Trapezium rule Simpson’s rule

b
Simpson’s rule is a more accurate way of
To approximate an integral, such as  f ( x)dx ,
a
estimating integrals. Suppose the area is split into
n strips (n must be even), then
we can divide the area into n strips. Then b
h
h
ba
is the width of each strip. a f ( x)dx  3 { y0  yn  4( y1  y3  ...  yn1 )
n
The formula for the trapezium rule is:  2( y2  y4  ...  yn  2 )}
b
h h
a f ( x)dx  2  y0  yn  2( y1  y2  ...  yn1 )  . Numerical solution of equations OR IN WORDS {ends + 4×odds + 2×evens} .
3
The equation f(x) = 0 has a solution (or root)
1 1.2
between x = a and x = b if f(x) changes sign in
e  sin( x )dx
x2 2
Example: Find an approximation for dx Example: Find an approximation for
this interval. 0
1
using the trapezium rule with 6 ordinates. using Simpson’s rule with 6 strips.
(NB: 6 ordinates means 5 strips). Example: Show that the equation e x  6  2 x
has a root in the interval 1 < x < 2. 1.2  (0)
Solution: h   0.2
1  ( 1) 6
Solution: h   0.4
Solution: Rearrange to the form f(x) = 0:
5 x 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
x -1 -0.6 -0.2 0.2 0.6 1 ex  6  2 x  ex  2 x  6  0 . y 0 0.040 0.159 0.352 0.597 0.841 0.991
y 2.718 1.433 1.041 1.041 1.433 2.718 Substitute in x = 1:
e x  2 x  6  e1  2  6  1.28... So,
So, Substitute in x = 2: b
0.2
b

 f ( x )dx 
0.4
2
 2.718  2.718  2(1.433  1.041  1.041  1.433)  e x  2 x  6  e2  4  6  5.39...  f ( x)dx 
a 3
{0  0.991  4(0.040  0.352  0.841)
a
As there is a change in sign, there is a root in
the interval 1 < x < 2.  2(0.159  0.597)}  0.496
Iterative methods for finding roots Example: The sequence defined by the Sol’ns can be found by programming a calculator:
A root of the equation x = F(x) can sometimes iterative formula 1 = 0 . 5 × ln ( 2 × ANS + 3 ) = = etc
be found using the iterative formula xn 1  0.5ln(2 xn  3), x1  1 The values you get converge to 0.753 (to 3 d.p.) –
xn+1 = F(xn) converges to α. you should show all the values you get in the exam.
starting with some initial value x1. a) Find α correct to 3 d.p.
This method only works if the sequence of b) State an equation of which α is a root. b) To get the equation solved, replace xn and xn 1
values converges. in the iterative formula by x:
Solution: a) x2  0.5ln(2  1  3)  0.8047 x  0.5ln(2 x  3)
x3  0.5ln(2  0.8047  3)  0.7641 This is equivalent to 2 x  3  e 2 x
etc