THEORY

1. (2 P)
What is the definition of a synchronous power system. Describe shortly!

2. (2 P)
Describe shortly the consequence of a load increase in an electrical power
grid! What happens at the power stations?

3. (2 P)
Up to recently, heat pumps where used as base load for heat purposes in
the summertime in Stockholm. Nowadays, biomass boilers are preferably
used for base load. What do you think is the reason for this change?

4. (2 P)
Why is the water pressurised in the district heating grid (around 8 bars)?

5. (4 P)
When talking about direct district water systems, this can mean two dif-
ferent things. Explain!

6. (3 P)
Give three examples of hydraulic turbo machines! Give three examples
of thermal turbo machines!

7. (4 P)
Steam turbines can be divided in two different groups from a working
principle point of view. Which are these groups? Explain the working
principle of these two groups!

8. (5 P)
Show in an h-s-diagram an example of the enthalpy drop in the stator of
a steam turbine! Show clearly the absolute velocity and the stagnation
(total) enthalpies before and after the blade.

9. (4 P)
Which regulation methods exist for steam turbines for regulating the mass
flow through the machine. Describe shortly!
10. (4 P)
Explain the phenomenon of reheat in steam turbines. This reheat means
that all losses in the machine are not wasted. Explain!

11. (5 P)
When using a catalytic combustion chamber, some constructions use pas-
sive channels. What does this mean? What is the purpose (benefit) of us-
ing passive channels? Disadvantage?

12. (5 P)
When using a flue gas heat recovery unit connected to a boiler there are
several environmental benefits. Discuss some of these mechanisms.

13. (4 P)
Show in a simple picture a power plant, with flue gas heat recovery, using
a humidifier before the boiler. What is the benefit of using this humidifi-
er? Which is the alternative?

14. (5 P)
Show in a T-s-diagram, clearly, the difference between latent and sensi-
ble heat when cooling steam in a flue gas below the dew point. Show the
path of the steam (and water) in the diagram. Also show in the diagram
where the dew point is located for the steam in the flue gas.

15. (3 P)
There are several steps in the cane sugar process to make sugar, whereof
Evaporation and Centrifugation are two steps. Describe what happens in
each of these steps.

16. (5 P)
Show in a figure an old type of gas turbine combustion chamber. Show
air distribution and temperature profile along the combustion chamber.
What is necessary to get a stable flame? What is the shape of the tempera-
ture profile if a diluent or a catalytic combustion chamber is used?

17. (3 P)
Name and explain the atomization methods.

• Pressure Atomization
• Air Atomization
• Impinging Jets
18. (3 P)
Draw a schematic flow field after a swirler. Explain what you draw!

19. (5 P)
Show the expansion line in the turbine when using an Organic Rankine
Cycle (with Toluene for example). Can you mention some (at least 2) im-
portant advantages by using an Organic Rankine Cycle. Show one of
them in a temperature diagram!! Is there any disadvantage or limit?

20. (5 P)
What is a Kalina Cycle? Show the shape of this cycle in a T-s-diagram
(compared to a Rankine cycle with steam/water) and the advantage in a
temperature diagram!!

21. (5 P)
Show in a figure the idea of the steam reforming cycle (=CRGT, Chemi-
cally Recuperated Gas Turbine). Explain what happens in the steam re-
former! What is the benefit?
PROBLEMS

1. Steam-injected Gas Turbine (12p)

An open gas turbine for power production is working with light oil (LHV
= 42.3 MJ/kg) and a pressure ratio of 16. The inlet temperature to the
compressor is 30ºC and to the turbine 1130ºC. The isentropic efficiencies
for compressor and turbine are 87% and 90% respectively. Mechanical
and generator efficiencies are respective 98%. Airflow is 270 kg/s and the
gas content is x = 0.30. Neglect pressure losses.

The gas turbine above is also able to work with steam injection. Steam
can be added in the combustion chamber, keeping the turbine inlet tempe-
rature of 1130ºC by increasing the fuel flow so that the gas content be-
comes x = 0.32. Steam enters the combustion chamber with a pressure of
16 bars and 470ºC. The steam is generated in a HRSG connected to the
gas turbine. Assume that the pressures and temperatures in the gas turbine
remains, calculate the steam injection flow (kg/s) and the power output
with steam injection.

Hint: Use cp for steam and average temperatures.

2. Droplet fuel combustion (8 P)

A turbojet engine has a flight speed of 152 m/s. if the droplet initial dia-
meter is 5,33e-3 m the temperature in the combustor is 1000°C, and ini-
tial fuel concentration of 0,8. What is the maximum allowable length of
the combustor when the kerosene droplets have to be totally consumed by
vaporization alone at final concentration of 0.14? Air density at 1000°C is
0,825 g/cm3, Density of gas mixture is 0,871g/cm3 and gas diffusivity is
0.00023 cm2/s
3. Flue Gas Heat Recovery (18 P)

At a district heating power plant, equipped with flue gas heat recovery, a
biomass fired boiler with the heating value 8 MJ/kg is used. The boiler
nominal power is 120 MW and the boiler efficiency is estimated to be 93
%. The following analysis is given on dry substance:

Ct: 49 % ; H2t: 7 % ; O2t: 41 % ; N2t: 1 % ; At: 2.0 %

Water content in the fuel: F = 50 %

The actual air excess factor is 1.25 and the flue gas temperature before
the condensing unit is 170°C. The combustion air relative humidity is 85
% and the temperature is 20°C. Total pressure in the stack is 1 bar.

a) (6P)
How big is the sensible heat in [MW] if the flue gases are cooled down
to the dew point? The specific heat is assumed to 1.2 kJ/mn3,K.
b) (6P)
How big is the latent heat in [MW] if the flue gas is cooled down to a
temperature which is 30° below the dew point? The specific heat is as-
sumed to 1.0 kJ/mn3, K for the flue gases. Estimate a mean value for the
heat of condensation!
c) (6 P)
There are actually two more heats recovered when cooling the flue gases
below the dew point. These are small in comparison. Think, and discuss
which these are, explain and suggest with equations how these could be
calculated.
EXAMINATION
“APPLIED HEAT AND POWER TECHNOLOGY”

4A1626

29/8/05 800-1300
THEORY (80 P):
NO HELP IS ALLOWED, ONLY PENCIL!

PROBLEMS (38 P):

Separate part with appendix. Calculator can be used.

MAX: 118 P
TO PASS: ≈60 P (including quiz). At least 60 % of the
problem part must be correct.

GOOD LUCK !!!