Using MATLAB@-Sirnulink@ for Transient Analysis
in Synchronous Machines
(3 page Digest)
Dale Querrey, ETI, ABB Corporation; Raleigh, NC 27606 USA
Charles A. Gross, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
Peter Reichmeider,ETI, ABB Corporation; Raleigh, NC 27606 USA
Damir Novosel, ABB T&D Technology, Ltd., Baden-Dattwil, CH-5405
Sheppard Salon, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA
Abstract
This paper discusses application of MATLAB@-
Sirnulink@to transient analysis of large synchronous
machines, with specific reference to the analysis of
internal faults, and integration with the computer
program GENSIM.
Introduction
MATLAB" is a general purpose mathematical utility
program which provides editing, plotting, debugging,
and graphics capabilities, as well as access to an
extensive and sophisticated library of powerful
computational algorithms, and is becoming widely
used throughout the engineering community.
Simulink" is a software package designed to run
within MATLAB@. Sirnulink@ can be used for
modeling, simulating, and analyzing dynamic
systems, whose performance is described with sets of
differential equations [ 11-[4]. The package has a
graphical user interface for building the dynamic
system model from a comprehensive library of built-
in, or user-defined, functional blocks [ 5 ] .
The main advantages of using MATLAB@'-Sirnulink@
(M-S) are::
rapid development of the product
access; to sophisticated reliable mathematical
solution algorithms
assistance in output control, particularly with
regard to graphics.
The Internal Fault Application
There is im ongoing need to develop sophisticated
components and systems for protection of large
synchronous machines. An area of concern involves
0-7803-5293-9/99$10.00 0 1999 IEEE 392
the detection of internal faults in the stator windings,
where an internal fault is defined as a turn-to-turn, or
turn-to-frame, insulation failure. A computer
simulation package GENSIM, designed to operate in
the M-S environment, has been recently developed to
analyze internal stator winding faults in large
synchronous generators. The objective of the
program is to compute accurate transient waveforms
of all machine currents and voltages under internal
fault conditions. For details on the methodology used
to develop the model, see [ 6 ] .
The system equations are of the form:
-
d i = h(t,?,F,p)
dt
g(t,?,F,p) = o (2)
where ? is the vector of winding currents, F is the
vector of winding voltages and p i s a set of
constants which define the machine. The algebraic
constraints in Equation 2 result from the interface of
the machine with external networks, and the details
of the fault type. The network constraints can be
explicitly eliminated by reformulating the algebraic
equations (2) and substituting the result into
Equation (l),yielding:
di
-= j(t,i,F,p> valid for t c Tf
dt
di -
-=f(t,i,F,p) validfort>Tf
dt
Equation (3) provides the general expression for state
space formulation, where Tf is the time at which the
fault is applied.
In the general case, as described in Equation (l), the
system is tenth order, with one equation for each
machine winding current (six stator and four rotor
currents). The three-phase stator windings are
partitioned into six windings to permit application of
internal faults. Faults are simulated by appropriate
connections to the interior nodes of selected
windings. The number of faulted states depends on
the postulated fault condition.
GENSIM is composed of two separate entities. The
first part is a Windows-based C++ program which
provides data entry and conversion capability. The
program accepts typical manufacturer's generator
data and converts the set into analytical data; the
program layout is summarized in Figure 1. The user
may work in SI units or per-unit; GENSIM
automatically converts one to the other, using
generator ratings as bases. The converted case data
is stored in a *.sim file that is used as the input to the
GENSIM Simulink model, shown in Figure 2.
Integration with MATLAB@-Sirnulink@
Sirnulink@provides a graphics interface to construct a
system model for simple system dynamic simulation.
However, for a problem of this order and complexity,
it was more practical to create a so-called "S-
function" in the C-language, which contains all of
the necessary functions for the transient simulation.
(part 2 of GENSIM). The S-function in GENSIM is
contained within a "masked" block labeled
"Synchronous Machine Model", as shown in Figure
2. To access GENSIM2, the user double-clicks on
this block. All that is required is to load the case,
select the solution method, specify the start, stop
times, and start the simulation. This approach
features portability and speed; functions are
compiled and dynamically linked into Sirnulink@only
when needed, and the code may be conveniently
modifided as necessary. GENSIM is compatible
with MATLAB@version 5.2 and Sirnulink@version
2.2.

Input conventional data for machine, fault Simulation of Internal Faults in Synchronous Machines
type, time and location, prefault operating
conditions, external terminations.
I
I
I
v
Calculate initial conditions, inductances,
resistances, state equation coefficients.

Simulink"
Define solution algorithm, start, stop, fault
times. Specify output files.

MATLAB"

Post Processing; plotting, printing

Figure 1. GENSIM Organization Figure 2. GENSIM-Simulink@Model

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Capabilities and Typical Results Conclusions

GENSDA is capable of computing the system reponse The performance of a PC-based computer simulation
for a variety of fault scenarios. Figure 3 shows the package GENSIM, developed to analyze internal
two pha,se a currents ( i, and i, ) for a phase a single stator winding faults in large synchronous generators,
phase to ground internal fault, where 75% of the has been summarized, and the integration of
winding is faulted. All other winding currents and GENSIM with MATLAB@-Sirnulink@ has been
voltages are also available for plotting or tabulating. discussed.
The datil set for the example machine is given in
Table 1. The advantages to this approach include:
0 easy access to powerful, reliable, sophisticated,
and debugged computer code that implements
state of the art techniques for solving differential
Ratings:: equations.
3ph S rating = 100 MVA Rms line voltage = 13.8 kV 0 windows-based functionality for case data entry.
Frequency = 60.0 Hz Ifag = 313.2 A easy access to elegant graphics, including
Constants (pu, s): function plotting.
Xd = 2.039 Xd'= 0.217 Xd" = 0.150 0 modularity of code, expediting future
x q = 1.944 Xq' = 0.446 Xq" = 0.147 modifications and augmentations.
X1 = 0.128 ra = 0.004 Ta = 0.09846
Td'= 0.59757 Td" = 0.01521 Tq'= 0.10485 Disadvantages include:
Tq" = 0.01507 Re = 0.01000 Xe = 0.07000 0 GENSIM only runs on machines that have
professional versions of MATLAB@ 5.2 -
Table 1. Example Machine Data Sirnulink@2.2 installed.
0 there is no guarantee that GENSIM will be
totally compatible with future upgrades of M-S,
although no serious problems are anticipated.
0 GENSIM users should have a working
knowledge of MATLAB@-Simulink".New users
will need some orientation on the package.

References

[ l ] Using; MATLAB, Version 5, The Mathworks,

Natick, MA, 1996.
[2] Using MATLAB Graphics, Version 5, The
Mathworks, Natick, MA, 1996.
[3] MATLAB Application Program Interface Guide,
Version 5, The Mathworks, Natick, MA, 1996.
[4] MATLAB C-Compiler and Math Library,
Version 1.2, The Mathworks, Natick, MA, 1998
[5] SIMULINK, Dynamic System Simulation for
.. ..
0 20 40 60 Bo 100 120 140 160 180
I
200
MATLAB, Ver 2.2, The Mathworks, Natick, MA,
t in m 1998
Figure 3. Phase a Currents (il line [6] Peter Reichmeider and Dale Querrey, Accurate
side, i2 neutral side) for a 75% fault
Generator Modeling for Power Systems
on Phase a. Applications, Phase 11Final Report, PSC 96-01 12-30
R-1, ABB-ETI, Raleigh, NC, Dec. 1997.

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