Madhav G. Badami
McGill University
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Outline
• The Problem -- Rapid motor vehicle
growth and impacts
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Motor Vehicle Growth in India, 1971-2001
60
Rapid growth nationally
50
M2W vehicles predominate, but …
Million vehicles
40
30
20
10
0
1971 1981 1991 2001
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Motor Vehicle Activity -- Impacts
• Mobility for millions; employment; technological
know-how and skills
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Courtesy Milind Kandlikar
Courtesy The Guardian mgb-eat2
Global Energy Consumption
by Sector, 1971-2001
8000
Energy growth most rapid in road transport until recently
6000
M TOE
4000
2000
0
1971 1981 1991 2001
4000
3000
M TOE
2000
1000
0
1971 1981 1991 2001
1,600
All OECD – 70%; North America – 40%
1,200
M TO E
800
400
0
1971 1981 1991 2001
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UT in India – Prospects,
Characteristics and
Considerations
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Rapid Urbanization
1950 (1) 1975 (5; 1 Asian LIC) 2000 (16; 8 Asian LIC, 2015 (21; 10 Asian LIC,
3 Indian) 3 Indian)
New York 12.3 Tokyo 19.7 Tokyo 26.4 Tokyo 27.2
New York 15.9 Mexico City 18.1 Dhaka 22.8
Shanghai 11.4 Sao Paulo 17.9 Bombay 22.6
Mexico City 10.7 New York 16.7 Sao Paulo 21.2
Sao Paulo 10.3 Bombay 16.1 Delhi 20.9
Mexico City 20.4
Los Angeles 13.2
New York 17.9
Calcutta 13.1 Jakarta 17.3
Shanghai 12.9 Calcutta 16.7
Dhaka 12.5 Karachi 16.2
Delhi 12.4 Lagos 16.0
Buenos Aires 12.0 Los Angeles 14.5
Jakarta 11.0 Shanghai 13.6
Osaka 11.0 Buenos Aires 13.2
Beijing 10.8 Metro Manila 12.6
Rio de Janeiro 10.7 Beijing 11.7
Karachi 10.0 Rio de Janeiro 11.5
Cairo 11.5
Istanbul 11.4
Osaka 11.0
Tianjin 10.3
Rapid
Rapidurbanization;
urbanization;mega-cities;
mega-cities;rapidly
rapidlygrowing
growingmedium-sized
medium-sizedcities
cities
In
In2015,
2015,Asia
Asiawill
willlikely
likelyhave
have160
160cities
citieswith
with>1
>1m.
m.population
population(30%
(30%in
inIndia)
India)
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Source:
Source:UN
UN(1999;
(1999;2002;
2002;2003)
2003)
Rapidly Growing Motor Vehicle Ownership and Use
• Rapid urbanization, growing incomes, growing supply, easy credit
• Ownership per capita much lower than in OECD, but much higher than at
similar per capita incomes (M2W vehicles); now Nano
• Advantages of MVs, low cost of MV use (M2W vehicle), but also force of
circumstance
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Courtesy Lloyd Wright and Sujit Patwardhan
At the Same Time … Poverty … and
High PT and NMT Use
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Distribution of Trips by Purpose in Delhi
Education
Work
Business
Shopping
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50
% Share of trips
100
Cumulative % of trips
80
60
Mean Trip Lengths
40 Education 3.3 km
Work 9.7 km
20 All trips 6.8 km
0
< 2.5 <5 < 10 < 15 < 20 < 25 > 25
Distance, km
Bus
Walk
M2W
Car+Jeep+Van
Bicycle
Rickshaw
M3W
0 10 20 30 40 50
% Share
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Mode Shares – India vs. NA
USA 84 3 1 9 2
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Urban Transport Impacts
• High levels of impacts despite low MV and high PT and
NMT mode shares
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Urban Transport Impacts
• Proximate causes technological, but underlying
behavioural, institutional factors
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Policy-making -- Factors
• Diverse groups, conflicting objectives, differentially
affected
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Getting from Here to There –
what WILL and WILL NOT work …
and WHY
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Urban Transport – A Major Public Concern
• Intense frustration, yet resignation
• Sense of inevitability
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Conventional UT Planning – Tightening Belts as a
Cure for Obesity …
• Inevitability presumed -- Status-quo accommodating
• “Building our way out of it” has not worked even in resource-rich
contexts – US example
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Metro Systems in LICs –
Triumph of Hope over Experience …
• Very high capital and operating costs, disruptive, long lead times
• Low potential for capture beyond access distances of 500 metres; Highly
compromised access exacerbates situation
• High fares required for viability, but low affordability, discretionary travel
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Door-to-Door Journey Time: Metro vs. other Modes
Canada 74 14 1 10 1
USA 84 3 1 9 2
Netherlands 44 8 27 19 1
Sweden 36 11 10 39 4
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In India – Cut Our UT Coat According to Our Cloth
– Cost-effectiveness
– Safety
– Equity
– Resource use
– Environmental impact
– Well-being – Livability; livelihoods
– Reliability, vulnerability to disruptions
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Accessibility for All is the Key
• Not MOBILITY, or ACCESS TO MOBILITY, but ACCESSIBILITY FOR
ALL
120
J o u r n e y tim e , m in u te s
100
80 Cycle
M2W
60
Car
40 Bus
20
0
2.5 3.8 6.3 8.8 11.3 13.8 16.3 18.8 21.3 23.8 25
Distance, km
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Trips by Distance, Delhi, 1994
100
C u m u la t iv e % o f t rip s
80
60 Work trips
M2W trips
40 All trips
20
0
<2.5 <5 < 10 < 15 < 20 < 25 > 25
Distance, km
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BRT vs. Urban Rail
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Courtesy Aurora Fe Ables et al
BRT vs. Urban Rail
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Courtesy Aurora Fe Ables et al
Land Use is Critical
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Extras
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Global Petroleum and Natural Gas Consumption
by Sector, 1971-2001
5000
Energy growth most rapid in transport until recently
4000
3000
M TO E
2000
1000
0
1971 1981 1991 2001
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Road transport 80% of total transport Source: IEA (2004)
Mode Shares in Montreal
AM Peak % 24-hr %
Other
Public Transit
Car/LTV
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
% Share
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