Herpes
simplex
type
1
(HSV‐1):
when
cold
sores


become
encephali<s

 Clostridium

botulinum:
a
gram
posi<ve
bacteria

with
nega<ve
effects
on
the
brain


‐ Commonly
causes
mild
symptoms
(e.g.
–
blisters,
cold
sores,
or
fever

blisters
on
the
lips,
eyes,
or
nose)
but
is
capable
of
travelling
to
the
brain
 ‐ Gram
+,
rod
shaped,
obligate
anaerobe
(although
in
the
presence
of

and
causing
encephali<s

 the
enzyme
superoxide
dismutase,
this
microorganism
can
deal
with

‐ Encephali<s:
condi<on
of
inflamma<on

of
the
brain
 slight
O2
exposure)

due
to
infec<on

 ‐ Notorious
for
its
produc<on
of
7
specific
neurotoxins
(types
A‐G)

‐ Although
HSV‐1
is
a
commonly
occurring
virus,
it
rarely
induces
 ‐ Neurotoxins
cause
paralysis
of
neuromusculature
of

encephali<s
(2
cases
per
million
documented
in
the
U.S.)

 the
brain
(only
A,
B,
E,
and
F
cause
disease
in

‐ Symptoms
of
encephali<s
ini<ally
include
fever,
sore
throat,
headache,
 humans,
only
~1
microgram
is
lethal
to
humans)

vomi<ng,
runny
nose,
and
s<ff
neck
but
can
progress
to
paralysis,
 ‐ Neurotoxins
act
to
block
nerve
func<on
at
a

hallucina<ons,
convulsions,
or
even
coma

 molecular
level

‐ HSV‐1
is
not
removed
by
the
immune
system,
but
produces
specific
 ‐ Commonly
located
in
the
soil

an<bodies
that
prevent
further
infec<on
at
different
sites
 ‐ Forms
ovoid,
subterminal
endospores


‐ Upon
primary
infec<on
HSV‐1
aMacks
the
neuronal
cell
body
and
 ‐ In
the
laboratory:
lipase
nega<ve,
and
commonly
isolated
in
TSC

con<nues
to
be
latent
in
ganglia
 media
(tryptose
sulfite
cycloserine)
and
anarobic
chamber

‐ Herpe<c
brain
infec<on
is
believed
to
be
a
result
of
retrograde
 ‐ Causa<ve
agent
of
botulism,
symptoms
include:
Abdominal
cramps,

transmission
of
HSV‐1
from
peripheral
infec<on
site
(usually
on
the
face)
 respiratory
failure,
difficulty
swallowing/speaking,
nausea,
double

vision,
and
paralysis




Toxoplasma
gondii:
pesky
parasites
the
 Listeria
monocytogenes:
unlocking
the
hysteria

brain
wouldn’t
miss

 behind
listeria



‐ Gram
posi<ve,
rod
shaped,
faculta<ve
anaerobe


‐ T.Gondii
is
a
parasi<c
protozoa
n
member
of
the

‐ Non
spore
forming
bacteria
in
the
Clostridium
sub‐branch

Toxoplasma
genus

‐ In
the
laboratory:
catalase
posi<ve,
oxidse
nega<ve,
capable
of
beta

‐ Felines
act
as
defini<ve
host,
humans
act
as
intermediate

hemolysin
produc<on
responsible
for
lysing

RBC’s


host

‐ Mo<lity:
employs
flagella
and
ac<n
rockets
(move
via
polymeriza<on
of

‐ Causa<ve
agent
of
Toxoplasmosis
,
symptoms
of
acute

ac<n
filaments,
aka
comet
tails)


toxoplasmosis
include:
swollen
lymph
nodes,
achey
muscles,

‐ Causa<ve
agent
of
listeriosis,
which
can
delineate
to
sep<cemia,

and
in
the
severely
immunocompromised,
encephali<s
and

meningits,
encephali<s,
and
pneumonia

necro<zing
re<nochoroidi<s


‐ Symptoms
include
gastrointes<nal
distress,
fever,
and
other
flu‐like

‐ Transmission
via
inges<on
of
cat
feces
harboring
the
virus,

symptoms


or
ea<ng
par<ally
cooked
meat
(pork,
lamb,
venison,
cat)

‐ Found
in
unpasteurized
milk
and
dairy
products
(e.g.‐
so_
cheeses)


that
contains
the
parasite

‐ Upon
entering
the
host
macrophages,
monocytes,
or
leukocytes
it
is

‐ 
Researchers
have
found
reason
to
believe
that
Toxoplasma

sep<c
and
can
proliferate
in
the
bloodstream.
Access
to
the
brain
is

gondii
could
cause
(or
induce)
schizophrenia
(note
a

gained
via
invasion
of
phagocy<c
cells


causa<ve
rela<onship
can
not
be
confirmed)


Works
Cited:


C.
botulinum:
hMp://www.medscape.com/viewar<cle/405662_3


HSV‐1:


hMp://pedsinreview.aappublica<ons.org/cgi/content/extract/30/4/119



T.
gondii:
hMp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar<cle/pii/S014067360416412X


L.
monocytogenes:
hMp://www.sochinf.cl/documentos/infectologia/listeria.pdf


Brain
intro:
hMp://www.fron<ersin.org/human_neuroscience/10.3389/neuro.09.031.2009/full