SUBJECT SUPPORTING LECTURER

HISTORY OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION DR. H. Syamruddin Nasution, M. Ag

UMAYYAH II DAULAH IN SPANISH

ARRANGED BY:
DWI ANGGRAINI (1230223816)

CLASS 1D
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE OF THE QUR'AN AND TAFSIR
FACULTY OF USHULUDDIN
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SULTAN SYARIF KASIM RIAU
2020/2021
 FOREWORD

Peace be upon you, and Allah mercy and blessings

Praise and gratitude the author prays to Allah swt. who has given me the strength and
determination to finish this paper. Sholawat and greetings may always be poured out on the
prophet Muhammad SAW. Who is an example for mankind who longs for the beauty of heaven.

I wrote this paper with the aim of fulfilling and completing the final assignment given by
the lecturer in the History of Islamic Civilization course with the title Islamic Civilization During
the Umayyad II Period in Andalusia/Spain.

Besides aiming to fulfill the task, the author's next goal is to find out the background of
the emergence of Islamic civilization in Spain, explain the establishment of the Umayyad State
in Spain, the heyday of the Umayyad State in Spain, and the collapse of the Umayyad State in
Spain.

In completing this paper, the author experienced many difficulties, mainly due to lack of
knowledge. However, thanks to solid cooperation and sincerity in completing this paper, it was
finally completed properly. I realize, as a student whose knowledge is not that much, who still
needs to study in writing papers, that this paper is still far from perfect. Therefore, I really hope
for positive criticism and suggestions for the creation of a better and more useful paper in the
future.

Great hope, hopefully this very simple paper can be useful and beneficial for everyone.

Wa'alamualaikum Wr. Wb

TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD ................................................ ................................. i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................ ............................................... ii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ............................................... ............................ 1

1.1 Background ............................................... ................................ 1

1.2 Problem Formulation ............................................................... ........................ 1

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION ............................................................... ................................ 2

2.1 Islam in Andalusia/Spain ............................................... ........ 2

2.2 The Development of Islam in Spain .......................................................... .6

2.2.1 First Period (711-755 AD) ............................................... ......... 7

2.2.2 Second Period (755-912 AD) ............................................... .............8

2.2.3 3rd Period(912-1013M) .......................................... ................14

2.2.4 Fourth period (1013-1086 AD) ............................................... ..... 15

2.2.5 Fifth Period (1086-1248 AD) ............................................... ...... 16

2.2.6 The sixth period (1248-1492 AD) ............................................... ...... 17

2.3 Progress of Civilization ............................................................... .................. 18

2.4 Causes of the Fall of the Kingdom .......................................................... .......... 19

CHAPTER III CONCLUSION ............................................................... ............................... 21

BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................ .................................. 28

PIG
 PRELIMINARY

1.1 BACKGROUND

After the end of the classical period of Islam, when Islam began to enter a period of
decline, Europe emerged from its backwardness. The revival was not only seen in the political
field with the success of Europe in defeating the Islamic kingdoms and other parts of the world,
but especially in the fields of science and technology. In fact, progress in the fields of science
and technology is what supports its political success. These European advances cannot be
separated from the Islamic government in Spain. From Islam Spain in Europe gained a lot of
knowledge. In the classical period, when Islam reached its golden age, Spain was a very
important center of Islamic civilization, rivaling Baghdad in the east. At that time, many
Christian Europeans studied in Islamic universities there. Islam became a "Teacher" for
Europeans.

1.2 PROBLEM FORMULATION

1. Since when did Islam exist in Andalusia/Spain?

2. How did the Umayyad State establish power in Andalusia/Spain?

3. In which era did the Umayyad State in Spain triumph?

4. What were the causes of the collapse of the Umayyad State in Spain?

CHAPTER II
 DISCUSSION

2.1 ISLAM IN ANDALUSIA/SPANISH

Spain/Andalusia was ruled by Muslims at the time of Caliph Al-Walid (705-715 AD) one
of the caliphs of the Umayyad State based in Damascus.[1] And this period lasted for almost
eight centuries (711 - 1492 AD).

Before the Muslims controlled Andalusia, the area located around the Iberian peninsula
and splitting the European continent with Africa was known by various names. Before the 5th
century AD, this area was called Iberia (or Les Iberes), which was taken from the name of the
Iberians (the oldest inhabitants of the region). When under Roman rule, this area was known as
Asbania. In the 5th century AD, Andalusia was ruled by the Vandals who came from this region
since then this region was called Vandalusia which Muslims finally called "Andalusia".

After that the Gothia came to Andalusia to fight the Vandals and rule Andalusia. At first
the Gothia people were very strong but then there were many divisions and caused the decline of
the kingdom.

Then after Witiza, the king of Gothia died and was succeeded by Roderick. This incident
caused the sons of the king of Witiza to be very angry and they entered into an alliance
agreement with the Muslims. Likewise there had been a dispute between Count Julian who held
the government. This dispute is said to have been because Roderik had dishonored the daughter
of Julian. Therefore Julian wanted revenge to defend his honor and good name. He tried to
encourage the Muslims to invade Spain. Surely this is a good opportunity for the Muslims. The
people who were hostile to Rodrick finally asked Graf Julian to cooperate with Musa bin
Nushair, Muawiyah's governor in Africa. Musa then asked permission from the Caliph Walid bin
Abdul Malik who was based in Damascus, and immediately sent an army of 500 people under
the leadership of Tharif bin Malik to invade Spain. After the victory of this army, Musa sent a
fast-moving army under the command of Tariq bin Ziyad, then Tariq bin Ziyad stepped up to
lead 7000 people consisting of the Babar army. They crossed the strait in ships provided by
Julian, ruler of Septah, who had also provided ships for Tharif and his troops. This happened in
the month of Rajab or Sha'ban in the year 92 H. Tariq and his troops then landed and occupied a
mountain which is still known by its own name, namely "Jabal Tariq" (Giblatar). It was there
that Tariq prepared his units to invade the vast and prosperous peninsula.[2] After the victory of
this army, Musa sent a fast-moving army under the command of Tariq bin Ziyad, then Tariq bin
Ziyad stepped in to lead a 7000 man army consisting of the Babar people. They crossed the strait
in ships provided by Julian, ruler of Septah, who had also provided ships for Tharif and his
troops. This happened in the month of Rajab or Sha'ban in the year 92 H. Tariq and his troops
then landed and occupied a mountain which is still known by its own name, namely "Jabal
Tariq" (Giblatar). It was there that Tariq prepared his units to invade the vast and prosperous
peninsula.[2] After the victory of this army, Musa sent a fast-moving army under the command
of Tariq bin Ziyad, then Tariq bin Ziyad stepped in to lead a 7000 man army consisting of the
Babar people. They crossed the strait in ships provided by Julian, ruler of Septah, who had also
provided ships for Tharif and his troops. This happened in the month of Rajab or Sha'ban in the
year 92 H. Tariq and his troops then landed and occupied a mountain which is still known by its
own name, namely "Jabal Tariq" (Giblatar). It was there that Tariq prepared his units to invade
the vast and prosperous peninsula.[2] then Tariq bin Ziyad stepped up to lead a 7000 man army
consisting of the Babar people. They crossed the strait in ships provided by Julian, ruler of
Septah, who had also provided ships for Tharif and his troops. This happened in the month of
Rajab or Sha'ban in the year 92 H. Tariq and his troops then landed and occupied a mountain
which is still known by its own name, namely "Jabal Tariq" (Giblatar). It was there that Tariq
prepared his units to invade the vast and prosperous peninsula.[2] then Tariq bin Ziyad stepped
up to lead a 7000 man army consisting of the Babar people. They crossed the strait in ships
provided by Julian, ruler of Septah, who had also provided ships for Tharif and his troops. This
happened in the month of Rajab or Sha'ban in the year 92 H. Tariq and his troops then landed
and occupied a mountain which is still known by its own name, namely "Jabal Tariq" (Giblatar).
It was there that Tariq prepared his units to invade the vast and prosperous peninsula.[2] Tariq
and his troops then landed and occupied a mountain which is still known by its own name,
namely "Jabal Tariq" (Giblatar). It was there that Tariq prepared his units to invade the vast and
prosperous peninsula.[2] Tariq and his troops then landed and occupied a mountain which is still
known by its own name, namely "Jabal Tariq" (Giblatar). It was there that Tariq prepared his
units to invade the vast and prosperous peninsula.[2]

Tariq ibn Ziyad is more widely known as the conqueror of Spain, because his army is
bigger than the results are more tangible. His army consisted of mostly Barbarian tribes
supported by Musa ibn Nushair and partly Arabs sent by Caliph Al-Walid. The troops then
crossed the Strait under the leadership of Tariq ibn Ziyad. A mountain where Tariq and his
troops first landed and prepared their troops. Known as Giblatar (Jabal Tariq). With the control
of this area, the door was widely opened to enter Spain. In the Battle of a place called Bakkah,
King Roderick was defeated. From there Tariq and his troops continued to conquer important
cities, such as Cordova, Granada, and Toledo (the capital city of the Goth empire at that time).
Before Tariq conquered the city of Toledo, he requested additional troops from Musa ibn
Nushair in North Africa. Musa sent an additional 5,000 personnel, bringing the total number of
Tariq's troops to 12,000. This number was not comparable to the much larger Gothic army,
100,000 men.

The first victory achieved by Tariq ibn Ziyad paved the way for the conquest of a wider
area. For that, Musa ibn Nushair felt the need to involve himself in the battlefield with the
intention of helping Tariq's struggle. With a large army, he set out across the strait and one by
one the cities he passed through he conquered. After Musa succeeded in conquering Sidonia,
Karmona, Seville and Merida and defeating the ruler of the Gothic kingdom, Theodomir in
Orihuela, he joined Tariq in Toledo. Subsequently, the two succeeded in controlling all important
cities in Spain, including the northern part, from Saragosa to Navare.[3]

Then Tariq moved his troops to Roderick's center of power in Spain. Roderick was
pushed to the bank of the Guadelete river, on the border between Medinia and Sidonia. Feeling
there was no other way, finally Roderick died by jumping into the Guadelete river. After
succeeding in the battle against Roderick, Tariq easily conquered the cities of Sidonia, Carmona,
and Granada. After conquering the city of Cordova, he immediately moved to Toledo, the capital
of the Spanish government and succeeded in mastering it. So in a short time, Tariq's troops
managed to control most of Spain's territory.

Tariq's brilliant success attracted the attention of Musa ibn Nusyair. He landed in Spain
with 18,000 troops in July 712 AD, and soon conquered the city of Saville and a number of other
small towns. Near the city of Toledo Musa met Tariq. With an angry attitude Musa asked about
the spoils of war so far, but in the end they reached an agreement so that a joint army was
formed. The combined troops easily conquered the cities of Sarragosa, Terragona and Barcelona.
Then Musa mobilized his troops towards the East to conquer other European countries.
Meanwhile, news of Musa's treatment of Tariq ibn Ziyad reached Damascus, so King Walid I
ordered Moses to return to Damascus.[4]

One cannot justify the narration that describes the existence of enmity and hatred
between Moses and Tariq, and that Musa had abused and blamed Tariq. All the facts that are
before us even show the close cooperation between the two heroes. Musa had sent
reinforcements to Tariq, and then he himself came there and conquered the lands behind Tariq's
army. Thus he had tried to avoid Tariq's troops from being hit by the enemy from behind.
Furthermore, the two heroes continued to advance hand in hand and cooperate in conquering the
remaining lands, until they finally achieved a perfect victory in that area.

Before leaving Spain, Moses arranged the need for the establishment of the territory he
had just conquered. He appointed his three sons: Abdul Aziz as Rajamuda in Spain, Abdullah as
governor in Africa, and Abdul Malik as governor of Morocco. With a large amount of booty,
Moses returned to Damascus to be handed over to King Walid I, but the king died before Musa
arrived in Damascus.

The conquest of Muslim troops against Spain is a brilliant new page for the history of this
country. These conquests saved Spain from Tyranny. Ghotik, by opening a new era in which
truth and justice are upheld. The principle of universal brotherhood is applied to all people.
Freedom of religion is guaranteed, for both Jews and Christians. Even though they are required
to pay jizya, it feels very light compared to the burden of various taxes that were borne by them
in the period before Muslim rule. All forms of taxation that burden the people are abolished and
replaced with a fair taxation system. The slaves and slaves were freed. Trade and commerce are
progressing rapidly. Agriculture was developed by building a number of irrigation systems. The
development made a number of cities in Spain stand majestically. Cordova is a symbol of
greatness in the Middle Ages, a century in which Europeans were engulfed in darkness and
ignorance. Spain is the only European country that first experienced the enlightenment period
due to the advancement of education and civilization, at that time the progress of Spanish
education and civilization during the Muslim rule led other European countries to reach the
enlightenment period in the recent past.

For the sake of order in administrative affairs, the Muslim government in Spain was
divided into four provinces, each under the control of a governor. The Spanish people were given
freedom of religion and between them and the Muslim Arab emigrants, the integrity of society
was established, even in matters of marriage. They are given freedom of life, religion and
freedom of thought. During this time Spanish society made rapid progress in the arts and
sciences, so that Spain reached the pinnacle of progress, at that time, during Muslim rule.[6]

2.2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAM IN SPANISH/ANDALUSIA

Since it first developed in Spain until the end of Islamic rule there, Islam has played a
very large role. This period lasted for almost 8 centuries (711-1492 AD). In the early stages since
becoming an Islamic territory, Spain was ruled by guardians appointed by the Umayyad
government in Damascus. During this period, the socio-political conditions in Spain were still
colored by disputes due to the complexity of ethnicity and class. In addition, disturbances also
arise from the remnants of the enemies of Islam in Spain who reside in the interior areas. This
period ended with the arrival of Abdur Rahmad Al-Dhalil to Spain in 138H/755 AD.[7]

2.2.1 First Period (711-755 AD)

During this period, Spain was under the rule of guardians appointed by the Umayyad
Caliph based in Damascus. During this period, the political stability of Spain was not yet fully
achieved, disturbances still occurred, both from within and from outside. Internal disturbances
include disputes between the ruling elite, mainly due to ethnic and class differences. In addition,
there are different views on the caliphate in Damascus and the governor of North Africa based in
Kairawan. Each claimed that they were the ones who had the right to control this Spanish area.
As a result, there have been twenty changes of Spanish governors in a very short period of time.
Differences are often civil wars. This has to do with ethnic differences, especially between the
Barbarians of North African and Arab origin. Within the Arab ethnicity itself, there are two
groups that continuously compete, namely the Qaisy tribe (North Arabia) and Greek Arabs
(South Arabia). These ethnic differences often lead to political conflicts, especially when there is
no strong figure. That is why in Spain at that time there was no governor who was able to
maintain his power for a rather long period of time.

Interference from outside came from the remnants of the enemies of Islam in Spain who
resided in mountainous areas that had never been subject to Islamic rule. This movement
continues to strengthen itself. After struggling for more than 500 years, they were finally able to
expel Islam from the land of Spain. Due to the frequent occurrence of internal conflicts and wars
against external enemies, during this period Islam in Spain had not yet entered development
activities viewed as civilization and culture. This period ended with the arrival of Abd Al-
Rahman Al-Dakhil to Spain in 13 H/755 AD.[8]

2.2.2 Second Period (755-912 AD)

During this period, Spain was under the rule of a person holding the title of amir
(Commander or Governor) but not subject to the central government. Spain became part of the
Islamic empire during the reign of Walid bin Abdul Malik. Since then Spain is part of the
territory of Islamic rule. The Spaniards were happy and prosperous under Muslim rule. It
remained part of the Umayyad caliphate until the outbreak of the Abbasid uprising. The
Abbasids succeeded in establishing their rule in various parts of the empire except Spain. There a
son of the Umayyads established an independent government.

The founder of the independent Umayyad dynasty was Abdurrahman bin Abi Sufyan,
grandson of the 10th Umayyad Caliph, Hisham. He was one of the few Umayyads who escaped
the vile vengeance of the first Abbasid caliph, Asaffah. After staying for five years in Palestine,
Egypt, and Africa, he finally arrived at Geuta. There he was given refuge by a Berber, his
maternal uncle's family. Then sent his servant, Badr, to negotiate with the Syrians in Spain. The
Syrians were the main supporters of the Umayyads, and they were ready to welcome the
adventurous young man from his favorite dynasty. Therefore Abdurrahman went to Spain and
received a warm welcome in 755 AD The interesting personality of this young Adventurer and
the big name of his family, earned him the support of the people. The weak Abbasid governor
fought him in Masarah. The Battle of Masarah was a decisive battle. Yusuf, the Abbasid
governor of Spain, was defeated because Caliph Mansur could not send aid in time.
Abdurrahman became ruler of Spain and placed himself on the Spanish Throne as an
independent emir (756 AD). So in the six years since the fall of the Umayyad rule, a new
Umayyad dynasty was founded in Spain.[9]

Since serving as ruler of Spain, Abdur Rahman faced various internal rebellion
movements. The biggest external disturbance was the invasion of Papin's troops, a king of
France and his son Charlemagne. But the troops in charge of this can be defeated by the power of
Abdur Rahman. Not finished dealing with the rebellion, he suddenly died in 172 H/788 AD,
before the Umayyad Amirate in Spain stood tall.[10]
1. Hisham I (172-180 H/788-796 AD)

Abdur Rahman was succeeded by his son, Hisham I (172-180 H/788-796 AD). He was a
gentle ruler and a liberal administrator. He faced a rebellion launched by his own brothers in
Toledo, namely Abdullah and Sualiman. This rebellion was conquered by Hisham. Then Hisham
turned his attention to the north. The Christians who did not stop carrying out security
disturbances were suppressed and at the same time succeeded in defeating the French forces. He
conquered the city of Norebonne, while the tribes living in Galicia proposed peace.

Hisham is a just ruler, and generous especially towards his people who are weak and
poor. He always wanted to know the complaints of the poor he always went out at night to the
villages of Cordoba, and visited those who were sick. Then lighten their burden by distributing
some money. Even though his temperament is gentle, he often shows a firm attitude towards the
messengers and rebels who threaten the stability of the country.

2. Hakam I (796-822 AD)

Hakam I succeeded his father, Hisham I, to the throne of Spain. He was an unkind and
dishonorable person. He loved to be surrounded by splendor and performances. His nature likes
to have fun and enjoy the life he gets, he is very addicted to drinking wine.

Shortly after his inauguration, the hakam was faced with a violent rebellion from the
defectors led by a Faqih. The faqihs greatly influenced the defectors who lived on the outskirts of
the southern city of Cordova, then the capital of Muslim Spain. Because of Hisham's misused
generosity of policies, the faqih became a force in the country. He avoided all interference in the
affairs of the State "out of frustration in his hopes of gaining power, and feeling proud of their
clergy, they incited with speeches." Therefore, the faqih tried to inflame the bigotry of the
Muslim Spaniards. Their influence among the people was immeasurable. Most of the population
throughout the peninsula are converts, namely people who have recently converted to Islam.
They were despised by pure-blooded Arabs. The leader of the faqihitu, Yahya bin Yahya,
conspired with a group of nobles to elevate an uncle of Hakam to the throne of Kordofa.
However, the plot was smelled so that prominent faqih and aristocrats, about 72 in total, were
killed, and Yahya escaped safely.[11]

Hakam died in 207 AH / 822 AD, after ruling for 26 years, a period which was marked
by the most fighting. Ibn Al-Athir, records him as the first wise and chivalrous ruler of
Andalusia. One drawback is not being friendly to the fuqaha. He did not want the interference of
the fuqaha in state affairs. This is the reason for the emergence of the fuqaha movement which
seeks to overthrow the power of the hakam. They emerged as an opposition to the hakam and
tried to create a commotion so that the rebellion movement in Gordoha became the backdrop.
[12]
3. Abdurrahman II (822-852 AD)

Hakam was succeeded by his son, Abdurrahman, whose nickname was Ausad. his
succession could not be separated from competition because Abdullah, son of Abdurrahman I,
made efforts to occupy the throne. But this failed and Abdullah had to submit. Government
cannot be separated from difficulties. “Christians from Merida rose up in revolt under the
leadership of Mahmud bin Al Jabar, a former tax collector and Solomon bin Martin. The cause of
this rebellion was the imposition of taxes on everyday goods and the cruelty of the ministers and
tax collectors.

Abdurrahman crushed it with violence. The bastards were subdued and 7000 rebels were
slain. A new uprising broke out in Toledo. In the revolt the paraneo/Muslims and the Jews took
part. The rebellion was led by a convert named Hasyim. However, Hashim was defeated and
killed and the rebels were scattered.

Towards the end of the reign, the fanatics of the Christian population in Cordova rose in
revolt. This rebellion took the most dangerous attitude. They insulted the Muslims and vilified
their Prophet. There is no reason for Christians to complain against Arab rule. They gain
freedom of religion, social and economic life and are given important positions in the
management of the State. The Christians were deeply influenced by welfare and the Arabic
language. They also adopt Arab behavior and customs without embracing Islam. These Arab-
influenced Christians, called Mozarab, were despised by their fanatical brethren by denouncing
them as irreligious. The leader of this community group is a priest, Enlogios and his best friend,
Alvaro. They stirred up the disaffected and in this way increased the hatred of the stubborn. It
shows the stubbornness of Christians who reject Muslim rule and condemn anything that smells
of Muslims.” Abdurrahman had to take effective action in this matter, and this resulted in many
men and women voluntarily dying as martyrs.[13] It shows the stubbornness of Christians who
reject Muslim rule and condemn anything that smells of Muslims.” Abdurrahman had to take
effective action in this matter, and this resulted in many men and women voluntarily dying as
martyrs.[13] It shows the stubbornness of Christians who reject Muslim rule and condemn
anything that smells of Muslims.” Abdurrahman had to take effective action in this matter, and
this resulted in many men and women voluntarily dying as martyrs.[13]

Abdurrahman inherited the glory and prosperity created by his predecessor, Hakam. The
riots that occurred at that time, among others, were caused by Christians in the interior led by the
leadership of the Leon Tribe, and there was also the Norman invasion of the Spanish coast.
These two foreign powers were defeated during the 30-year reign of II, the people's economy
progressed and prospered. He loved art, literature, and tried to establish Cordoba as Baghdad II.
He built a number of palaces, gardens and decorated the capital with beautiful mosques. Many
scientists gathered in his palace some of them came from Baghdad.

4. Muhammad I (238-273 H / 853-886 AD)

 Muhammad replaced his father, Abdurrahman II. At this time the Christian community of
Toledo with the help of the leader of the tribe of Leon rose against Muhammad. Muhammad's
troops crushed the rebel forces in the battle at Guadelet. In Cordoba there was a rioting
movement. Muhammad immediately took steps to protect the capital by crushing all rebel forces.
The chaos in the center of this government was exploited by the French by creating disturbances
in the north, and by the Normans who launched attacks on the Spanish coast. These two foreign
powers were defeated by troops. Muhammad I. At the end of his reign, a number of rebellions
emerged in various directions. A Spanish Muslim named Musa claimed to be the ruler of the city
of Aragon. The revolt in the west was led by Ibn Marwan. The biggest rebellion occurred in the
hilly area between the cities of Ronda and Malaga led by Umar ibn Hafsun.

5. Munzir (273-275 H/886-888 AD)

Munzir is an energetic and courageous ruler. If he had a long life, he would be able to
maintain peace and order in the country. Munzir led his own army to face the power of Umar ibn
Hafsun. He quickly died before securing the country from the disturbance of the rebels.

6. Abdullah (275-300 H/888-912M)

Abdullah is Munzir's brother. According to ibn Al-Athir, "At this time there were revolts
and riots in all parts of Spain. This condition lasted from the beginning of Abdullah's reign until
it ended". He was not only met with resistance from the Spanish inland society, but the Arab
aristocratic groups also opposed him. Fierce fighting broke out between Arab circles, Seville
circles, Elvire circles. This quarrel greatly threatened the power of the king. Umar ibn Hafsun
took advantage of the conditions of this quarrel in an effort to expand his territory to approach
the limits of the capital. Abdullah directed his troops to crush the rebel movement under the
leadership of Obaydullah. The biggest rebellion so far, namely the rebellion of Umar ibn Hafsun
was defeated by Obaydullah's troops, so that another small rebellion immediately bowed to him.
The throne of the kingdom was successfully established. [14]

2.2.3 3rd Period(912-1013M)

This period lasted from the reign of Aburrahman III who had the title "An- Nasir" until
the emergence of "kings of the group" known as Mulk At-Thawa‟if. During this period, Spain
was ruled by a ruler with the title caliph, the use of the title caliph started from the news that
reached Abdurrahman III, that Al-Muktadir Caliph Daulah Bani Abbas in Baghdad was killed by
his own bodyguard. According to his assessment, this situation shows that the atmosphere of the
Abbasid government is in turmoil, he argues that now is the most appropriate time to use the title
of caliph which has been lost from the Umayyad rule for more than 150 years. For this reason,
this title was used from 929 AD.
 In this period the Muslims of Spain reached the peak of progress and glory, rivaling the
glory of the Abbasid State in Baghdad. Abdurrahman An-Nasir founded the university of
Cordoba. The library has a collection of hundreds of thousands of books. Hakam II was also a
book proofreader and library founder. At this time, people can enjoy prosperity and prosperity.
City development is progressing rapidly. The beginning of the destruction of the Umayyad
Caliphs in Spain was when Hisham ascended the throne at the age of 11 years. Therefore, the
actual power is in the hands of the officials. In 981 AD, the caliph appointed ibn Abi Amir as the
absolute power holder. He was an ambitious man who succeeded in establishing absolute power
and expanding the territory of Islam by getting rid of his colleagues and rivals. For his successes,
he received the title Al-Mansur Billah. He died in 1002 AD and was succeeded by his son Al-
Muzaffar, who was still able to maintain the preeminence of the kingdom. However, upon his
death in 1008 AD, he was succeeded by his younger brother who did not have the qualities for
the post. In just a few years, the once prosperous country was hit by chaos and finally total
destruction. In 1009 AD the caliph resigned. Some of the people who were tried to occupy that
position were not able to improve the situation. Finally, in 1013 AD, the Council of Ministers
which ruled Cordova abolished the caliphate. At that time, Spain was already divided into many
small countries centered in certain cities.[15] He died in 1002 AD and was succeeded by his son
Al-Muzaffar, who was still able to maintain the preeminence of the kingdom. However, upon his
death in 1008 AD, he was succeeded by his younger brother who did not have the qualities for
the post. In just a few years, the once prosperous country was hit by chaos and finally total
destruction. In 1009 AD the caliph resigned. Some of the people who were tried to occupy that
position were not able to improve the situation. Finally, in 1013 AD, the Council of Ministers
which ruled Cordova abolished the caliphate. At that time, Spain was already divided into many
small countries centered in certain cities.[15] He died in 1002 AD and was succeeded by his son
Al-Muzaffar, who was still able to maintain the preeminence of the kingdom. However, upon his
death in 1008 AD, he was succeeded by his younger brother who did not have the qualities for
the post. In just a few years, the once prosperous country was hit by chaos and finally total
destruction. In 1009 AD the caliph resigned. Some of the people who were tried to occupy that
position were not able to improve the situation. Finally, in 1013 AD, the Council of Ministers
which ruled Cordova abolished the caliphate. At that time, Spain was already divided into many
small countries centered in certain cities.[15] he was succeeded by his younger brother who did
not have the qualities for the post. In just a few years, the once prosperous country was hit by
chaos and finally total destruction. In 1009 AD the caliph resigned. Some of the people who
were tried to occupy that position were not able to improve the situation. Finally, in 1013 AD,
the Council of Ministers which ruled Cordova abolished the caliphate. At that time, Spain was
already divided into many small countries centered in certain cities.[15] he was succeeded by his
younger brother who did not have the qualities for the post. In just a few years, the once
prosperous country was hit by chaos and finally total destruction. In 1009 AD the caliph
resigned. Some of the people who were tried to occupy that position were not able to improve the
situation. Finally, in 1013 AD, the Council of Ministers which ruled Cordova abolished the
caliphate. At that time, Spain was already divided into many small countries centered in certain
cities.[15] The Council of Ministers that ruled Cordova abolished the post of caliph. At that time,
Spain was already divided into many small countries centered in certain cities.[15] The Council
of Ministers that ruled Cordova abolished the post of caliph. At that time, Spain was already
divided into many small countries centered in certain cities.[15]

1. Abdurrahman III
2. Hakam II (961-976 AD)
3. Hisham II (972 AD)
4. Hajib Al-Mansur (976-1002 AD)
5. Solomon.

The glory of the Umayyad State ended when Hakam died in 366 H or 976 AD.[16]

2.2.4 Fourth period (1013-1086 AD)

In this period, Spain was divided into more than thirty small states under the rule of the
kings of the class or Al-Mulukuth-Thawaif, which was centered in a city such as Seville,
Cordova, Toledo, and so on. The largest of them is Abbadiyah in Seville. In this period the
Spanish Muslims re-entered a period of internal conflict. Ironically, if there is a civil war, some
of the warring parties ask for help from Christian kings. Seeing the weakness and chaos that
befell the political situation of Islam, for the first time, Christians in this period began to take the
initiative to attack. Although political life was unstable, intellectual life continued to develop
during this period.

2.2.5 Fifth Period (1086-1248 AD)

Even though at this time the Muslim power of Spain was divided into a number of small
countries, there was a dominant power, namely the Murabithun dynasty (1086-1143 AD). And
the Murabithun dynasty was originally a religious movement in North Africa led by religious
leaders (kiai) who lived in Ribath (a type of surau) led by a teacher named Abdullah ibn Yasin.
This Ribath movement turned into a military movement that carried out an expansion movement
under the leadership of ibn Tasyfin, centered in the city of Marrakusy. He entered Spain at the
"invitation" of the Muslim rulers there who had carried the heavy burden of the struggle to
defend their countries from Christian attacks. He and his army entered Spain in 1086 AD and
managed to defeat the Castilian army. Due to the divisions among the Muslim kings, Yusuf went
further to rule Spain and he succeeded in that. However, the rulers after ibn Tasyfin were weak
kings. In 1143 AD, the rule of this dynasty ended, both in northern Africa and in Spain and was
replaced by the Muwahhidun dynasty.

Al-Muwahhidun was founded by ibn Tumart, from the sus area in North Africa. Ibn
Tumart named his movement al-Muwahhidun because this movement aims to uphold
monotheism (oneness of God), rejecting all forms of understanding anthropomorphism (tajsim)
adopted by the Murabitun. Therefore, the spirit of Ibn Tumart's struggle was to destroy the power
of Murabithun. In the hands of Abdul Mun‟im, a military commander of Ibn Tumart and at the
same time his successor, Muwahhidun managed to enter Spain. Between the years 1114-1154
AD, Muslim cities in Spain. fell into his hands; Cordoba, Almeria and Granada. Abdul Mun‟im
was succeeded by his brother named Yaqub, and then Yaqub appeared as his successor. In these
few generations the Muwahhidun experienced periods of progress. After Yaqub's death,
Muwahhidun entered a period of decline. together with the decline of this Muwahhidun, the
Crusaders who had been defeated by Salahuddin in Palestine returned to Europe and began to
build new power under the leadership of Alfanso IX. This Christian power repeated its attacks on
Andalusia. This time they managed to defeat the power of the Muslim Muwahhidun. After
several defeats and continued pressure, the Muwahhidun rulers finally left Spain and returned to
North Africa (Morocco). After the death of this Muwahhidun, in Spain a number of small
kingdoms emerged. Among them the greatest was the power of Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Nash
who was better known as " ibn Ahmad". He managed to establish an empire for approximately 2
centuries.[18] The crusaders who had been defeated by Salahuddin in Palestine returned to
Europe and began to build new power under the leadership of Alfanso IX. This Christian power
repeated its attacks on Andalusia. This time they managed to defeat the power of the Muslim
Muwahhidun. After several defeats and continued pressure, the Muwahhidun rulers finally left
Spain and returned to North Africa (Morocco). After the death of this Muwahhidun, in Spain a
number of small kingdoms emerged. Among them the greatest was the power of Muhammad ibn
Yusuf ibn Nash who was better known as " ibn Ahmad". He managed to establish an empire for
approximately 2 centuries.[18] The crusaders who had been defeated by Salahuddin in Palestine
returned to Europe and began to build new power under the leadership of Alfanso IX. This
Christian power repeated its attacks on Andalusia. This time they managed to defeat the power of
the Muslim Muwahhidun. After several defeats and continued pressure, the Muwahhidun rulers
finally left Spain and returned to North Africa (Morocco). After the death of this Muwahhidun,
in Spain a number of small kingdoms emerged. Among them the greatest was the power of
Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Nash who was better known as " ibn Ahmad". He managed to
establish an empire for approximately 2 centuries.[18] This time they managed to defeat the
power of the Muslim Muwahhidun. After several defeats and continued pressure, the
Muwahhidun rulers finally left Spain and returned to North Africa (Morocco). After the death of
this Muwahhidun, in Spain a number of small kingdoms emerged. Among them the greatest was
the power of Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Nash who was better known as " ibn Ahmad". He
managed to establish an empire for approximately 2 centuries.[18] This time they managed to
defeat the power of the Muslim Muwahhidun. After several defeats and continued pressure, the
Muwahhidun rulers finally left Spain and returned to North Africa (Morocco). After the death of
this Muwahhidun, in Spain a number of small kingdoms emerged. Among them the greatest was
the power of Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Nash who was better known as " ibn Ahmad". He
managed to establish an empire for approximately 2 centuries.[18]
2.2.6 Sixth period (1248-1492 AD)

In this period, Islam only ruled in the Granada area, under the Ahmar dynasty (1232-1492
AD). civilization is progressing again like in the time of Abdurrahman an-Nasir. However,
politically, this dynasty only ruled in the smallest area. The power of Islam which was the last
defense in Spain ended because of disputes between courtiers in fighting for power. Abu
Abdullah Muhammad was displeased with his father for appointing another son as his successor
as king. He rebelled and tried to eradicate power. In the rebellion, his father was killed and then
succeeded by Muhammad ibn Sa'ad. Abu Abdullah then asked Ferdinand and Isabella for help to
bring him down. These two Christian rulers were able to defeat the legitimate ruler and Abu
Abdullah ascended the throne.

Of course, Ferdinand and Isabella who united the two great Christian kingdoms through
marriage were not quite satisfied. Both want to seize the last power of Muslims in Spain. Abu
Abdullah was unable to withstand the attacks of the Christians and in the end admitted defeat. He
handed over power to Ferdinand and Isabela. And then he moved to North Africa. Thus the end
of Islamic rule in Spain in 1492 AD Muslims were then faced with 2 choices, to enter
Christianity or leave Spain. In 1609 AD, it can be said that there are no more Muslims in this
area.[19]

2.3 ADVANCEMENT OF CIVILIZATION

1. Philosophy

Islam in Spain has recorded a very brilliant cultural page in the stretch of Islamic history.
It served as a pedestrian bridge through which Greek-Arabic science traveled to Europe in the
12th century. Interest in philosophy and science began to drop him. These two Christian rulers
were able to defeat the legitimate ruler and Abu Abdullah ascended the throne.

Of course, Ferdinand and Isabella who united the two great Christian kingdoms through
marriage were not quite satisfied. Both want to seize the last power of Muslims in Spain. Abu
Abdullah was unable to withstand the attacks of the Christians and in the end admitted defeat. He
handed over power to Ferdinand and Isabela. And then he moved to North Africa. Thus ended
the rule of Islam in Spain in 1492 AD Muslims after that were faced with 2 choices, convert to
Christianity or leave Spain. In 1609 AD, it can be said that there are no more Muslims in this
area.[19]

2.3 ADVANCEMENT OF CIVILIZATION

1. Philosophy
 Islam in Spain has recorded a very brilliant cultural page in the stretch of Islamic history.
It served as a pedestrian bridge through which Greek-Arabic science traveled to Europe in the
12th century. Interest in philosophy and science began to develop in the 9th century AD, during
the reign of the 5th Umayyad ruler, Muhammad bin Abdurrahman (832-886 AD).

At the initiative of Al-Hakam (961-976 AD), scientific and philosophical works were
imported from the East in large quantities, so that Cordova with its libraries and universities was
able to compete with Baghdad as the main center of knowledge in the Islamic world. What was
done by the leaders of the Umayyad dynasty in Spain was a preparation for the birth of great
philosophers in the future.

The first major figure in the history of Arab-Spanish philosophy was Abu Bakr
Muhmmad ibn Al-Sayyigh, better known as ibn Bajjah. Born in Saragossa he moved to Sevilla
and Granada. Died of poisoning in Fez in 1138 AD at a young age like Al-Farabi and Ibn Sina in
the East, the issues he raised were ethical and eschatological. His magnum opus is Tadbir Al-
Mutawahhid. And another famous one is Abu Bakr Ibn Thufa'il, a native of Wadhi'Asy, a small
hamlet east of Granada and died at an advanced age in 1185 AD. He wrote extensively on
medicine, astronomy and philosophy. His most famous philosophical work is Hay Ibn Yaqzhan.

The latter part of the 12th century AD witnessed the emergence of one of the greatest
followers of Aristotle in the field of philosophy in Islam, namely Ibn Rasyd, from Cordova. He
was born in 1126 AD and died in 1198 AD. His characteristics are accuracy in interpreting
Aristotle's texts and caution in dealing with chronic problems regarding the compatibility of
philosophy and religion. He is also an expert in Fiqh with his work Bidayatul Mujtahid.

2. Science

Medical sciences, music, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry and others are also well
developed. Abbas Ibn Farnash is famous in chemistry and astronomy. was the first to discover
the glasswork of stone. Ibrahim Ibn Yahya Al Naqqash is famous in Astronomy. He can
determine the time of the solar eclipse and determine how long it will last. He also succeeded in
making modern binoculars that can determine the distance between the solar system and the
stars. Ahmad Ibn Ibasdari Cordova is an expert in the field of medicine. Umm Al-Hasan bint Al
Abi Jafar and Al-Hafiz's sister are two female doctors.

In the fields of history and geography, the western Islamic region gave birth to many
famous thinkers. Ibn Jubair of Falencia (1145-1228 AD) wrote about the Muslim countries of the
Mediterranean and Sicily and Ibn Battuta from Tangier (1304-1377 AD) reached the Pacific
Ocean and China. Ibn Al-Khatib (1317-1374 AD) compiled a history of Granada, while Ibn
Khaldun from Thunis formulated the philosophy of history. All historians resided in Spain, then
moved to Africa. Those are most of the big names in science.
3. Fiqh

In the field of Islamic jurisprudence, Spain is known as the adherents of the Maliki
school. Introducing this school is the Ziat of Ibn Abdul Arrahman. Subsequent developments
were determined by ibn Yahya who became Qodi at the time of Hisham ibn ala Rahman. Other
fiqh experts include Abu Baker Ibn Al Qutiyah, Munzir Ibn Said Al Baluti and the famous Ibn
Hazm.

4. Music and Arts

In the field of music and the field of sound art, Islamic Spain achieved brilliance with its
character, Al Hasan ibn Hafi, who was nicknamed Zariyab. Every time a meeting and banquet is
held, zariyab always appears to show his skills. He is also famous as a songwriter. The
knowledge he had was passed down to his children. Both men and women, and also to slaves, so
that his fame spread widely.

5. Language and Literature

Arabic has become the administrative language of the Islamic government in Spain. It
can be accepted by both Muslims and non-Muslims. In fact, the natives of Spain duplicate their
native language. They are also many experts in Arabic, both their reading and grammar skills,
including: Ibn Sayyidi, Ibn Malik, Author Alfiyah, Ibn Khuruf, Ibn al Hajj, Abu Ali Al Isybilli,
Abu Al Hasan, Ibn Usfur, and Abu Hayyan al Gharnathi. Along with the progress of the
language, many literary works have sprung up, such as Ibn Abdul Rabbih's al'Iqd Al Farid, Al
Dzakhirah fi mahasin ahl al-jazirah by Ibn Bassam, the Qalaid book by Al Fath Ibn Khaqam and
many others.

Cordova

Cordova was the capital of pre-Islamic Spain, and was later taken over by the Umayyads.
By Muslim rulers, this city was built and beautified. A large bridge was built over the river that
flows in the middle of the city. The city's gardens were built to decorate the capital of Islamic
Spain. The trees and flowers are imported from the east. Around the capital stood majestic
palaces that further beautify the scenery, each palace and garden was given its own name and at
its peak was the damsik palace.

Among other highlights of the city of Cordova is the Cordova mosque. According to ibn
al-dhalai', there are 491 mosques there, in addition, a special feature of Islamic cities is the
lottery. In Cordova alone there are about 900 baths around which stand beautiful villages. Since
the river water was undrinkable, the Muslim rulers erected a water channel from the mountains
that was 80 km long.
 Granada

Granada is the last refuge of Muslims in Spain. Diosana gathered the remnants of Arab
powers and Islamic thinkers. The position of Cordova was taken over by Granada in the last days
of Islamic rule in Spain. The architecture of the building is famous throughout Europe. The
beautiful and majestic Al Hamra Palace is the center and peak of Islamic Spanish architecture.
The palace is surrounded by gardens that are no less beautiful.

The story of the progress of this physical development can still be extended with the city
and palace of al-Zahra, al-Gazar palace, Girilda tower and others.

2.4 WHY THE KINGDOM OF ISLAM COULD IN SPANISH

1. Conflict between Islam and Christianity

Muslim rulers did not fully Islamize. They were satisfied with only collecting tribute
from their conquered Christian kingdoms and letting them maintain their laws and customs
including their traditional hierarchical position as long as there was no armed resistance.
However, the presence of Islamic Arabs has strengthened the sense of nationality of the Christian
Spaniards. This causes the life of the Islamic State in Spain to never stop from the conflict
between Islam and Christianity. In the 11th century AD Christians made rapid progress, while
Muslims were in decline

.2. Economy crisis

In the second half of the second period of Islam in Spain, the rulers built cities and
developed science so "seriously" that they neglected to build the economy. As a result, economic
difficulties arise that are very burdensome and affect the political and military conditions.

3. Unclear Power Transfer System

This causes a power struggle among the heirs. In fact, it was because of this that the
power of the Umayyads collapsed and Muluk At-Thawa'if came to Granada, which was the last
center of Islamic power in Spain, fell into the hands of Ferdinand and Isabela, partly because of
this problem.

4. Remoteness

Islamic Spain is isolated from the rest of the Islamic world. He always fought alone, with
no help except from North Africa. Thus there is no alternative force capable of stemming the
Christian revival there.[20]
CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION
 Spain was conquered by Tariq bin Ziyad and his 7000 troops. According to one narration
he once burned his ships to eliminate the hope of members of his troops to escape, and after that
he made a speech: "Brothers and sisters, where are you going to flee? The sea is behind you and
the enemy is in front of you. By Allah, stay strong. and patient.

And there is also a narration that denies that Tariq has burned his ships. According to the
narration, only his speech actually took place, this conquest took place during the caliphate
Walid bin Abdul Malik. Factors supporting the Spanish conquest: Intolerance of the Gothic
rulers towards religions other than Christianity Sad social, political and economic conditions The
crimes that have occurred raging for a long time. The country was divided into small countries
when the nation was invaded by the Teutonic people. The Development of Islam in Spain

a. First Period (711-755 AD)

This period was led by the trustees based in Damascus. Political stability has not yet been
achieved. Disturbances from within mostly occur from among the rulers caused by ethnic and
class differences that lead to frequent civil wars. Changes in guardians and continuous
competition. Disruption from the outside that comes from the remnants of the enemies of Islam
who live in mountainous areas. There has not been development in the field of culture and
civilization because there are too many conflicts from within.

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