FRL
Mobile VPLS
VoD
3G
VPN
ISDN
xDSL
Telepho VoIP Internet VictoriaCombo NG
Circuit TV High-performance tool for
testing Next Generation SDH/
SAN SONET up to 2.5 Gbit/s.All the
features needed to speed up the
installation and maintenance of
new data-aware SDH networks
IP in a compact, user-friendly
battery operated tester.This new
test module enables you to test
DVB Ethernet over SDH/SONET
metropolitan networks that use
PDH MPLS VLAN Higher and Lower Order Virtual
Concatenation, LCAS, and GFP.
GFP-F GFP-T
PDH PDH
Ethernet MSSP SDH NG MSSP Ethernet
VPN VPN
DVB DVB
SAN SAN
TrendCommunications
Mapping in Frames
GFC GFC
Layers
Figure 2 Next Generation SDH enables operators to provide more data transport services while
increasing the efficiency of installed SDH/SONET base, by adding just the new MSSP edge
nodes. This means that it will not be necessary to install an overlap network or migrating all the
nodes or fiber optics. This reduces the cost per bit delivered, and will attract new customers
while keeping legacy services.
SDH test SONET test SDH testing SDH installation SDH maintenance SDH guide SDH reference SDH solutions
SONET testing, SONET installation, SONET maintenance, SDH SONET pocket guide, SONET solutions
Ethernet MSPP SDH/Sonet MSPP Ethernet
Packets
Source Sink
Port 1 Port 1
Port 2 Port 2
.
. STM-n/OC-m .
. .
.
Port n Port n
Rx Tx
queues GFP GFP
mapper STM frames demapper Queues
H1H2H3
4 H1H2H3
1 H1H2H3
3
Submultiplexing Channel ID
Encapsulation Decapsulation
Mapping Demapping
Multiplexing Demultiplexing
T r a n s m i s s i o n
Figure 3 Data packet aggregation using GFP. Packets are in queues waiting to be mapped onto a TDM
channel. At the far-end packets are drop again to a queue and delivered. GFP frame
multiplexing and sub multiplexing. The figure shows the encapsulation mechanism and the
transport of the GFP frames into VC containers embedded in the STM frames.
GFP frame
byte PLI: PDU Length Indicator
1 cHEC: Core HEC protection
PLI PTI: Payload type Identifier
2
000: client data
3
cHEC (CRC-16) 100: client management
4 PFI: Payload FCS Indicator
s
te
by PTI PFI EXI type 5 1: presence of FCS
4
Core Header UPI 6 0: absence
EXI type: Extension Header Identifier
SLA 7
yt e
s
tHEC (CRC-16) 0000: Null
Payload Header 4b 8 0001: Linear
scrambled bytes (optional)
9 0010: Ring
EXI UPI: User Payload Identifier (PTI=0)
Extention Header 66
(optional) 0-60 bytes 01x: Ethernet (GFP-F)
+1
eHEC (CRC-16) 02x: PPP (GFP-F)
Payload +2 03x: Fiber Channel (GFP-T)
n
by 04x: FICON (GFP-T)
te
s 05x: ESCON (GFP-T)
Check Sum 06x: Gigabit Ethernet (GFP-T)
(optional)
08x: MAPOS (GFP-F)
Payload 09x: DVB (GFP-T)
0 -4
Type Type
Linear EXI type
tHEC tHEC
CID
Spare
eHEC
Client Data such as PDH, Ethernet, SAN, DVB, IP, HDLC, etc.
AUG-64 C-4-64c
OC-192 STS-192 STS-192c STS-192c SPE
x4
2.5 Gbps STM-16 x1 AUG-16 x1 AU4-16c VC4-16c C-4-16c
OC-48 STS-48 STS-48c STS-48c SPE
x4
622 Mbps STM-4 x1 AUG-4 x1 AU4-4c VC4-4c C-4-4c
OC-12 STS-12 STS-12c STS-12c SPE
x4
155 Mbps STM-1 x1 x1 AU-4 VC-4
AUG-1 C-4
OC-3/STS-3 STS-3 STS-3c STS-3c SPE
x3
x1
x3 TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
52 Mbps x1 x7
STM-0 AU-3 VC-3
OC-1/STS-1 STS-1 STS-1 SPE C-3
x7
x1 TU-2 VC-2
TUG-2 C-2
VT-Group VT-6 VT-6 SPE
x3
TU-12 VC-12
VT-2 C-12
x4 VT-2 SPE
Nine bytes Path Overhead (POH) G1: REI RDI E-RDI Spare
SDH Sonet
REI (Remote Error Indication) BIP-8 violation count
J1 J1 Path trace, message
SLA with CRC RDI (Remote Defect Indication) is sent back
E-RDI (Enhanced RDI information)
B3 B3 BIP8 parity control (RDI=0) 10: Payload defect (PLM)
(RDI=1) 01: Server defect (AIS, LOP),
C2 C2 Signal label (mapping)
(RDI=1) 10: Connectivity defect (TIM, UNEQ)
G1 G1 Path status
multiframe
F2 F2 Path user channel (voice or data)
TC TC-API, TC-RDI
N1: IEC
REI OEI ODI, reserved
H4 H4 Position and sequence indicator
F3 F3 Path user channel (voice or data) IEC Incoming Error Count, BIP-8 errors in Tandem Conn.
TC-REI: Remote Error Indication in a TC subnetwork
K3 Z3 Automatic Protection Switch OEI: Outgoing Error Indication
Multiframe: TC-API (Access Point Identifier)
N1 Z4 Tandem Connection Monitoring TC-RDI (RDI in Tandem Connection)
ODI (Outgoing Defect Indication)
Figure 6 Nine bytes Path Overhead is attached to VC3, VC4 and VC4-Xc.
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SONET testing, SONET installation, SONET maintenance, SDH SONET pocket guide, SONET solutions
001 - Reserved
N2 K4 Z7 Additional Path Overhead
010 - Asynchronous floating
011 - Bit synchronous
100 - Byte synchronous
101 - Extended signal label
K4 110 - Test Signal O.181
111 - VC- AIS
RDI (Remote Defect Indication)
multiframe
N2: I-AIS TC OEI TC-API, TC-RDI
BIP-2 1 REI ODI, reserved K4: ESL VC APS E-RDI DL
BIP2 for Tandem Connection calculated over the VC ESL (Extended Signal Label) 32 bits multiframe
bits 1-11 Multiframe Alignment
I-AIS: Incoming AIS
bits12-19:
TC-REI: Remote Indication Error in a TC subnetwork 09: ATM
OEI (Outgoing Error Indication) 0A: HDLC/PPP
Multiframe: TC-API (Access Point Identifier) 0B: HDLC/LAPS
TC-RDI (RDI in Tandem Connection) 0C: Concatenated test signal
ODI (Outgoing Defect Indication) bits 20-32: 0 (reserved for future)
VC (Lower Order Virtual Concatenation)
APS: Automatic Protection Switching channel
E-RDI (Enhanced RDI information)
(RDI=0) 010: Payload defect (PLM)
(RDI=1) 101: Server defect (AIS, LOP),
(RDI=1) 110: Connectivity defect (TIM, UNEQ)
DL: Lower Order Data Link
Figure 7 Four bytes Path Overhead is attached to VC11, VC12 and VC2.
SLA
3 VC members
622 Mbps
One Path SDH Several paths
3 III (3 in SDH, or
3x
9 in SONET)
155 Mbps
J1
J1B3
J1
B3 Bandwidth delivery J1B3C2
B3C2G1
C2
G1
F2
(430 Mbps) C2G1F2
G1F2H4
F2H4F3
H4 H4F3K3
F3 F3K3N1
K3 K3N1
N1 N1
4 IV
Figure 8 Contiguous concatenation requires support by all the nodes. Virtual concatenation allocates
bandwidth more efficiently, and can be supported by legacy installations.
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SONET testing, SONET installation, SONET maintenance, SDH SONET pocket guide, SONET solutions
Table 1 Signals and information combinations.
SDH SONET SONET Size (Bytes) Rate (Mbps) Acronym Capacity Samples
STM-0 STS-1 OC-1 9x90 51.840 52M 28DS-1, DS-3, E3, 21E1
STM-1 STS-3 OC-3 9x270 155.520 155M 84DS-1, 3DS-3, E4, 3E3,
2E3+21E2, E3+42E2, 63E2
STM-4 STS-12 OC-12 9x1080 622.080 622M 4OC-3, 4 STM-1
STM-16 STS-48 OC-48 9x4320 2488.320 2.5G 16OC-3, 16 STM-1
STM-64 STS-192 OC-192 9x17280 9953.280 10G 64OC-3, 64 STM-1
STM-256 STS-768 OC-768 9x69120 39814.120 40G 256OC-3, 256 STM-1
1 1 t 1
9 9 9
..
..
G1 G1 G1
.. F2 .. F2 .. F2
..
..
..
H4 H4 H4
SEQ=1 J1 F3 SEQ=1 J1 F3 SEQ=1 J1 F3
B3 K3 B3 K3 B3 K3
SEQ=0 J1C2 N1
SEQ=0 J1C2 N1 VCG SEQ=0 J1C2 N1
MFI=0 B3G1 MFI=1 B3G1 MFI=4095 B3G1
C2
VC-3
VC-3
C2
VC-3
VC-3 (VC-3-Xv) C2
VC-3
VC-3
..
G1F2 G1F2 G1F2
..
..
F2H4 F2H4 F2H4
..
..
..
Figure 9 Graphical example of virtual concatenation using VC-3-6v (X=6) with graphical representation
of sequenceSLA
(SQ) and multiframe indicator (MFI) coded on H4.
125 µs
V5 250 µs
J2 375 µs
Lower Order Path Overhead N2 500 µs K4 bit2
K4 (1bit per .5ms)
multiframe
frame 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
RS-Ack
CTRL
0 16ms
frame 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 8 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
00000
00001
00010
00100
00101
01000
01001
01010
10000
10001
10010
10100
10101
MFI
00011
00110
01011
01100
01101
10011
10110
11000
11001
11010
00111
01110
10111
11011
11100
11101
01111
11110
11111
1101
1101
SQ
CTRL
...
CRC-3
0 512ms
MFI: Multiframe Count Indicator [0...31]
SQ: Sequence Indicator int he VCG [0...63]
Figure 10 H4 and K4 codification of Multiframes, Sequence, and LCAS usage. H4 is repeated every 125
µs but note that K4 is part of the LO-PO multiframe repeated every 500 µs, then the multiframe
created with 32 times the bit-2 needs 500x32=16ms. The whole sequence of 32 multiframes
takes 512 ms to repeat.
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J1 multiframe multiframe
1 2 256
B3
Higer Order Path Overhead
frame 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 4096
C2
0000
0001
CTRL 0010
0 0 0 0 0100
0 0 0 0 0101
1000
1001
0 0 0 RSA 1010
0000
0001
CTRL 0010
0 0 0 GID 0011
0110
0 0 0 0 1011
0 0 0 0 1100
0 0 0 0 1101
0 0 0 GID 0011
0 0 0 0 0011
MFI1
0111
1110
1110
1111
1111
4
G1 5-8bits
F2
CRC8
MFI2
MFI2
MST
H4 1-4bits
SQ
SQ
F3
K3
time 0ms 2ms 512ms
N1 MFI1: Multiframe indicator part 1 [0...255]
MFI: Combination of MFI2-MFI1 [0...4095]
MFI2: Multiframe indicator part 2 [0...255]
SQ: Sequence Indicator int he VCG [0...255]
Source Sink
SDH LCAS
LCAS
MSPP MSPP
MFI, SQ, CTRL, GID, CRC
MST, RS-Ack, CRC
Norm
Norm SQ=0
SLA EOS SQ=1
SQ=2
ADD
RS-Ack
Norm
Norm SQ=0
Norm SQ=1
EOS SQ=2
SQ=3
CNTRL: Control
0000 FIXED Non-LCAS mode
0001 ADD Member will be added to group
0010 NORM Normal LCAS transmission
0011 EOS End of Sequence, highest member in group
0101 IDLE Member will be removed or not in group
LCAS protocol 1111 DNU Do Not Use, receive side reported MST FAIL status
GID: Group Id. constant value for all members of a VCG.
CRC-3: Generated on the K4 over the previous frames.
MST: Member Status multiframe, one bit per each VCG member
0 = OK
1 = FAIL
RS-Ack: Re-Sequence Acknoledge
Figure 12 LCAS example - a new member is ADDed to one existing VCG channel to increase the
bandwidth of the channel. The network management system orders the source to add this new
link to the existing channel
Acronyms
AIS Alarm Indication Signal MSB Most Significant Bit
API Access Path Identifier MSSP Multi-Service Switching Platform
APS Automatic Protection Switching NDF New Data Flag
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode OA&M Operation Administration and Maintenance
AU Administrative Unit OC-n Optical Carrier level n
AUG Administrative Unit Group ODI Outgoing Defect Indication
BIP Bit Interleaved Parity OEI Outgoing Error Indication
CV Code Violation OTN Optical Transport Network
DQDB Distributed Queue Dual Bus PLM Payload Mismatch
DVB Digital Video Broadcasting POH Path Overhead
EOS End of Sequence PPP Point to Point Protocol
ESCON Enterprise Systems Connection PTI Payload type Identifier
ESL Extended Signal Label RDI Remote defect Indication
FCS Frame Check Sum REI Remote Error Indication
FDDI Fibre Digital Data Interface RFI Remote Failure Indication
FICON Fibre Channel RS Regenerator Section
FEC Forward Error Correction RSOH Regenerator Section Overhead
HDLC High-level Data Link Control SAN Storage Area Network
HEC Header Error Check SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
HODL Higher Order Data Link SDL Simplified Data Link
HP Higher Order Path SOH Section Overhead
IP Internet Protocol SONET Synchronous Optical Network
LAPS Link Access Procedure – SDH SPE Synchronous Payload Envelope
LCAS Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme STM-n Synchronous Transport Module level n
LO Path Lower Order Path STS-n Synchronous Transport Signal level n
LOF Loss of Framing TC Tandem Connection
LOH Lower Order Overhead TIM Trace Identifier Mismatch
LOM Loss Of Muliframing TS Time Slot
LOP Loss Of Pointer TU Tributary Unit
LOS Loss Off Signal TUG Tributary Unit Group
LP Lower Order Path VC Virtual Container
MAPOS Multiple Access Protocol over SDH VCAT Virtual Concatenation
MFI Multiframe Indicator VLAN Virtual Local Area Network
MS Multiplexor Section VPLS Virtual Private LAN Services
MSOH Multiplexor Section Overhead VT Virtual Tributary
MUX Multiplexor
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Installation and Maintenance of SDH/SONET,
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web: www.trendcomms.com
2003 (c) Artech House, ISBN:1580535259 mail: infoline@trendcomms.com