inking the stone and then pushing the inked stone
smaller than that are difficult to make directly using it. This is one of the
reasons that continuing Moiré’s law into the nanoscale will Require
them in exactly the same way that we write ink lines using a fountain
nanolithography is named after the old-fashioned dip pen that was used
figure.
the top of the scanning probe tip, which is manipulated across the
surface, leaving lines and patterns behind. Using this technique any
complex structure can be realized because AFM tips are relatively easy
to manupulate. This fact makes DPN the technique of choice for creating
E-Beam Lithography
wavelength light has higher energy, so it can have nasty side effects like
blowing the feature we are trying to create right off the surface.
make structures at the nanoscale. Figure shows two electrodes that are
carbon nanotube.
themselves.
they will form a tight group with each marble surrounded by six others.
If this array was spray-painted from the top and then the marbles were
tipped off the board. The paint would appear as a set of painted dots
each shaped like a triangle with concave edges. Now if the marbles are
Self-Assembly
nanostructures that we have seen so far is that are too munch like work.
will always seek the lowest energy level available to them. If bonding to
their physical positions does the trick, then they will reorient. The forces
salt that are made of ions are called ionic crystals. Those made of atoms
are called atomic crystals, and those made of molecules are called
crystal.
grown from solution using seed crystals, which involves putting a small
seed. Silicon boules, the blocks used for making microchips, are made or
Polymerization
used scheme for making nanoscale materials and even much larger ones-
elegant structures.
distinguish velvet from steel or wood from tar. The different materials
exert different forces on your finger as you drag it along the different
probe.
AFMcalled a tip,
In scanning probe measurements, the probe, also
slides along a surface in the same way your finger does. The probe is of
nanoscale dimensions, often only a single atom in size where it scans the
to measure the force exerted on the probe tip as it moves along the
surface.
used either to test the local geometry or the local electrical conducting
characteristics.
structure on the surface. The MFM tip works in a similar way to the
general idea of the STM.In all of them, the important idea is that a
nanoscale tip that slides or scans over the surface is used to investigate
Spectroscopy
nanostructures.
nanometers.
Electrochemistry
metal ions absorb electrons from the current flowing through the surface
nanostructure, but it can also be used in their analysis. The nature of the
Electron Microscopy
light to examine the structure and behavior of the material. There are
different types of Electron Microscopy, but they are all based on the
the particles were that scattered the electrons did not make it through.
atoms, but samples must often be stained before they can be imaged.
Additionally TEM can only measure physical structure, not forces like
interpretation.
APPLICATIONS
Nanotechnology are:
Nano Computers
to design a chip to fit into our fingertip controlling a music system then
semiconductor molecules and structure them into the form we need. This
0.13 microns. After 0.13 microns it is very difficult to etch the circuits
technology.
data. Each tip writes a bit of 50nm on the polymer, which stores data.
memory to 80Giga bits per square cm using a single AFM tip. The main
advantage of using such technology, other than the small sizes, is the
power consumption.
Material Technology
almost all the areas that we are familiar with. The advantage of using
Medicine
the rate at which medicine, are supplied to patient body. One of the
advantage of using bucky balls are that they are extremely small (1nm
long) and non-toxic. These spherical particles are very smooth. The body
mechanisms.
orally and then the body eliminates it without any side effects .It is
possible to attach the needed drugs on the bucky balls. This is much
capabilities than the current STM are needed. Nanorobots are also
similar to Nanodoctors.
Nanoelectronics
will be able to down size transistors producing tera scale integrated chips
Nano LED
consume 150 watts and so can be used for traffic lights which are
expected to burn for more than a decade continuously. More over they
Replacement of Flash lamps: Flash lamps which are heavier and cost
Sensors: Sensors are highly sensitive systems that can be used to warn
can be used in Nanodevices where Ultra fast clocks are required for
faster computation and for running the device at rates greater than 1GHz.
FUTURE APPLICATIONS
revolutionize science.
• Medicine
• Environmental
• Robotics
• Nano Electronics
• Material Innovations
• Pharmaceuticals
• IT field
CONCLUSION
nearer than we can think. The Nano storm will catch us quietly. The only
difference being that it will come in a silent subdued manner much like
how we used and embraced artificial fibres over the years without
REFERENCES
Daniel Ratner
Web.me.unr.edu/me372/Spring2001/Nanotechnology.pdf
ABSTRACT
build with single atoms anything one's software defines. This paper
process involved.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
without which this seminar would not have seen the light of day.
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. NANOSTRUCTURE 2
NANOSTUCTURES 13
5. APPLICATIONS 17
6. FUTURE APPLICATIONS 23
7. CONCLUSION 24
8. REFERENCES 25