KOLHAPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY’S

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLHAPUR

GOKUL SHIRGAON, DIST. KOLHAPUR

“ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES”

A PROJECT ON

“WATER MANAGEMENT”

SUBMITTED TO:

SHIVAJI UNIVERSITY, KOLHAPUR

SUBMITTED BY :

MISS. GAYATRI PAWAR (Roll No. 32) Exam Seat No.

MR. DIPAK B. DAKARE (Roll No.07) Exam Seat No.
MR. ASHISH J. NEVE. (Roll No. 23) Exam Seat No.
MISS. SAPANA KUKADE. (Roll No. 17) Exam Seat No.

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

PROF. MRS. G. V. KHANZODE

THROUGH
THE PRINCIPAL
K.I.T.’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
KOLHAPUR
 DECLARATION

To,

The Principal,

Kolhapur Institute of Technology’s

College of Engineering,

Gokul Shirgaon, Kolhapur 416 235

Sir,

We, the undersigned hereby declare that the project work entitled “Water management” is
written & submitted by Mr. Ashish Neve, Miss Sapana Kukade, Mr. Dipak Dakare & Miss
Gayatri Pawar, under the guidance of Prof. Mrs. G. V. Khanzode and this work is original work.
The empirical findings in this report are totally based on data collected by us. The matter
presented in this project report is not copied from any other sources. We understand that such
copying is liable to be punished in a way the University authorities deem fit.

Place : Kolhapur

Date : /03/2011

NAME ROLL NO. EXAM SEAT NO.

MISS. SAPANA KUKADE 17

MR. ASHISH NEVE 23

MISS. GAYATRI PAWAR 32

MR. DIPAK DAKARE 07
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report titled as “Water management” which is being
submitted by the students of Biotechnology Engineering in partial fulfillment of certificate
course in Environmental Studies have completed under my guidance satisfactorily. The
conclusions drawn are based on the data collected by them to the best of my knowledge and
belief, the matter presented in this project work is original and has not been submitted elsewhere
for any other degree.

Date : /03/2011

Place : Kolhapur

DR. Mrs. M. M. Pillai Mrs. G. V. Khanzode

Head of the Department Teacher Incharge

 PRINCIPAL

DR. M. M. MUJUMDAR
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The active help & guidance from the people for completion of “Water management”
project is greatly acknowledged.

We are very thankful to Mrs. G. V. Khanzode for providing opportunity and valuable
guidance to understand Environmental studies.

Our sincere thankful to,

Mrs. M.G. Dabeer.

Mr. A.T. Karale.

who provided us the light of inspiration for the completion of project. A very special
thank to our friends who indirectly supported us.

We also wish to record our sincere thanks to professors of our department and Mrs. M.
M. Pillai. (HOD) for their keen interest and encouragement.
 INDEX

NO TITLE PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION

2 NEED FOR PROJECT

3 METHODS

4 OBSERVATIONS

5 RESULT AND
DISCUSSION

6 CONCLUSION

7 REFERENCES
 INTRODUCTION

The second largest cause of disability adjusted life year worldwide is combination of
poor water supply, poor sanitation and lack of personal hygiene. A substantial proportion of the
population in developing countries lacks access to high quality drinking water. Improvement in
water quality alone have been shown to reduce morbidity rates of diarrheal illness by 16%,
however improvement in both water quality and availability resulted in a reduction in morbidity
rates of 37%.

Domestic wastewater is a combination of human and animal excreta (feces and urine) and
gray water resulting from washing, bathing, and cooking. Domestic wastewater is composed
mainly of proteins (40–60 percent), carbohydrates (25–50 percent), fats and oils (10 percent),
urea derived from urine, and a large number of trace organic compounds that include pesticides,
surfactants, phenols, and priority pollutants. The latter category comprises nonmetals (As, Se),
metals (e.g., Cd, Hg, Pb), benzene compounds (e.g., benzene, ethylbenzene), and chlorinated
compounds (e.g., chlorobenzene, tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene). The bulk of organic matter
in domestic wastewater is easily biodegradable and consists mainly of carbohydrates, amino
acids, peptides and proteins, volatile acids, and fatty acids and their esters.

In domestic wastewaters, organic matter occurs as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and
particulate organic carbon (POC). Three main tests are used for the determination of organic
matter in wastewater. These include biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total organic carbon
(TOC), and chemical oxygen demand (COD).

Kanan Nagar is a slum area in the city of Kolhapur facing a major problem of clean and
safe drinking water as well as health problems due to openly flowing waste water. This project
includes the chemical and microbial analysis of drinking and waste water from that area. The
basic aim was to conclude whether the water is safe for drinking or not based on the comparative
studies with the standard parameters. The residential waste water creates air pollution and is a
cause of diseases which needs to be tested and treated. Carrying out the analysis and giving some
solutions for the treatment of the waste water was another purpose of this project. The work
starts from making the survey of sources of water, collecting samples, analyzing them and
making interpretations depending on the results. Reforming the area completely is not possible in
small span of time but it needs combined efforts and willingness of people residing there. This
project is a step towards making the environment we live in “clean and healthy”.
 NEED FOR PROJECT

The quality of drinking-water is a powerful environmental determinant of health.

Assurance of drinking-water safety is a foundation for the prevention and control of waterborne
diseases.It is unhealthy for humans, pets, and wildlife to drink or come in contact with surface or
ground water contaminated with wastewater. Inadequate treatment of wastewater allows bacteria,
viruses, and other disease-causing pathogens to enter groundwater and surface water. Hepatitis,
dysentery, and other diseases may result from bacteria and viruses in drinking water. Disease-
causing organisms may make lakes or streams unsafe for recreation. Flies and mosquitoes that
are attracted to and breed in wet areas where wastewater reaches the surface may also spread
disease.

Inadequate treatment of wastewater can raise the nitrate levels in groundwater. High
concentrations of nitrate in drinking water are a special risk to infants. Nitrate affects the ability
of an infant’s blood to carry oxygen, a condition called methemoglobinemia (blue-baby
syndrome). Similarly there can be many naturally occurring toxic contaminants in the waste
water which may have adverse effect on the life of animals, human, and plants as well.
 Even systems that appear to be working well or that are in compliance with local design
and installation codes may allow nutrients or bacteria. There can be contamination in the
drinking water due to corrosion of the pipes that supply that water.
 Survey of the area and understanding the standard of living of the people in the locality
made us to take this as our project. This project was to improve the quality of living of the people
starting from the basic need i.e. water so that they may live a healthy life.
 METHODS

1. HARDNESS- The soap consuming capacity of a water sample is termed as hardness.

It is generally due to presence of certain salts of calcium, magnesium and other heavy metals
dissolved in it.

Hard water is not preferable for domestic as well as industrial use.

Procedure:

a) Burette solution - 0.01M EDTA

b) Solution in flask - 50 ml sample + ½ test tube ammonium solution

c) Indicator - EBT

d) End point - Wine red to blue.

Hardness (mg/ltr) = B.R. X M of EDTA X 1000X 50

ml of sample

2. CHLORIDE- Chlorides ions are present in water samples usually as calcium chloride,
magnesium chloride, and sodium chloride. It enters water from polluting materials, trade wastes,
from the sea, by solvent action of water on salts present in soil. Chloride content above 250 ppm
imparts unacceptable taste to drinking water.

Procedure:

a) Burette solution - 0.02 N NaOH

b) Solution in flask - 25ml sample + 2ml 5% potassium chloride

c) Indicator - Methyl orange

d) End point - Yellow to reddish

Chloride (mg/ltr) = (Sample Reading – Blank Reading) X N of AgNO3 X 1000 X 35.5

Ml of sample

3. ALKALINITY- By alkalinity of water we mean the total content of those substances

in water that causes an increased concentration of hydroxide ions upon dissociation or due to
hydrolysis.

Procedure:

a) Burette solution - 0.1 N HCL

b) Solution in flask - 50ml sample

c) Indicator - Phenolphthalein or methyl orange

d) End point - Pink to colourless or yellow to pink

Alkalinity (mg/ltr) = B.R. X 0.1N HCL X 50 X 1000

Ml of sample
4. DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O)- Under a pressure of one atmosphere, the
solubility of oxygen of air in distilled or fresh waters with low solid concentrations varies from
14.5 mg/l at 0 deg to about 7.5 mg/l at 30 deg.

Procedure:

a) Burette soluation - 0.025 N Na2S2O3

b) Soluation in flask - 4ml sample + 2ml MnSO4 + 2ml Alkaline KI.

c) Indicator - Starch Blue.

d) End point - Blue to colourless.

D.O.(mg/ltr) = B.R. X N of Na2S2O3 x 1000 X 8

ml of sample

5. BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (B.O.D.)-

Distlled water aerated with,

I. Phosphate buffer

II. Calcium chloride (CaCl2)

III. Magnesium sulphate (MgSO4.7H2O)

IV. Ferric chloride (FeCl3.6H2O)

1ml of each for 100ml of distilled water

Dilution factor for (1000-20)ml

.F = 1000/20

a) Burette soluation - 0.025N Sodium thiosulphate

b) Soluation in flask - 300ml approx. BOD. for waste water + 5ml conc. H2SO4

+ 2ml alkaline KI + 2ml MnSO4

c) Indicator - Starch Indicator

d) End point - Blue to colourless.

D.O. = B.R. X 0.025N SOCl2 X 8 x 1000

V–4

B.O.D = (Diff between 1st day D.O. & 5th day D.O.) X Dilution factor.

B.O.D = (D.Oo – D.Os) X D.F.

6. TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (T.D.S)- Total dissolved solids is the amount of
residue left in the vessel after evaporation of a sample and subsequent drying in an oven at a
specific temperature. It gives an idea of the presence of impurities which affect the colour and
odour of water making it unacceptable for any use.

Procedure:

I. Weigh the empty evaporating dish - W1

II. Pore the sample in evaporating dish - 50ml

III. Keep it in oven for 24hrs

IV. Weigh the dish after taking out oven - W2

T.D.S (mg/ltr) = (W1 – W2) X 1000 X1000

ml of sample

7. MPN- MPN is the quantitative test used for enumeration of total number of coli form present
in water.MPN of drinking water should be zero i.e. it should be free from coli form.

Procedure:

Given water sample was distributed in sterile Mac-Conkey’s broth tubes aseptically as follows-

ROW AMOUNT OF MEDIUM AMOUNT OF WATER

 SAMPLE

I 10 ml of DS Mac broth 10 ml

II 10 ml of SS Mac broth 1 ml

III 10 ml of SS Mac broth 0.1 ml

Tubes were shaken and incubated at 37oC for 24 hours.

Positive tubes in each row are noted down.

Using this number of positive tubes, MPN/100 ml was determined using Mac-Cardys table.

8. Other metals- The amount of copper, lead, zinc, cadmium was calculated on Atomic
absorption spectrometer. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is a spectroanalytical procedure
for the qualitative and quantitative determination of chemical elements employing the absorption
of optical radiation (light) by free atoms in the gaseous state.

Atomic absorption spectrometer

 OBSERVATION

For drinking water sample we have got following values of various water quality parameters
 PARAMETER DESIRABLE MAXIMUM OUR RESULT

ETER VALUE IN VALUE IN IN MG/LTR

MG/LTR MG/LTR

PH 6.9 7.2 7.1

Hardness 300 600 400

Chloride(Cl) 250 1000 852

Copper(Cu) 0.05 1052 0.00

Lead (Pb) 0.05 0.1 0.00

Cadmium (Cd) 0.01 No 0.005

Zinc (Zn) 5 15 0

Iron (Fe) 0.3 1

Manganese (Mn) 0.1 0.3

alkalinity 200 600 250

T.D.S 500 2000 40

For waste water sample we have got following values of various water quality parameters

PARAMETER R DDESIRABLE r MAXIMUM OUR RESULT

VALUE IN VALUE IN IN MG/LTR
MG/LTR MG/LTR

Hardness 300 600 72

Chloride(Cl) 250 1000 653.2

Copper(Cu) 0.05 1052 0.0322

Lead (Pb) 0.05 No 0.028

Cadmium (Cd) 0.01 No 0.0059

Zinc (Zn) 5 15 0

Iron (Fe) 0.3 1

Manganese (Mn) 0.1 0.3

alkalinity 200 600 300

T.D.S 500 2000 400

 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

1) DRINKING WATER:

From the above observations related to drinking water, we can say that the sample
is proved to be safe for drinking purpose. There are no contaminations or impurities present in
the water. Also there is no presence of toxic substances or any microbial coli form which can be
harmful to human health. All the values of chemical and microbial testing are acceptable and
match with the standard values as given by pollution control board of Maharashtra.

The only changes needed to maintain the water clean and consumable are

1. Cleanliness – Cleanliness around the water sources i.e. tap is required. Also the utensils
in which the water is stored should be cleaned and must be washed before storing the
water. This will maintain the quality of water.

Cleanliness around tap

2. Boiling – Boiling of water is effective in killing or inactivating
most bacteria, viruses and pathogens, some are resistant and can survive several minutes
boiling especially at high altitude where the temperature at which water boils is reduced.
Therefore, water must be boiled for a full 10 minutes in order to kill all pathogens and be
considered sterile.

Wrong way of water consumption:

Right way of water consumption:

 Collect water Boil water

Consume water

3. Chemical Treatments - Chemical treatment is one of the most important drinking water
purification methods. In chemical treatment, purification is achieved by using chemical
halogens. The most commonly used chemicals for drinking water purification are
chlorine and iodine. The effectiveness of this method depends on the temperature of
water and its turbidity, the chemical concentration and the contact time.

Chlorine in the form of bleach is used for disinfecting drinking water. The amount to be
added depends on the concentration, for example, for 5% concentration, add 2 drops per
liter and vice versa.

4. Use of alum – This is a household method of water purification. In water treatment, alum
is used as a coagulant, which binds together very fine suspended particles into larger
particles that can be removed by settling and filtration. In this way, objectionable color
and turbidity (cloudiness), as well as the aluminum itself, are removed from the drinking
water. Treat the contaminated water in a container with a piece of alum and let it remain
 unstirred for a few hours. After a few hours all the impurities are collected at the bottom
of the container. Collect the clear water in another container.

5. Filtration – In homes filtration is done through a piece of cloth. Membrane filters are
widely used for filtering both drinking water and sewage. For drinking water, membrane
filters can remove virtually all particles larger than 0.2 um. Sand filters can be used
which consists of beds of fine and coarse sand and gravels.

Chlorination and filtration can be done on community level. But use of alum,
boiling can be done at individual level. These methods are cheap and simple. There is no
need of large plant setup and hence can be implemented easily.

2) WASTE WATER:

From the above observations of the sample of waste water, it was found that the waste
water contains a considerable amount of total solids, chlorine and a large number of microbes.
Also from the survey of the piping system it is known that this water enters the fresh flowing
river water. Even as this domestic water is freely and openly flowing, it is causing air pollution
and also some diseases. So there is a need to treat this water before it is allowed to join the river.

Treatment of waste water

Water needing to be treated from domestic sources first undergoes two steps in the
decontamination process. The third process, called tertiary treatment, may be followed by
disinfection. Many other processes are involved, but these are the principal steps in treating
water.

Water contaminated to such a degree that it needs to be significantly treated originates from two
main sources. The main source of contaminated water comes from domestic sources, and
includes runoff, or excess surface water, and sewage, or water contaminated from domestic
household use.
Sewage is waste material carried in water from domestic sources such as from washing and
laundry, from the kitchen sink that is associated with food preparation, and that carrying urine
and feces. All of these types contain infectious organisms, including bacteria, viruses, spores and
disease causing proteins called prions. Sewage must be treated before being released to the
environment as it may cause disease, contamination of rivers, lakes or ground water, or harm to
plants and animals due to toxicity.

The first step in treating sewage is termed the primary stage. This consists mainly of releasing
the water into tanks for a time where the solid waste may sink to the bottom and the resulting
sludge is scraped or pumped off into a separate facility to be treated. Oils and grease are
simultaneously allowed to rise to the surface where they are removed using various processes.
The primary stage is called sedimentation.

Next is the secondary stage, in which the sludge is treated by aerating it to mix in oxygen, which
is necessary so biological processes involving bacteria breaking down the contaminants and
binding the remains into solids can occur. These secondary facilities are categorized as either
fixed film or suspended growth systems. Fixed film types use a combination of filtration and
collecting the solids on a growth medium. Suspended growth methods mix microbes with the
sludge so flocculation, the process of forming the waste into solids, can occur.

The tertiary stage is for further improvement of the quality of the water. This is done with a
combination of techniques such as sand filtration to remove the leftover contaminants, and
lagooning. Lagoons are storage ponds whose purpose is to allow final settling of solids, and
reeds and other aquatic plants are allowed to grow to remove any remaining particles. Excess
nitrogen and phosphorus are also removed.

The final stage is disinfection, in which substances are added to the water to destroy the
remaining microorganisms. Using methods like ozone, chlorine, or ultraviolet light, the water is
disinfected enough to release it into the environment. Chlorine is the most common, but may be a
health hazard. Ultraviolet is very effective for killing bacteria, but some may remain due to
solids in the water. Ozone is the safest, but most expensive approach.
Many other processes are involved before and during wastewater treatment. There are
pretreatment steps to screen out larger objects, and grit and grease removal. Finally the treated
sludge may be superheated to kill the remaining pathogens and the result is used to manufacture
fertilizer pellets for farming.

Environmentally friendly advanced septic tanks manufacturer provides residential, commercial

and mobile septic systems.

Process flow diagram for a typical treatment plant via Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands

Microbes Improve Wastewater Treatment

The use of microbes in wastewater treatment plants is well documented and is an integral piece
of the wastewater treatment process. However, due to various circumstances, the natural
microbial population in a facility can become depleted resulting in system back-ups, organic
material build-up and overall reduction in system efficiency. It is at this point when
supplementation of a microbial product becomes necessary.
Traditionally, microorganisms are used in the secondary treatment of wastewater to remove
dissolved organic matter. The microbes are used in fixed film systems, suspended film systems
or lagoon systems, depending upon the preference of the treatment plant. All of which are stages
that microbial supplementation can be added with benefit. A higher concentration of microbes is
going to be able to more quickly remove the organic matter from the water, particularly in the
case of lagoon systems where it can take several months for the degradation of waste to be
completed.
Microbes also can be of benefit in other stages of the process. Microbes added into the primary
treatment phase can work to degrade bottom and surface solids, resulting in less production of
sludge. Implementation here can cause the secondary treatment phase to be even more effective
through a more thorough treatment in the primary phase.
In some wastewater treatment plants, an advanced treatment stage is necessary to remove excess
nutrients that can result in algal blooms and other downstream issues. Microbes can be
substituted for chemicals in this stage to keep the treatment process as natural as possible and
minimize further pollution.
Finally, the addition of microorganisms can prove beneficial in reducing the volume of sludge
that must be disposed of. As a byproduct of the wastewater treatment, sludge is filtered out
throughout the various treatment stages and must be treated before disposal. Microbes aid in the
treatment and disposal of the sludge by decomposing additional organic matter and reducing
volume, while also limiting the noxious odors emitted by the sludge.
It is not hard to see why so many wastewater treatment plants are using biological alternatives in
their systems. Aside from the benefits of improved capacity, improved efficiency and lowered
operation costs, microbes also keep the treatment process as natural as possible, which is the
ultimate goal of a wastewater treatment plant.
 Treatment with help of microbes

Use of waste water as biofertilizer

This diagram shows a typical sludge treatment sequence for production of an ‘enhanced treated’
sludge (biosolids) for use as fertilizer in agriculture.
USES OF WASTE WATER

Electricity generation

Bioelectrochemical system such as microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and microbial electrolysis
cell are an emerging technology which converts biodegradable organic matter to electrical
energy or hydrogen using a biofilm on the electrode as the biocatalyst. It has recently been
shown that waste-to-energy technology based on MFC can treat organic contaminant in domestic
or industrial wastewater and simultaneously produce electricity. The maximum power density
increased up to 1kW/m3 based on reactor volume. Bioelectrochemical systems may reduce the
energy consumption for wastewater treatment by replacing energy intensive aeration of present
treatment systems, while generate electrical energy from waste. In addition, the biomass
production in MFCs has been reported to be 10-50% of conventional wastewater treatment,
leading to reduce environmental impact and disposal costs. Various electrochemically active
bacteria metabolize biodegradable organic compounds then discharge electrons to an
extracellular electron acceptor for bacterial respiration. These bacteria also transfer electrons to
electrodes by direct electron transfer, electron mediators or shuttles, and electrically conductive
nanowires.

Waste water for garden:

Untreated greywater can be used for garden watering if used immediately after it is produced.
The waste water from kitchen sinks and dishwashers is not usually collected as it is too heavily
contaminated.
Soil is very effective at filtering out many contaminants in grey water. However water containing
soap or detergents does have the potential to cause soil, especially clay based soils, to lose their
structure.
Water that has been used with bleach or boron compounds most often found in dishwasher

Detergents should not be used. Grey water should not be used for watering edible crops.

Waste water treated and used for garden

 CONCLUSION

The project carried out in the area of Kanan nagar can be used to reform the place and
make it worth living. All the tests carried out in the laboratory showed the quality of water
supplied for drinking as well as the waste waster contents. These tests helped us to understand
that which treatments are needed to purify the water. If the solutions provided are implemented
in the area, it would cause a drastic change in the standard of living of people and the
environmental conditions there. The methods suggested are cheap and can be implemented on
community basis.

In this way, the drinking water can be a boon and the waste water, if reused can cause
conservation of water and it may avoid the further contamination of the fresh water.

All that is needed now is the actual implementation of the solutions and systems.
 REFRENCES

1. WWW.GOOGLE.COM

2. PRACTICAL MICROBIOLOGY BOOK

3. BIOTECHNOLOGY OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT BOOK

4. PAPERS ON WASTE WATER TREATMENT AND ELECTRICITY GENERATION

5. TEXTBOOK OF CHEMISTRY