"fft; fiLE coer

(t) .... (0

o 00 t-

<C I c

«

-, :

TE.CJfUCAL KESlORT RD-SS-86-10

TOMAKD A II)RE UNIfiED TJ:EORY OF IIJNUPULSE RltODE'S THEORY OF 1Ot000LSE - REVISITED

Richard E. Dickson

System Simulation I Development Directorate Research, Development, & Engineering Center

SEPTEMBER 1986

·Redsf:or,e Arsenal, Alabama. 35898-5000

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited •

.....

, SMI FORM 1021, 1 AUG 85 PREVIOUS EDITION IS OBSOLETE

5 12 200

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OI.asITION INSTRUCTIONS

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ELEMENT NO. NO. NO. IAtCESSION NO.
t t. TITLE CMdI* SIcwIIr
TOI.n:-d A More Unified Theory of Monopulrie
Rhtde's Theory of Moqupube - Revisited
12. "Rle..W. ....
l1eharci I. DickaOD
1,.. TYPE OF RlI'OItT I'Jb. TIME COVERED re. DATE OF ICEPORT CY .. " MontfI, OIy) 1'5. PAGE COUNT
Final FROM TO ~ SEPTEMBER 1986 22
11. SWIItLIMENTAItY NOTATION
17. COSATI CDOES - 11. SUBJECT TUMS (Continw on ,.WW'" if MCII"". .rwI ldJt"tI#y ",. bIodr numM,'
FIILD GROUI' $IJ8.G~p Monopul.e Amplitude Monopulse
Theory of Hcnopulse Radar
Phaa. Monopulse Radio Direction Find1~
1""-- ,_ on ,....,. """--r «WI ~ ", IIIodr numbt"
A .odif1catiOD to Ihode.' Theory of Monopu!8e is proposed. and then used to analyze
the theory behind an " .... Utucle pbue interfer01lletcr" (p. 98. Microwave Journal. Sep 1983).
,
20. DISTIUIUTlON I AVAlLAIILlTY OF AlSTItACT 21 ABSTRACT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
II UNCI.ASSlFIEIWNLIMITED o SAME AS RIIT. o OTIC USERS UNCLASSIFIED
1 n •. NAME OF RESI'OHSIBi.E INDIVIDUAL 22b TELEPHONE (Include Ar •• coa., 122C. OFFICE SYMBOL
lichard E. Dickson !2~ 876-1951 AMSMI-kD-SS-SD .DDPOIM t47J, 14 MAlt

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_. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE UNCLASSIFIED

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PREFACE

The author's background is neither in sensors nor electrical engineering but in simulation and physics. So in effect this report is a view of monopulse fro~ an outsider looking in. It is hoped it m3Y be of help to other outsiders, and may be of interest to monopulse insiders.

The author wishes to thank insiders, Larry McWhorter of Computer Sciences Corporation for his comments at an early stage, and Dwight McPherson of Simulation Technology fo~ hlS at a later stage, in the development of this outsider's view.

. .... - -~~-.- -'

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NJ" .... :· GK!'.U

J lJ:;' ... j .7' :~ t: ~.I. i. i :;.1. .--....,

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: Bv .-'

\ ::'~.'tribl1t1onl _---.

'.. . . .. _-----

, .. nilability Co~es -~-_:-- ;;\':aU and-/or----·-'

~:':.;~. I Special

~(l J.-

iii/ (iv blank)

'---"-----" _._---_.-.,----

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pas!.

1. INTRODUCTION ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••• 1

11. TOWARD A MORE UNIFORM THEORY OF MONOPULSE •••••••••••• •••••••••• 1

111. A B AMPLITUDE MONOPULSE ••••••••••••••• ···.···············-····· :3

IV. AB PHASE MONOPULSE ••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••• 4

V. SUM DIFFERENCE MONOPULSE ••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••• 5

VI. AN "AMPJ,ITUDE PHASE INTERFERO~TERIt............................ 7

VII. A VARIATION ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••• 9

VIII. A B PRASE MONOPULSE-REVISITED ••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••• 10

IX. CONCLUSIONS ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••• 11

REFERENCES............................................................ 12

APPENDl~ - p(u) Versus G e~(u) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• A-I

v / (vi blank)

-------------------------------

___ ~,..._._n.a .......... 'YI~IUt~lKJIIl:JIIIIDnU&JaLMUIMtM_ .. -)M-_..

Monopulse i~ one form of radio direction finding. or simultaneous lobe comparison is to reduce or remove iation of the received signal with time in determining val of the received signal.

The goal of monopulae the effects of the varthe direction of arri-

I. INTRODUCTION

Pournelles' Law: "Iron is expensive, but silicon is cheap."

III many analysis of monopulse radar sensors sman angl-as are implicitly assumed. The reason f\)r this is that the sensor information is intended 88 an error signal to drive the antenna gimb1es to point the antenna at the target. The gimb1e rates may in turn be used to command a missile to a collision course with the target via proportional navigation.

Proportional navigation int~rcept guidance laws may be derived from optimal intercept guid.llce laws by assuming constant speed and sman an~lel.

If body fixed munopuls~ sensor signals are to be used in a bearing only tracking filter to estimate the state, and that state then used in a optimal intercept guidance law, Ima1l angle assumptions are no longer warranted.

With our rapidly changing technology, assumptions made some decades ago .ay no longer be necessary and could result in our not taking full advaatage

of present technology. .

II. TOWARD A MORE UNIFIED THEORY OF MONOPULSE

ASsume the receiving antenna's lobe pattern is a complex exponential function of the direction of arrival,

A • G e'(u) + i~(u)

(1)

where G and ,(u) determine the amplitude and ~(u) determines the phase, and

u is the direction of arrival. Recall that a function is composed of even and odd components, that is,

( 2)

and

~(u) • ~e(u) .,. ~o(u)

( 3)

The other lobe pattern is

B • G et(-u) + i,C-u)

where

( 5)

1

+C-u) • +.Cu) .. +oCu) •

(6)

.nd

Rhode. • ..... d

A • PCu) .i+Cu)

•

(7)

• nd

(8)

aad it fo110wa that

P(u) .. G • t(u)

•

(9)

• Dd

! .• 2( ~Cu) + i+OCu» B

(12)

•

(10)

'I'h. ratio :te

A G. ;.(u) + i .. Cu) • to(u) + l+o(u) -;. G • ;.(u) + i .. (u) • -~(u) - i+O(u)

•

(11)

Si1l11ar1y

A - B G .te(u) '~i+e(u) (e~(U) + i~Cu) A + B • G • te(u) + l+eCu) (e ~(u) + i fo(U)

_ • "~Cu) - i +oCu) ) + e .. ~(u) - i+o(U»)

• (13)

A-~

A + B • tanh( ~(u) + i+o(u»

,

(14)

A - B sinh(2~(u» + i sin(2~(u» A + B • c:osb(2~(u» + cos(2~(u»

•

(15)

NOte that, equations (12, 14),

1/2 Ln ( ~ ) - arc tanh ( ! ~ : )

(16)

a well known identity. Another point to note is that in equations (11, 13) the even components factor out and cancel out, and the monopulse information is contained in the odd co_ponentp,

2

---------------------.--------~-~------~- ----~-~,---

I • I • C2 .2t(-u) [CO.2.<-U) + Iin2.<_u)]
I • I • C2 .2.< -u) •
'l1\e ratio o£ the dot productl b
A-A c2 e2;<u)
.. c2 e2t< -uS
I •• t

(21) (22)

Ill. A. AMPt.lTUDS MONOI'ULSI

"PTetentina A and. a. two dimen.ional vector. in.tead of co.pl •• variable., one ha.

t< u) ( co. t< u»)

A • C.

.in.(u)

t

< 17)

and

""I -u) (co •• c -u»)

• _ C eY\

dn.(-u)

•

(8)

Takina the dot product.,

A • A • c2 e2t(u) [co.2.<u) + ain2.<u)] A • A • C2 .2t(u)

t

( 19) (20)

and

(23)

_;_A __ ·_A_ 2< .(u) - tiC -u»

__ -s

•••

(24)

< 25)

And solving

(26)

This report discusses what to implement and not how to implement. Envelope detectors are implicit in most of th- material presented. Zquation (26) implies square law detectors, or linear detecto~s whose outputs are squared.

Of course the magnitudes are the square root of the dot products) and taking the ratio of the magnitudes,

3

•

( A • A ) 1/2 .( u) - .( -u)

...;",;;;;;; ............ _ ..

(10.)1/2

(AoA)lI2 2~(u)

.................... _ ..

(1·.)1/2

•

Solvina

or

the form of perhapl. the fint amplitude monopuhe, which was invented by Sommer.l•

IV. A. PHASE MONCIPULSE

(27)

(28)

( 29)

(30)

'nle dot product of A ,and • is

A • B • 02 e'(u) + 'P(-u) [co.+(u) co.+(-u) + sin+(u) sin4»(-u)] (32)

A • B • 02 e.(u) + ,(-u) co.(+(u) - +(-u»

A •• • ,2 e21j1e(u) c08(2+o(u»

Let

(33)

(35)

a rotation matrix for ninety degrees, which correspond to a phase shift of ninety degrees. Then,

A· II • 0' e1jl(u) + tjI(-u) [cos+(u) sin+(-u) - sin+(u) cos+<-u)] (36)

A. II • 02 e1jl(u) + tjI(-u) sin(+(u) - +(-u»)

A • Q • 02 e 2 'Pe ( u) 8 in ( 2 +0 ( u) )

4

( 37) (38)

,

(44) (45)

Tati", th~ ~atio. one ha.

A·'!.. • tanU"'~(u»

A.. ?V

•

(39)

and .alvina

•

(40)

v. SUM DIFFERENCE MONOPULSE

Since

,

(41)

and

,

(42)

it follow., since

A • B·. • A

,

(43)

that

1:. t • (A<4I) • (A.B)

•

A·A-Il·A - 2A ••• B·.

•

(46) (47)

and

A·A • (A -B) • (A-B)

•

From eGuations (20, 22, 34, 45),

t • t • G2 [e2.,{u) • 2 e2'e(u) cos(2+o(u» • e2~-U)]

,

(48)

factoring out the eyen component,

t • t • G'J. e21J1e(u) [e21J1o(u). 2 cos(2+o(u»

(49)

and from the jefinition of hyperbolic cosine,

I • I • 2 G2 e21J1a(ll) [COSh(21Po<u». COS(2+0(U»]

•

(50)

5

._----_._--------,--_ .. _-------

(53)

ai.itarl,

A - A • 2 G .2 •• (u) [coabUta<u» - coaU+o(u»]

·"kina tb. ratio of tb. "anitud." on .. ba.

(6 - 6)112. (~h(2"'(U» - coau+o(U») 112 _ (52)

(t • t)1I2 c.,abUto(u» + co.Uto(u»

AJj witb •• .,1l0pula., tb. ~.,.n co.pon.nta have vaniabed, but note that in thia caa. both odd co.pon~nta re.ain.

for

one baa

,

(54)

whicb .. y be ai.plified to

(A • A )~ • / tan+o( u) / ' toe u) • 0 ,

(t-t)

(56)

and finally

.u. difference pha.e .onopu1ae_

Si.ilarly for

.o(u) • 0

,

(57)

equation (52) beco ...
( ,-6)112 ( coah(Zto(u» - 1 ) 112
•
(t·t)1I2 coab( 2 toe u) + 1
which .. y be ai.plified ee
(6'6):. /tanhto(U) / • • o(u) • 0
(t • t ) ,

(58)

(59)

6

______ ... __ - _,. ~"trMa.~__..__. ___..~~"___'__~_. __ .__._~ .. _._._"- __ .. --. ... _,_.,. __ ._._ .... _ ... _. __ .• _ . ...,j

/ toM / • mt.Db [:::: ;: ] , toM • 0 ,

.u. diff.r.nc ... plltud • .onopul... Act~.lly .qu.tion (59) II the fora u.u.lly iapl.Mnted b.c.uI. of the •• naitivit, to ~~oll. of the inv.ra. hyp.rbolic tlnlent to qu.ntitl •• ne.r one.

( 6(\)

.nd .olviq

VI. AM "AMPLITUDI 'WI INTlU'IIOMITBI"2

Wh.t if neith.r .o(u) nor +o(u) .r ••• ro in equation (52)' Wh.t v •• propo.ed2 v ••

La [«A - I) • (A - 1»112 ) - 1A [«A + I) La [«A + II) • (A + U»lI2] - 1A [("A - II)

• (A + 1»1I2 ]

• (A - II» 112 ]

(61)

, (62)

(63)

.nd

to r •• ove cycle .. biauiti •• which aay occur in equ.tion. (61, 62). Thil would corr •• pond to .. plitude pha •• monopul.e, and loae cl ••• ificAtion .ch .... 3 would fail in thi. c ••••

Equation (63) va. di.cu •• ed in • proce.dina •• ction, .ection III.

Fro. equation (52),

Ln [«A-I) · (A-I»1I2J. Ln~(CO'h(2to(U» - CO'(2to(U») lI2J (64)

«A+I) • (A+I»1I2 ~ cOlh(2to(u» + co.(2+c,(u»

Note that the areater .~(u), the le •• the .. plitude. The .iaaal would v.r, between the lov.r bound.ry

Ln [/ t.nhto(u) / ]

,

(65)

and the upp~r boundary

Ln [/ etnhto(u) /]

,

(66)

Al.o note that aero ero •• ing. occur vben

co.(2+o(u» • 0 •

(67)

Since

...... 1 • 1

,

(68)

7

• tan(~o(u) + w/4)

(78)

(A+RB) ° (A+RB) • A ° A + 2A ° RB + BOB

(69)

and

(A-RB) -(A-RB) • AO A -2A ORB + BOB

(70)

From equations (20, 22, 38), one hoS

( A + D) 0 (A + RB) • G2 e 2 1jIe ( u) [c 0 s h ( 2 1jI;) ( u) + sin ( 2 '0 ( u»], (71)

and

Taking the natural logrithm of the ratio Qf the magnitudes yields

[«A+U) ° (A+U)~II2J [( cosh(21j10(u» + sin(2+0(u» ) 112J (73)

Ln «A-D) "(A-U»1/2 • Ln cosh(21j10(u» - sin(2,o(u» ,

and in this case the zero crossings occur when

sin(2,0(u» • 0

Of course, the same boundaries, equations (65, 66), applyo

It is intere.ting to note that fOT

«A+U) «A-D)

(75)

( 1 - cos(2,0(u) • 1 + cos(2,0(u)

)112

1 + sin(2,0(u» .

1 - sin(2,0(u» ,

;

-I> Tl/2») 1/2

+ TI/2) ,

(76)

( 77)

a phase shift of 45 degrees when compared with equation (55).

8

What if E and A instead of A and B are available? Then equatio"t' (61, 62, 63) would be replaced by,

VII. A VARIATION

tn [(A.A)I12] Ln [«(I -1A) • (1:_RA»I12]

-Ln

[(1:.1:)112]

[«I+IU.) •

(79) ( 80)

-Ln

and

tn [( (I + A ) • (E + A ) ) 1/2 ] - Ln [( ( I - A ) • (I - A) ) 1/2 ], ( 81 )

respectively, sum iifference amplitude phase moncpu Lse ,

Equation (79) is just the natural logarithm of equation (52), and equation (81) follows from equation (41, 42), that is,

1: - A • 2B

( 83)

I + ~ • 2A

( 82)

and

Th~s leaves equation (80);

(1: + 1lA) • (I + ItA) • I • I + 2I 0 RA + A 0 A

( 84)

and

Z 01lA • (A+B) • (IlA-D)

• -2A • D

( 85) ( 86)

and from equations (50, 51, 38)

(I+IlA) • (I+ItA) • 2 G2 e21j1e(U) [COSh(21j10(U» - sin(2~o(u»] • (87)

Similarly

(I-IlA) 0 (I-ItA). 1: 01: - 21:· R6 + 6· 6

( 88)

From equations (87, 89) it is readily apparent that equation (SO) is equivalent to equation (62), and the discussion in the previous section would equally apply to equations (79, 80, 81).

9

----,--- ..... ----.- ---.----.----,--.-- ~---- ._._, __ ... _ ........ ,. ..... __ .. -,. •. "".,.._ .• "1"\ ' __ n ... ~ .. ,....

VIII. A a PRASE MONOPULSE - REVISITED

When 'o(u) i. large, the boundary equations (65, 66) for amplitude pha.e monopul.e, equation (61, 62, 63, or 79, BO, 81), would present problems, while A • phase monopulse, equation (40), is independent of fo(u). Of course, A a amplitude monopulse, equAtion (26), could be used to remove cycle ambiguities in A • phase monopulse.

Taking the difference of equations (44, 45), one has

(A +a) • (A+B)

- (A-lS) • (A-a)

• 4A·.

Similarly, the difference of equations (69, 70), is

(A + 0) • (A + D) - (A - D) • (A - 0) • 4A·" !91)

the ratio of equetions (90, 91) is

(A +0).· (A+O)

- (A - 0) • (A - 0)

• tan.o(u)

(92)

(A + B) • ( A + a)

,

and solving

• [ (A + 0) • (A +D)

+o(u) arctan . (A + a) • ( Ii +B)

(93)

The advantage of equation (92) over amplitude ph.se monopulse is that it i. possible to solve for .o(u), and given .o(u), for u.

The dis.dvantage is that equations (90, 50, 51) yield

4 A·. • 2 C2 efe(u) [cosh(2fo(U» + cos(2~(U»]

- 2 C2 e'e(u) [cosh(2fo(U» - cOS(2~(U»]

•

(94)

For 'o(u) large, one would have the difference of two nearly equal quantities and this would be sensitive to n~ise.

Similarly, equations (91, 71, 72),

4 A • 0 • 2 C2 e2'e(u) [COSh(2,0(U» + sinU+o(u»] - 2 C2 e2fe(u) [cosh(2fc-(U» - sinU+o(u»]

(95)

which has the same noise problem.

To use A • amplitude monopulse, equation (26), to remove cycle ambiguity, 'o(u) need not be large, but thero would be a de.ign tradeoff between ambiguity resolution and noise.

10

,

(99)

Instead of envelope detection to form these dot products, another ~s· aibility is coherent detection with digital computation. The desired dot pro· ducts would be computed from the components of the vector8.

Of course, G and +e(u) must be eliminated since they are the range to the target. From equations (20, 22),

(A· A)lh (B • B)lh - G e.(u) G e.c-u)

_ G'i. e .(u) + .c·u)

_ G2 e2 .. (u) •

dependent upon

,

(96) (97) (98)

,

With equations (34, 38),

A • D

- sio(2+o(u»

(A • A)112 (B· B )1/2

•

(100)

Equations (99, 100). would titen be used in a routine like FORTRAN's ATAN2 Which yield the angle's quadrant.

"There is no one best way."

IX. COtlCLUSIONS

Rhodes mentioned in the prefnce to Introduction to MonoPulse1 that he adopted the philosophy of Sir Robert Watson·Watts, ·Cu1t of the Third Jest:

The Best Never Comes and the Second Best Comes Too Late."

There seems to have been a tendency in some of the monopu1se literature to force all monopu1se to fit Rhodes' "third best" theory monopulse. The fault lies not with Rhodes hut with those who just accepted his initial treat· ment as final. Instead of dealing with unqueetioned answers, attention should be given to unanswered questiods.

A natural extention to this modification would be to incorporate polari· zation via Jones vectors, two diamensiona1 vectors whose components are complex.

11

- -------------~------------.---- .. -,.-._...__. - ... , ......... --.._..._----~ ...........

REFERENCES

1. Rhodes, Donald R., Introduct~on to Monopulse, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959 (Dedham: Artech House, 1980).

2. Mclendon, Robert, and Turner, Charles, Broadband Sensors for Lethal Defense Suppression, Microwave J., Sep 19~3, pp. 85-102.

3. Sherman, Samuel M., Monopulse Principles and Techni9U~~t Dedham: .\rtech Houle, 1984.

12

--- --------

APPENDIX

p( u) Ver.u. G e" u)

A-I

---.~

--~--------.-- -----._._ -~-.--- ---, .. __.. ........ _-

APPENDIX

p( u) Ver.u. G e~.( u)

From equations (9, 10)

p(u) p(-u) • G2 e2~(u)

(A-I)

and

p(u) p( _.u)

21ll....(u)

• e TQ

(A-2)

From an identity for the hyperbolic tangent,

e21J1o(u) _ 1 tanh~(u) • e2~(u) + 1

(A-3)

and equation (A-2), one has,

p(u)
p~-u~ 1
t.nh~(u) • . P~u~
+ 1
p(-u) (A-4)

or

•

(A-S)

The right had .ides of equation. (A-4, A-S) will be familiar to those acquainted with Rhodes' Theory of Monopulse1, and the left hand side maybe substituted where appropriate. That tanhlJlo(u) and tan+o(\~) are opposite sides of the same coin is pleasing, if not revealing.

The hyperbolic cosine occurs extensively in the main body of this reporto From its definition,

e21j/o( u) -2 ~(u)

+ e

cosh( 2 +o( u) • .;......--~2~---

,

(A-6)

A-2

ainh(2111o(u) )

,

(A .. 9)

and equation (A·2).

eooh(2to(u) • It'l (;~~) + ;~:;) )

,

or

•

(A·8)

Tho.e who f.vor Rhode.' notation, P(u), could .ub.titute the rilht band .ide. of equation. (A-7, A-8) where appropriate throulhout this report.

Though the hyperbolic aine occurred only once in thia report, equation (15), for completene.a,

or

ainh(2111o(u» -

•

(A-IO)

A-3/(A-4 blank)

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