INTRODUCTION
Every organization has assets and properties. These may include, people, buildings,
equipment, materials, chemicals, hazardous waste, money, museum artifacts and so on.
These assets are classified as tangible, intangible and current assets. [1]
The intangible assets for example like cash at hand or in bank could be attacked by
organization must be prevented from internal and external attacks; this is because the
This project work is an Intrusion detection system (IDS), the system provides an added
degree of security, which may be cost effective in some facilities. An IDS is designed to
detect and announce an intrusion but unable to prevent or apprehend the intruder. [1]
The design and construction of this electronic security system is an ultrasonic motion
into a protected apartment (homes), offices; especially banks strong room, buildings
The device is composed of four basic parts which correspond to the functions it performs.
The component parts are the transmitter stage, the receiver stage, high pass filter stage,
peak detector stage, comparator stage and the tone generator stage. [2]
In the transmitter and receiver stage, the component part for detection is a pair of
piezoelectric transducers, the high pass filter stage which is to attenuate all the signals
1
below cut-off and allow signals above cut-off to pass. The peak detector which includes
diodes D1 and D2 forms a full wave rectifier for an incoming ac voltage or a pulsating
dc, the comparator stage switches on the alarm when there is a distortion in the
transmitted and received frequency of the piezoelectric transducer and switches off when
the receiver is receiving signals from the transmitter. The tone generator is basically a
555 timer integrated circuit connected in a monostable and an astable mode. It has
provision for automatic switching off of the alarm after seven seconds.
The system basically is powered from a nine volts D.C power supply and a rechargeable
batter used as a back-up when there is power outage before the generator comes on. The
system has a wide range of applications. They are used as security devices at the
warfronts, in various offices, and banks e.t.c. Its use will enhance the efficiency of
security forces and could also be used as sensors for security counters (like toll gate
counters e.t.c.). Their applications cannot be over emphasized. They are installed in areas
where highly pilferable items are stored. On campus, an ultrasonic motion detector could
2
1.3 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS.
RANGE: 300cm
3
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW.
The term "ultrasound" refers to sound energy with a frequency, or pitch, too high to
be heard by the human ear. Evolution bestowed bats and dolphins with the abilities to use
high-frequency sound waves. About 60 years ago, humans figured out how to take
Ultrasonic sound waves can help measure material thickness, integrity and other physical
possible to take quick and reliable measurements of the thickness of a part's wall or to
The quality control world has used ultrasonic instruments for more than 50 years, ever
since the first commercial instruments were introduced during the 1940s. These early
instruments were offshoots of sonar technology developed during World War II. Small,
portable NDT instruments optimized for a variety of test applications became common
during the 1970s. Later, advances in microprocessor technology during the 1990s led to
the current generation of highly sophisticated microprocessor-based digital instruments.
[5]
Test applications and associated instruments for ultrasonic NDT fall into four general
categories: thickness gages, flaw detectors, imaging systems and material analysis
systems. [5]
In 1880 the Curie brothers discovered the piezoelectric effect in quartz. Converse
piezoelectricity was mathematically deduced from fundamental thermodynamic
4
principles by Lippmann in 1881. In 1917, Paul Langevin (France) and his coworkers
developed an underwater sonar system (called hydrophone) that uses the piezoelectric
effect to detect submarines through echo location. [6]
In 1935, the first RADAR system was produced by the British physicist Robert Watson-
Wat. Also about 1935, developments began with the objective to use ultrasonic power
therapeutically, utilizing its heating and disruptive effects on living tissues. In 1936,
Siemens markets the first ultrasonic therapeutic machine, the Sonostat. [6]
Shortly after the World War II, researchers began to explore medical diagnostic
capabilities of ultrasound. Karl Theo Dussik (Austria) attempted to locate the cerebral
ventricles by measuring the transmission of ultrasound beam through the skull. Other
researchers try to use ultrasound to detect gallstones, breast masses, and tumors. These
first investigations were performed with A-mode. [6]
In the early 50`s the first B-mode images were obtained. Images were static, without
gray-scale information in simple black and white and compound technique. Carl
Hellmuth Hertz and Inge Edler (Sweden) made in 1953 the first scan of heart activity.
Ian Donald and Colleagues (Scotland) were specialized on obstetric and gynecologic
ultrasound research. [6]
The most basic Security alarm is a simple electric circuit built into an entry way. In any
circuit, whether it's powering a flashlight or a computer, electricity only flows when you
give it a path between two points of opposite charge. To turn the electricity on or off, you
open or close part of the circuit. [7]
To open or close a flashlight circuit, you simply throw a switch. In a burglar alarm, the
switch detects the act of intrusion -- opening a door or window, for example. These sorts
of alarms are divided into two categories:
• In a closed-circuit system, the electric circuit is closed when the door is shut.
This means that as long as the door is closed, electricity can flow from one end
5
of the circuit to the other. But if somebody opens the door, the circuit is
opened, and electricity can't flow. This triggers an alarm.
There are a number of ways to build this sort of circuit into an entry way. Closed
circuits are normally a better choice than open circuits because an intruder can
deactivate the open circuit by simply cutting the connected wires. [7]
When the door is closed, the magnet pulls the metal switch closed so the circuit is
complete. The current powers the relay's electromagnet, so the buzzer circuit stays open.
When you move the magnet by opening the door, the spring snaps the switch back into
the open position. This cuts off the current and closes the relay, sounding the alarm.
You can also build this sort of system into a window. If an intruder pushes a window
open, the magnet slide out of line with the switch, and the buzzer is activated.
6
Another simple burglar alarm uses a small button as the switch. The button is embedded
in the door frame, so closing the door pushes it in. When somebody opens the door, the
button is released, changing the circuit and sounding the alarm. [7]
With just a battery and buzzer, these designs make for fairly flawed security systems.
After all, the burglar only needs to close the door again to turn the buzzer off. That's why
most modern burglar alarms incorporate another piece into the circuit -- the control box.
The control box is hooked up to one or more alarm circuits, but it also has its own power
supply. It monitors the circuits and sounds the alarm when they are closed or opened
(depending on the design). But once the alarm is triggered, the control box won't cut it off
until somebody enters a security code at a connected keypad. For added security, the
control box is usually positioned in an out-of-the-way spot, so the intruder can't find it
and attempt to destroy it. [7]
Using this basic concept, you can create all sorts of alarm systems. Just imagine what a
burglar might do to break into a house, and then turn that action into the circuit switch.
For example, an intruder might break through a window, so you could make the glass
itself a circuit. The easiest way to do this is run a current through a thin line of foil wire
affixed to the surface of the glass. If a burglar breaks the glass, the circuit is broken, and
the alarm is triggered. [7]
Floor mats are another simple option. A basic floor mat uses an open circuit design with
two metal strips spaced apart. When somebody steps on the mat, the pressure pushes the
two metal strips together, completing a circuit. [7]
All of these circuit systems are best for guarding the perimeter of a house or business --
the points an intruder would enter the building.
Circuit alarms are very effective for guarding the perimeter of a house, but they don't
work so well inside a building. This is because the intruder's actions are highly
unpredictable; you don't know where they'll go or what they'll touch. A specific "trigger"
isn't very effective. To detect an intruder who's already in the house, you need a motion
detector. [7]
7
Basic motion detectors are fairly common these days. You see them all the time in
automatic doors, for example. There are several different sorts of intrusion detection
system. [1]
A simple design is the microwave intrusion detection system: This system floods the area
with acoustic or microwave energy and detects the Doppler shift in transmitted and
received frequencies when motion happens within the area. It uses very short radio
waves. [1] The limitations here is that
1. Requires adequate installation engineering, since many outside walls have large
windows that can easily be penetrated by microwaves. It can lead to many false alarms.
An automatic door opener is an example of a microwave motion detector. The box above
the door sends out bursts of microwave radio energy (or ultrasonic sound waves), and
then waits for the reflected energy to bounce back. If there is nobody in front of the door,
the radio energy will bounce back in the same pattern. But if somebody enters the area,
the reflection pattern is disturbed. When this happens, the sensor sends a signal and the
door opens. In a security system, the sensor sends an alarm signal when the reflection
pattern in a room is disturbed. [7]
8
If somebody disturbs the reflection pattern, the motion
detector sends an alarm signal to the control box.
Another simple design is a photo-sensor motion detector. These are the devices you
might see in a store at a shopping mall. When somebody enters the store, the motion
detector sounds a chime or bell. Photo-sensors have two components:
• a light sensor
In a home security system, you aim the beam at the light sensor, across a passageway in
your house. When somebody walks between the light source and the sensor, the path of
the beam is blocked briefly. The sensor registers a drop in light levels and sends a signal
to the control box. [7]
More advanced security systems include passive infrared (PIR) motion detectors. These
sensors "see" the infrared energy emitted by an intruder's body heat. When an intruder
walks into the field of view of the detector, the sensor detects a sharp increase in infrared
energy. Of course, there will always be gradual fluctuation of heat energy in an area, so
PIR detectors are designed to trigger the alarm only when infrared energy levels change
very rapidly.
All these motion detector designs can be combined in a house to offer complete coverage. In a typical
security system, the control box will not sound the alarm immediately when the motion detectors are
triggered. There is a short delay to give the homeowner time to enter a security code that turns the
9
system off. If the security code is not entered, however, the control box will activate various alarms.
[7]
Most industrial processes, including almost all sources of friction, create some ultrasonic
noise. The ultrasonic transducer produces ultrasonic signals. These signals are propagated
through a sensing medium and the same transducer can be used to detect returning
signals. [4]
In most applications, the sensing medium is simply air. An ultrasonic sensor typically
comprises at least one ultrasonic transducer which transforms electrical energy into sound
and, in reverse, sound into electrical energy, a housing enclosing the ultrasonic transducer
or transducers, an electrical connection and, optionally, an electronic circuit for signal
processing also enclosed in the housing. [4]
Ultrasonic sensors have typically been used in applications such as detecting and
identifying solid objects, measuring the shape and orientation of a work piece, detecting
possible collisions between objects to avoid the collisions, room surveillance, flow
measurement, and determining a type of material by measuring the absorption of sound.
Ultrasonic sensors have been used for proximity or distance measurement. These devices
typically transmit a short burst of ultrasonic sound toward a target which reflects the
10
sound back to the sensor. The system then measures the time for the echo to return to the
sensor and computes the distance to the target using the speed of sound in the medium.[4]
Sensors are devices which are designed so that they can detect or quantitatively
determine physical parameters such as pressure, temperature, position or velocity over a
measuring range. In automated industrial applications, sensors are used for numerous
purposes. Sensors are used for a variety of applications including sensing the presence or
absence of articles and sensing a distance or proximity of an article to the sensor, such as
may be required for a process control application. [4]
Transducers are devices that convert electrical energy to mechanical energy, or vice
versa. The transducer converts received echoes into analog electrical signals that are
output from the transducer. Ultrasonic transducers operate to radiate ultrasonic waves
through a medium such as air. Transducers generally create ultrasonic vibrations through
the use of piezoelectric materials such as certain forms of crystals or ceramic polymers.
[4]
Ultrasonic transducers are available in various technical forms. Ultrasonic transducers are
typically formed of either piezoelectric elements or of micro-machined ultrasonic
transducer (MUT) elements. For industrial use, solid-state transducers are usually used,
because of their robustness. They basically include a piezoceramic device as an element
for converting between electric signals and acoustic signals and a resonant adapter layer,
with which the transfer of sound to the air is optimized. [4]
The piezoelectric elements typically are made of a piezoelectric ceramic such as lead-
zirconate-titanate (PZT), with a plurality of elements being arranged to form a transducer.
Piezoceramic ultrasonic transducers are the transducers of choice for rugged, industrial
applications because they are efficient and environmentally robust. These sensors have
been used in industry for numerous applications; however have not been capable of short
range object detection until recently. [4]
11
For transmission the capacitive charge is modulated to vibrate the diaphragm of the
device and thereby transmit a sound wave. In general, ultrasonic transducers are
constructed by incorporating one or more piezoelectric vibrators which are electrically
connected to pulsing-receiving system. [4]
There are several things a security system might do when it detects an intruder. In an
advanced system, the control box will be wired to several different components.
Typically, it will activate:
• a telephone auto-dialer
• They alert occupants and neighbors that someone has broken into the house.
• Dial the police directly, and play a pre-recorded message giving the address of
the house and any other relevant information. This message will usually play
over and over so that the police will still hear it even if the call is put on hold
for some time. [7]
12
• Dial the security company that installed the equipment. In this case, the control
required box can feed specific information about the intrusion -- which circuits
or motion detectors were activated, etc. The security company then relays this
information to the required authority.
Home security is a rapidly growing field, and there are new and improved burglar
alarms popping up all the time. For the most part, these systems are all built
around the same basic structure. A central control box monitors several motion
detectors and perimeter guards and sounds an alarm when any of them are
triggered.
13
CHAPTER THREE
DESIGN PROCEDURE.
This chapter deals with the design methods and analysis employed in the design of
an Ultrasonic motion detector security system. The stages involved are the transmitter
stage, the receiver and gain control stage, the high pass filter stage, the peak detector
stage, the comparator stage, the tone generator stage and the power supply stage.
The transmitter section of the system is basically an ultrasonic sound produced from the
output of the emitter of an amplifier (with collector feed back configuration) and the
emitter of a biased transistor, where by both transistors Q1 and Q2 are cascaded by direct
coupling. [9] The outputs taken from the emitter of Q1 and Q2 are connected to a piezzo-
hence converts the electric signals to ultrasound or sound waves of very high frequencies
of 40KHz which is above the normal range of hearings for humans. The transmitter
14
Design Calculations
R3
470k
R1
4k7
Q1
BC337
C1
1n
R2
1k
Vcc − Vbe
Ib =
Rc + β ( R1 + R 2)
Vcc = 9Vfromdesignspecification
Vbe = 0.7 forwardbiasedsilicondiode
β = 300 fromdatasheet
Ic = 1.5mA
Ic
=β
Ib
Assume R1=3K Ω
R2=1K Ω
15
1.5mA
Ib = = 5υ A
300
8.3
5υ A =
Rc + 300(3K + 1K )
5υ A( R1) = 2.3
Rc = 460000Ω
Pr eferredvalue = 470k
Q2
BC337
R4
4k7
R3
470k
Q2
BC337
R1
4k7
Q1 LS1
BC337
R4
C1 4k7 SPEAKER
1n
R2
1k
16
3.2 RECEIVER AND GAN CONTROL STAGE.
The receiver and gain control stage of this design consists of the receiver stage which is a
collector feedback amplifier with common emitter configuration and the gain control
stage which is a variable resistor. The receiving transducer detects any reflected sound
produced by the transmitting transducer. The piezoelectric transducer used here receives
The transistor Q3 then amplifies the electric signals and the output is applied the high
pass filter via a coupling capacitor C2, the gain control pot VR1 and a coupling capacitor
C3. C2 and C3 are set to a small value (100pF) and the variable resistor VR1 is set to a
R6
100k
R5
4.7M
Q3
BC337
LS2
SPEAKER
17
Vcc − Vbe
Ib =
R5 + β R 6
Ic
=β
Ib
β = 300
Ic = 1.5mA
Vcc = 9V
Vbe = 0.7V
R6 is assumed to be 1K
1.5m
Ib = = 5*10 A
6
300
9 − 0.7
=
R5 + 300(1K )
5υ ( R5) = 8.3 − 1.5
6.8
R5 = = 1.36 M
5υ
R5 = 1.36 M
Preferred value=1M
R6
100k
C2
100p
RV1
R5 C3
4.7M
Q3
BC337 100p
LS2
POT
SPEAKER
18
3.3 HIGH PASS FILTER STAGE.
This stage is the high pass filter stage and it attenuates the electric signals below cut off
frequency and allows signals above cut off frequency to pass. [11]
DESIGN CALCULATION.
R8
1M
U1
7
3
R7 6
2
100k
4
1
5
LM301
C4
100n
The ability of the op-amp to handle varying to handle varying signals is the slew rate
defined as
Slew rate equals the maximum rate at which amplifier output can change in volts per
S .R Vo
S.R=
2ΠK t
The maximum frequency that an op-amp may operate depends on both the bandwidth and
19
Vo = k Sin (2 Π ft)
The maximum voltage of change or the signal maximum rate of change can be shown to
be 2 Π fK V/secs
To prevent distortion at the output, the rate of change must also be less than the slew rate
i.e.
2 Π fK ≤ S.R
S .R
F≤ Hz
2ΠK
S.R=0.5V/υ secs
Vi=2.23V
0.5v / υ s
K=
2Π (36.86kHz )
K = 21.55
K = AVI
2.155
A= = 0.96
2.23
R8
A= = 0.96
R7
Assume R7=100K
R8=0.96*100k
=0.96M
Preferred value=1M
20
R8
1M
U1
8
3
6
2
5
LM301
C4
100n
This stage is the peak detector stage or peak clipper stage which converts the high
frequency from the filter stage to voltage. This stage consists of the diodes D5 and D6.
Capacitor C5 is a coupling capacitor set to 1nF. Diodes D5 and D6 are germanium diodes
which work at high frequencies having very high switching capability. Capacitor C6
filters any high frequency ripples and is set to 1nF. Hence, the peak detector serves as to
recover the envelope signals. The output from the peak detector is then applied to the
comparator stage.
21
C5 D1
1n 1N5400
D2 C6
1N5400 1n
The comparator stage is the stage where the enveloped or the recovered signal which is
the output from the peak detector is been compared with a reference voltage. The voltage
on the inverting input is compared with that on the non-inverting input (pin 3). If the
voltage on the non-inverting input is at a lower voltage than that on the inverting input,
output will be high and if the converse occurs, the output will be low. [9] A voltage of
5.30V was sensed at pin3 of the op-amp and a reference voltage of 3.50 was preset at
pin2 of the comparator by drawing a voltage from the potential divider between R9 and
V output = Ao *Vin where Ao = open loop gain (usually 20000 or more). When V+ is
greater than V-, the output is high and when it is lesser, the output is low. When there is a
distortion in the circuit’s fine balance, the voltage into pin3 drops below the reference
level and a low is sent to the monostable which triggers the monostable.
22
R9
1k
U2:A
8
3
1
2
R10
4
1k LM392
RV2
POT
This part of the system alerts a human monitor to initiate a response that results from
investigation of the sensor environment. [1] It may be a bell or a buzzer in this case. The
alarm circuit designed here is to produce a two tone alarm with intermittent variation loud
enough to attract the attention of the neighbors and required authorities. [9] The
importance of the tone is to make it possible for the tone to be easily masked by another
The alarm circuit is of two tone type alarm consisting of three 555 timers, where IC4 is
operated in a monostable mode and IC5 and IC6 operated in the astable mode. When
motion is sensed and the voltage at the non-inverting input (V+) is lesser than that at the
inverting input (V-), a low voltage is sent to the monostable. A monostable operates as to
trigger when a low voltage enters pin 2 of the IC, hence pin 3 goes high.
Design calculation
23
For a timing of 7seconds and assuming R11=56k Ω ,
7 sec s = 1.1(56 K )C
Actual value
= 113.56uF
To obtain a two tone, the two astable multivibrators are set to oscillate at different
frequencies. IC5 was set to 3.6Hz and IC6 was set to 450Hz.
1.44
F=
( R12 + 2 R13)C10
Assume R12=10k
R13=15K
1.44
3.6 Hz =
10k + 30k )C
1.44
C= Actual value
3.6(40 K )
C = 10uF
1.44
F=
( R14 + 2 R15)C11
R14=47K
R15=10k
24
1.44
450 =
(47 K + 20k )C
1.44
C=
67 k (450)
R15
R13
10k
15k
U3 R11 U4 U5
8
8
56K
4 3 4 3 4 3
VCC
VCC
VCC
R Q R Q R Q
7 7 C8 7 LS3
DC DC DC
10u
5 5 5
CV CV CV
R12 R14
10K 47k
SPEAKER
GND
GND
GND
2 6 2 6 2 6
TR TH TR TH TR TH
C7
1
1
555 100u 555 555
C9 C10
47nF 22n
Most electronic devices require a d.c voltage to operate. Batteries are useful in low power
or portable devices, but the operating time is limited unless the batteries are recharged or
replaced.
The most readily available source of power is the 240V/50Hz a.c. wall outlet. This power
supply however is specifically designed for this project. The power supply is divided into
i. Transformer stage
25
iv. Regulator stage
design a 240/12v transformer is used with a current rating of 500mA. The following
Vs I p
=
Vp Is
By definition
Vp = Primary voltage
Vs = Secondary voltage
Ip = Primary current
Is = Secondary current
Where
Vp = 240 volts
Vs = 12 volts
Ns = 500mA
Vs I p
=
But, Vp Is
12 x 500m
Ip =
240 = 0.025A
Ip = 25MA
26
Hence, the secondary current of 500mA used is suitable for this design, since the
Rectification Analysis
The most economical d.c. power supply is some of the rectifier circuit. After rectification,
a lot of a.c. ripple voltage was still found in the d.c. voltage so the rectifier circuit does
not deliver pure d.c. In this design, we are using (4 – IN4007 diodes) (1 – 1A bridge
rectifier) to convert the stepped down secondary voltage output which is alternating to a
unidirectional voltage (i.e. d.c.). The voltage of a transformer secondary as we have seen
in the previous analysis is the root mean square value (RMS), being the average AC
Filteration Analysis
The pulsating d.c voltage is not a pure d.c voltage, so a filter capacitor is placed across
the d.c output terminals of the bridge rectifier. This capacitor smoothens the d.c
pulsations and gives an almost pure d.c output load voltage. The load voltage is the
unregulated voltage that supplies power to the load. The filter capacitor is typically an
The capacitor value was assumed to be 1000uF and voltage greater than 12v can be used
In summary, transformer plus rectifier diodes plus filter capacitor equals unregulated
power supply.
Regulators [13]
The regulator used in the design is in the integrated circuit form. The desired output of
the regulator is 9V so a regulator type 7809 was used. Without a good regulated voltage
27
supply, none of this circuit will work. Modern integrated circuit voltage regulator is more
The 7809 regulator type is a positive voltage regulator with three terminals, used to
7809
28
3.8 COMPREHENSIVE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
R6
100k R8
R2
470k
C2 1M R9
1k
Q2 U1
100p U2:A
8
BC337
RV1
8
R1 R5 3 C5 D1
4k7 4.7M
C3 R7 6 3
2 1
Q3 100k 1n 1N5400 2
Q1 LS1 LS2 BC337 100p
4
1
5
BC337 LM301
4
POT
LM392
D2 C6
1N5400 1n
R4
C1 4k7 SPEAKER SPEAKER
1n
C4
100n
R3
1k
R10
1k
RV2
R15 POT
R13
10k
15k
U3 R11 U4 U5
8
8
56K
4 3 4 3 4 3
VCC
VCC
VCC
R Q R Q R Q
7 7 C8 7 LS3
DC DC DC
10u
5 5 5
CV CV CV
R12 R14
From OUTPUT COMPARATOR 10K 47k
SPEAKER
GND
GND
GND
2 6 2 6 2 6
TR TH TR TH TR TH
C7
1
C9 C10
47nF 22n
D1-D4 :IN4007
D5& D6 :0A91
R1, R4 :4.7K
R2 :470K
R3, R9, R10 :1K
R5 :4.7M
R6, R7 :100K
R8 :1M
R11 :56K
R12, R15 :10K
R13 :15K
R14 :47K
VR1 :50k PRESET
VR2 :5K PRESET
C1 :1nF
C2, C3 :100pF
29
C4 :100nF
C5, C6 :1nF
C7, C12 :100uF
C8 :10uF
C9 :47nF
C10 :22nF
C11 :1000UF
IC1 :7809
IC2 :LM301
IC3 :LM393
IC4, IC5, IC6 :NE555
Q1, Q2, Q3 :BC337
TRANSDUCERS :T40Khz, R40kHz
30
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 CONSTRUCTION
The construction of this project began by coming up with the printed circuit board (PCB)
layout manually and drawing it out on a white paper. A copper board of size 120mm by
130mm is then taken and the circuit layout is imprinted on the board by a lithographer,
after which the copper side of the copper board is etched. Below is the diagram of my
31
Holes are then drilled on the copper board with a drilling machine and hence soldering of
the passive and active components begins. The power supply stage is first soldered and a
9V D.C was obtained from the voltage regulator, the passive components (i.e. resistors
and capacitors are the soldered accordingly). The polarity of the capacitors is checked
since an electrolytic capacitor was used. Then transistors Q1, Q2, Q3 are then soldered.
Then, the IC sockets were soldered and the ICs inserted respective into sockets. Connect
Now install the 40-kHz ultrasonic transducer pair. This is done by using a matched pair
underneath it. The receiving transducer has an R suffix. Neither part is polarized. Solder
each transducer directly on the board according to the circuit diagram such that they are
part of the receiving and transmitting circuits respectively. The leads should rest flat and
the fronts of the transducers should point away from the etched board. A reflecting metal
is then used to reflect the ultrasonic sound from the transmitter to the receiver. To make
soldering easier (and not heat the Transmitter/Receiver units), gently scrape the legs of
Finally, install two wires to provide a signal-out connection for attaching various output
transducers and circuits. It is easier to use one red and one black wire, as the signal is
polarized. Below is the internal layout or circuitry of my finished circuit built on a PCB
A plastic casing of size 170mm by 140mm by 100mm was used for my project.
32
33
4.2 TESTING
Testing was done in all stages of the project in the electronics labouratory i.e. the
receiving and transmitting parts of the circuit with the use of a digital multimeter and
logic probe to check for reasonable dc voltages and currents, high and or low signal at
outputs and also check for continuities and other abnormalities that lead to error detection
and correction.
• The detector delivers about 5.00V to the comparator when there is no intruder
• When the Output from the comparator is LOW, the monostable triggers and
• When the Detector senses motion, Pin 3 of the IC LM301 goes to ground
through a capacitor.
circuit.
the signal rises above 0.3V. D6 Conducts causing the output on Pin 1 to go
high. If the signal falls below 0.3 volt, D5 conducts, which also causes the
output to go high.
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CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 RESULTS
• The detection range is determined by the distance set between the reflector and
the transmitter. The distance set for this project is 30cm to detect the presence of
the intruder.
• Though not accurate enough to compete with other sophisticated security alarm
systems, It still compares reasonably well with minor alarm systems though with
• The detector is able to produce an alarm sound output, due to the presence of an
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5.2 CONCLUSION
The term "ultrasonic" as applied to sound frequencies higher than 20 KHz which is
inaudible to the human hearing. The Ultrasonic transducer produces ultrasonic signals.
These signals are propagated; the reflecting metal reflects the ultrasonic sound and the
receiving transducer can be used to detect the returning signals. An Ultrasonic sensor
typically comprises at least one ultrasonic transducer which transforms electrical energy
into sound and, in reverse the receiving transducer, converts sound into electrical energy.
This project circuit consists of an ultrasonic transmitter and a receiver both of which
work at the same frequency. They use ultrasonic piezoelectric transducers as output and
input devices respectively and their frequency of operation is determined by the particular
devices in use.
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5.3 RECOMMENDATION
For future purposes, as these components are not ideal, it is highly practical to use very
ensure that the signals are carried and detected over a wide range of movement and
1. It is necessary to make use of a transformer rather than use batteries as batteries do not
give a fixed D.C voltage which may require that you preset the value of the variable
2. An uninterrupted power supply (UPS) is required so that when there is power outage,
3. Relays are used in circumstances where heavy loads at the output are to be switched on
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REFERENCES
2. en.wikipedia.org
8. www.poptronix.com
By STAN GIBILISCO
38
18. Electronic circuits for evil genius
By DAVE CUTCHER
39