CHAPTER - 13
13.2.4 Formwork
Formwork and its supports shall maintain their correct shapes and
profile so that the final concrete structure is within the limits of the specified
dimensional tolerances. They shall be designed to withstand the worst
combination of self-weight, reinforcement weight, wet concrete weight,
concrete pressure, construction and weather loads, together with all incidental
dynamic effects caused by placing, vibrating and compacting the concrete.
Formwork shall not be tied to or supported by the reinforcement.
Formwork shall be provided for the top surfaces of sloping work where
the slope exceeds fifteen degrees from the horizontal unless otherwise
specified, and shall be anchored so that the concrete can be properly
compacted and to prevent flotation. Care shall be taken to prevent air being
trapped.
Where ties are built into the concrete for the purpose of supporting
formwork, part of any such supports shall be capable of removal so that no
part remaining embedded in the concrete shall be within 50mm of the surface
in the case of reinforced concrete or 150mm in the case of unreinforced
concrete. Holes left after removal of such supports shall be neatly filled with
epoxy or well rammed dry-pack mortar.
DURABILITY OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Openings for inspection of the inside of the formwork, for the removal
of water used for washing down and for placing concrete shall be provided
and so formed as to be easily closed before or during placing concrete.
Before placing concrete all bolts, pipes or conduits or any other fixtures which
are to be built in shall be fixed in their correct positions, and cores and other
devices for forming holes shall be held fast by fixing to the formwork or
otherwise. Holes shall not be cut in any concrete without prior approval of the
Engineer.
The periods of time elapsing between the placing of the concrete and the
striking of the formwork shall have regard to the following factors:
i concrete strength;
ii stresses in the concrete during construction including for precast
units any disturbance and handling stresses;
iii curing;
iv subsequent surface treatment requirements:
v the presence of re-entrant angles requiring early removal of
formwork to avoid thermal cracking.
13.2.6 Dry-pack mortar : Dry-pack mortar for filling holes and repairing
surface blemishes shall be made from one part by weight of cement and three
parts fine aggregate passing a 1mm sieve. The colour of the mortar shall
match that of the surrounding concrete. The mortar shall be mixed with just
sufficient water to make the materials stick together when being moulded in
the hands.
13.3.1 Steel for reinforcement shall confirm to any one of the following:
i Mild steel and medium tensile steel bars conforming to IS:432 (Pt.I)
ii High strength deformed steel bars confirming to IS: 1786
iii Structural steel confirming to grade A and B of IS:2062
13.3.4 Storage of reinforcing bars and steel fabric : The contractor shall
stack separately and label different types of reinforcement for positive
identification. Reinforcement shall not be subjected to mechanical damage
or shock loading prior to embedment.
DURABILITY OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Steel reinforcing bars shall be kept clean and shall be free from pitting,
loose rust, mill scale, oil, grease, earth, paint, or any other material which may
impair the bond between the concrete and the reinforcement .
The hole shall be thoroughly cleaned and the surface wetted before
introducing 1:3 cement/sand grout into the hole. The bar shall be pushed into
the grout and held in position to maintain a uniform annulus of grout all around
the bar until the grout has set. The grouted bars shall not be disturbed for a
period of at least 7 days before building them in concrete.
13. 3.11 Bar schedules : Any bar schedules the contractor shall be entirely
responsible for checking the correctness of such schedules before arranging
for the supply cutting and bending of steel reinforcement. In the event of any
information being apparently missing or incorrect in the drawing the contractor
shall promptly refer to the Engineer.
i Plain hard - drawn steel wire conforming to IS: 1785 )Part I).
ii Indented wire for prestressed concrete conforming to IS: 6003.
iii Uncoated stress - relieved strand conforming to IS: 6006.
iv Uncoated stress - relieved low relaxation seven - ply stand for
prestressed concrete conforming to IS: 14268.
DURABILITY OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
ii) Transverse load rating test : The test ensures that stiffness of
the sheathing is sufficient to prevent permanent distortion during
site handling. The sample is placed on a horizontal support 500
mm long so that the sample is supported at all points of outward
corrugations. A load as specified in Table-13.1 is applied
gradually in increments at the centre of the supported portion
through a circular contact surface of 12mm dia. Couplers shall
be placed so that the load is applied approximately at the centre
of two corrugations (Fig. 13.2). The sample is considered
acceptable if the permanent deformation is less than 5 percent.
DURABILITY OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Table 13.1
TRANSVERSE LOAD RATING TEST
Table 13.2
iv) Water loss test : The sample is sealed at one end. It is then
filled with water. After the other end is also sealed as shown in
Fig. B-4, it is connected to a system capable of applying a
pressure of 0.05 N/mm2 and kept constant for 5 minutes. The
sample is acceptable if the loss of water does not exceed 1.5
percent of the volume.
Actual volume Vp = Va - Vb
Vp − πφ 2 L / 4
Relative profile volume cm2 / cm
πφL
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DURABILITY OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
DURABILITY OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
DURABILITY OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES