Vineyard Site Preparation Planting & Trellis Systems

Vineyard Site Preparation
Planting &
Trellis Systems
Dr. Paul Domoto

Dept. of Horticulture
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

University Extension
Determine if the site is suitable for a vineyard.

• Climate
• Topography
• Soils
One year in advance to planting:
• Test the soil for pH, P, K, Mg, Zn and O.M.
• Amend the soil as needed for pH, P, K, Mg, & Zn.
• Correct any internal drainage problems.
• Begin planning the vineyard layout.
• Order your vines.

Cultivar Selection
• Adaptation to your climatic conditions.

• Intended Use (Market):
- Fresh
- Juice / Jam / Jelly
- Wine
• Sell to a winery
• Establish your own winery

Cultivar Selection for Wine
Sell to a Winery: Establish a Winery:

• What adapted cultivars do • What do customers want?
the wineries want? • What adapted cultivars
- Proven cultivar make quality wine?
- New cultivar • What styles of wine do I
• How much do they want? want to make?
• Are they willing to develop • How much risk am I
a long-term contract? willing to take?
- Cultivar adaptation
- New cultivars
Develop a sound business / marketing plan before planting!

Vineyard Layout
• Row Spacing:
– 9 to 12 feet (depends on equipment size)
• Vine Spacing within Rows:
– 6 to 8 feet (depends on vine vigor)
• Number of Vines per Acre:
– 6 x 9 = 807 7 x 9 = 691 8 x 9 = 605
– 6 x 10 = 726 7 x 10 = 622 8 x 10 = 545
– 6 x 12 = 605 7 x 12 = 518 8 x 12 = 454
• Direction of Rows
– North / South Preferred
– Across Slope or Contoured

Planting on a Contour
Straight rows are preferred for stretching wire, but rows
can be planted on a contour if the sharpness of the curve
does not exceed 5 degrees per 30 ft of span. Pivot posts
should be at least 4” dia. x 9’ and driven 3’ deep.
Pivot Post
5o
A plywood template can be made to gauge a 5 degree curve.
8.25”
8’
Shape of the Field

Number of Post per Acre
250
225
200
# of Post per Acre
175
150
Line @ 21 ft
125 Line @ 24 ft
Line @ 28 ft
100
End @ 21 ft
75 End @ 24 ft
End @ 28 ft
50
25
0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
# of Line Post per Row

Cost of Trellis Posts per Acre
2400
Line @ 21 ft
2200
Line @ 24 ft
2000 Line @ 28 ft
1800
Dollars
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
# of Line Post per Row

A Year in advance of planting:
• Determine if the soil is suitable for grapes.
• Order vines.
Fall in advance of planting:
• Kill problem perennial weeds.
• Amend the soil as needed.
• Subsoil if needed.
– Soil needs to be dry.
– Should be done in two directions, diagonal to each other.
• Seed the field to establish an erosion-controlling sod.
Winter in advance of planting:
• Determine final vineyard layout.
• Order trellis materials for spring delivery.
Spring of planting:
• Layout the vineyard.
– Square the field.
– Mark the location of the rows.
• Kill out sod strips for the vine rows.
• Mark the location for the vines.
• Plant the vines.
– With an auger.
– With a tree planter.

Vineyard Layout
3-4-5 Right Triangle Rule
Edge of Field
A 40’ B 1st row of vineyard

Headlands (30-40’)
Headlands (30-40’)
30’
50’
8
8
C
8
8
Measure and mark ends of rows
8
8
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY Dr. Bruce Bordelon,
University Extension Purdue University
Vineyard Layout
Mark out Rows and Vine Placement
With Markers
1st row of vineyard

8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
Nursery Grades
Top Root
Grade Growth Growth
> 12”
1-X > 12”
numerous
1-1 > 12” > 12”
1-2 6 – 12” 6-12”

Proper planting depth
Own-
rooted Grafted
Graft union

Vine Planting with a Transplanter
Saves on labor, but require a larger tractor.

Vineyard Layout
Mark out Rows and Vine Placement
By cross scoring the field
1st row of vineyard

8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
Set at Proper Depth

Spacing and Tamping

Trellis Establishment
Distribute and drive posts immediately after planting

Line Post
Driven vs setting in an Augered hole
3-4” x 8’ line post 3-4” x 9’ line post
Narrow End
2’ deep 3’ deep
Provide equivalent anchorage

Grow Tubes

Vineyard Training Systems

Growth Habit
Trailing / Drooping Upright
Characteristic of Characteristic of V. vinifera

American species & some French-Amer. hybrids
Single Curtain Bi-lateral Cordon

6-Cane Kniffen System
with wires at 2.5, 4 and 6 feet
Suitable for low vigor cultivars

Umbrella Kniffen System
Suited for American cultivars requiring pruning to long
canes. Requires extra labor to tie canes to lower wires

Geneva Double Curtain

Catch Wire System
for Upright & Semi-upright Cultivars
Catch wires
spaced 10” apart
Cordon wire
at 36 to 42”

VSP

Smart-Dyson

Scott Henry
Cordon

Cultivars Suited for
Vertical Shoot Positioning
Semi-upright: Upright:
Chambourcin Chelois
Chardonel St. Vincent
La Crosse Vignoles
Prairie Star
Seyval Blanc
Traminette

Considerations in Selecting
A Training System
• Growth habit Benefits?
• Vine vigor • Fruit color development
• Cost of materials • Fruit quality
• Labor to install – SS
• Labor to maintain – pH
– TA
– Prune
– Shoot positioning • Earlier maturity
– Other cultural • Pest problems +
practices

Cultural Practices in an
Established Vineyard
March/April June
• Inspect buds for winter injury • Cluster thinning?
• Pruning, tying & brush removal • Disease & insect control
• Pre-emergence weed control • Shoot positioning VSP
• Fertilize
• Dormant lime sulfur July
• Disease & insect control
May • Shoot positioning
• Disease & insect control • Post emergence weed control
• Suckering • Shearing shoots
• Shoot thinning? • Collect petiole sample
• Shoot positioning VSP

Cultural Practices in an
Established Vineyard
August/September September/October
• Install bird netting • Remove bird netting
• Disease & insect control • Check soil pH
• Begin testing maturity
November – March
• Leaf pulling, lateral shoot
thinning? • Winterize equipment
• Shoot positioning & • Repair trellis
shearing VSP • Plan for the next season
• Harvest

Inspecting buds for winter injury

Horticulture
Weed Control

Apply Liquid Lime Sulfur

Grape
Diseases
Anthracnose
Black rot
Downy mildew
Powdery mildew
Phomopsis Bunch rot

Grape
8-spotted
Insects Grape rootworm
forester moth beetle
Asian Ladybird beetle
Grasshopper Japanese beetle

Hornworm
Leafrollers Bees Grape berry moth

Grape Phylloxera
Shoot Thinning
Primary shoot
Secondary shoot
Basal shoots
Renewal spur

Cluster Thinning
Large & medium clusters – 1 per shoot
Small clusters – 2 per shoot

Shoot Positioning

Shoot Positioning

Wildlife
Control
Birds Raccoons
• Sound • Exclusion
– Cannons
• Habitat reduction
– Distress
– Predator
• Trapping, etc.
• Reflectors
• Netting
Bird Netting

Horticulture

Vineyard Site Preparation Planting & Trellis Systems

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Vineyard Site Preparation Planting & Trellis Systems

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Vineyard Site Preparation

Dr. Paul Domoto

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

Determine if the site is suitable for a vineyard.

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

• Adaptation to your climatic conditions.

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

Sell to a Winery: Establish a Winery:

Develop a sound business / marketing plan before planting!

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

A plywood template can be made to gauge a 5 degree curve.

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

A 40’ B 1st row of vineyard

1st row of vineyard

1-1 > 12” > 12”

1-2 6 – 12” 6-12”

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY Dr. Bruce Bordelon,

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY Dr. Bruce Bordelon,

1st row of vineyard

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY Dr. Bruce Bordelon,

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY Dr. Bruce Bordelon,

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY Dr. Bruce Bordelon,

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

Characteristic of Characteristic of V. vinifera

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

Phomopsis Bunch rot

Asian Ladybird beetle

Grasshopper Japanese beetle

Leafrollers Bees Grape berry moth

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

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