Here data is gathered pertaining to prevailing conditions. This method find out the
disagree”, and weight of 5,4,3,2 and 1 are given in that order for the
statements. An individual’s score is the sum of all the scores for the 40
items
Initially all the 40 statements in the original scale. Then this scale
The next step in the validation of an Online education scale after pilot
study is to find out the ‘t’ value of each statement which forms the basis
The linkert type scale calls for a graded response to each statement
Disagree”.
score for all the 100 students were found out and they were ranked from
the highest to the lowest scorer. Then 25% of the subject (high) with the
highest total scores and 25% of the subjects (low) with the lowest total
scores were sorted out for the purpose of item selection. The high and
the low groups, thus selected, formed the criterion groups and each
anxiety scale. As already indicated weights are given for the response
responded, “SA”, “A”, “UD”, “DA” and “SD” was found out in both
the high and the low groups separately. Thus for all the statements the
separately for both the high and low groups. Then a separate work –
sheet was prepared for each statements for the calculation of ‘t’ values,
t = √ nH
H2
+
nL
L2
where,
S
H2 = The variance of the distribution of response of the high
Table for the calculating the ‘t’ value of anxiety towards using
Sl.N Respons
low group High group
o e
x f f(x) f(x2) x f f(x) f(x2)
1 SDA 5 9 45 225 5 17 85 425
2 DA 4 12 48 192 4 8 32 128
3 UD 3 1 3 9 3 0 0 0
4 A 2 3 6 12 2 0 0 0
5 SA 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
25 102 438 25 117 553
nL ∑XL ∑X2L nH ∑XH ∑X2H
X L=
∑ XL X H=
∑ XH
nL = 102/25 = 4.08 nH = 117/25 = 4.68
2 2
( ∑ X L) (∑ X H )
nL = 10404/25 = 416.16 nH = 13689/25 = 547.56
2 2
(∑ X L ) (∑ X H )
∑ ( X L−X L )2 =∑ X L2 − n
∑ ( X H −X H ) 2=∑ X H2− n
= 438-416.16 = 553-547.56
= 21.84 = 25.44
X H −X L
∑ ( X H −X H )2+ ∑ ( X L−X L )2
t=
√ n ( n−1 )
t=3
Table 3.2
Rank order of items in the Anxiety towards using technology in
teaching scale based on ‘t’ values.
same percentage of the total number of objects for the high and the low
Thus the ‘t’ value for all the 40 statements were calculated (vide :
Table 3.2)
between the high and low groups. These statements can be selected by
finding out the ‘t’ value for each statement and then arranging the
statement differentiates between the high and low groups. If the ‘t’ value
is “equal to or greater than 1.75, it indicates that the average response of
the high and the low groups to a statement differs significantly, provided
there are 25 or more subjects in the high group and also in the low
groups”. In the present study there are 25 subject each in the high and
low groups. The total number of subjects involved in the pilot study
being 100.
1.75 were chosen in order to form the final scale (vide Appendix- B).
validity and reliability of this scale are given in the succeeding chapter
(1V).