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 is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving
performance by creating, using and managing appropriate technological processes and
resources."[1] The term educational technology is often associated with, and encompasses,
instructional theory and learning theory. While instructional technology covers the processes
and systems of learning and instruction, educational technology includes other systems used in
the process of developing human capability. Educational Technology includes, but is not limited
to, software, hardware, as well as Internet applications and activities. But there is still debate
on what these terms mean.[2]


Educational technology is most simply and comfortably defined as an array of tools that might
prove helpful in advancing student learning. Educational Technology relies on a broad definition
of the word "technology". Technology can refer to material objects of use to humanity, such as
machines or hardware, but it can also encompass broader themes, including systems, methods
of organization, and techniques. Some modern tools include but are not limited to overhead
projectors, laptop computers, and calculators. Newer tools such as "smartphones" and games
(both online and offline) are beginning to draw serious attention for their learning potential.

Those who employ educational technologies to explore ideas and communicate meaning are
learners or teachers.

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Educational technology is intended to improve education over what it would be without
technology. Some of the claimed benefits are listed below:

‘ 6  



    . Instructors can post the course material or important
information on a course website, which means students can study at a time and location
they prefer and can obtain the study material very quickly[11]
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. Computer-based instruction can give instant feedback to students
and explain correct answers. Moreover, a computer is patient and non-judgmental,
which can give the student motivation to continue learning. According to James Kulik,
who studies the effectiveness of computers used for instruction, students usually learn
more in less time when receiving computer-based instruction and they like classes more
and develop more positive attitudes toward computers in computer-based classes.[12]
The American educator, Cassandra B. Whyte, researched and reported about the
importance of locus of control and successful academic performance and by the late
1980s, she wrote of how important computer usage and information technology would
become in the higher education experience of the future.[13][14]
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. Learning material can be used for long distance learning and are accessible
to a wider audience[15]
‘ J  
   . It is convenient for students to edit their written work on word
processors, which can, in turn, improve the quality of their writing. According to some studies,
the students are better at critiquing and editing written work that is exchanged over a computer
network with students they know[11]

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. Many different types of educational software are
designed and developed to help children or teenagers to learn specific subjects. Examples
include pre-school software, computer simulators, and graphics software[12]
‘  structure that is more amenable to measurement and improvement of outcomes. With
proper structuring it can become easier to monitor and maintain student work while also
quickly gauging modifications to the instruction necessary to enhance student learning.
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 Educational technology provides the means to focus on
active student participation and to present differentiated questioning strategies. It
broadens individualized instruction and promotes the development of personalized
learning plans. Students are encouraged to use multimedia components and to incorporate
the knowledge they gained in creative ways.[16



 


 

 
 


 

 is the process of evaluating the extent to which participants in
education have developed their knowledge, understanding and abilities.
 
 

 

 may be formative or summative.
  covers the whole development of student learning evaluation, while grading refers to the
specific attachment of marks/grades.


 plays a significant role in the learning experience of students. It determines their
progression through their programmes and enables them to demonstrate that they have achieved the
intended learning outcomes.

ssessment determines whether what students have learned in a degree program is in accord
with program objectives. Mathematics departments must design and implement a cycle of
assessment activity that answers the following three questions:

‘ What should our students learn?

‘ wow well are they learning?
‘ What should we change so that future students will learn more and understand it better?

Information on Faculty, Students, and Facilities. Each institution is unique, so each mathematics
department should reflect those special features of the institutional environment. Consequently,
the nature of the faculty, students, courses, and facilities should be studied in order to understand
special opportunities or constraints on the goals of the mathematics major. Questions to be
considered include the following:

‘ What are the expectations and special needs of our students?

‘ Why and how do our students learn?
‘ Why and how do the faculty teach?
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 ‘ What are the special talents of the faculty?
‘ What facilities and materials are available?
‘ re mathematics majors representative of the general student population, and if not, why
not?

C lassroom assessment is among an instructor¶s most essential educational

tools. When properly developed and interpreted, assessments can help
teachers better understand what their students are learning.
By providing the means to gather evidence about what students know and can
do, classroom assessment can help teachers
‡ Identify students¶ strengths and weaknesses
‡ Monitor student learning and progress
‡ Plan and conduct instruction
Ongoing informal and formal classroom assessment
‡ Is the bond that holds teaching and learning together
‡ llows educators to monitor teaching effectiveness and student learning
‡ Can motivate and shape learning and instruction
‡ Can help teachers gauge student mastery of required skills
‡ Can help teachers determine whether students are prepared for tests that
are used for high-stakes decisions
‡ Can help students improve their own performances
Classroom assessments do more than just measure learning. What we assess,
how we assess, and how we communicate the results send a clear message to
students about what is worth learning, how it should be learned, and how well
we expect them to perform.

Designing informative assessments requires strategic planning and a clear understanding

of one¶s assessment goals. What needs to be assessed and why? When
planning instructional strategies, teachers need to
‡ Keep learning goals in mind
‡ Consider assessment strategies
‡ Determine what would constitute evidence that students have reached the
learning goals

You can begin to create a process for developing and using classroom assessments
by asking the following basic but essential questions:
‡ What am I trying to find out about my students¶ learning? What learning
goals or outcomes do I want to measure?
‡ What kind of evidence do I need to show that my students have achieved the
goals that I¶m trying to measure?
‡ What kind of assessment will give me that evidence?
wow you identify the strength and weaknesses of student

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‡ Most importantly, an assessment must provide the evidence it was meant to
provide.
‡ The assessment must measure the knowledge, skills, and/or abilities the
teacher believes are important.
‡ If the goal is to test for retention of facts, then a factual test (e.g., a multiplechoice
or fill-in-the-blank assessment) may be the best choice.
‡ Measuring students¶ conceptual understanding or ability to perform tasks
usually requires more complex forms of assessment, such as performance
assessments.

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To be valid, classroom assessments need to be fair. ssessments should give all
students an equal chance to show what they know and can do. In addition, assessments
should only measure knowledge and skills related to their objectives

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Take a look at each student¶s strengths and weaknesses, based on his or her
patterns of performance. This information can help you arrange for the next
set of instructions to either remedy problems or build on strengths. For example,
if a particular group of students has difficulty with one set of items that
measures a similar set of skills, then these students might need extra instruction
or a different kind of instruction. Or, if everybody in the class had difficulty
with a particular issue that you thought was emphasized in class, then you need
to determine if there was a problem with the instruction, the material, or both.

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The Philippines is one of the largest archipelagos in the world, with its
7,107 islands and islets. It is situated off the southeastern coast of the
sia Mainland at the Western Rim of the Pacific Ocean.

The Philippine islands are an archipelago of over 7,000 islands lying about 500 mi (805 km) off the southeast coast of
Asia. The overall land area is comparable to that of Arizona. Only about 7% of the islands are larger than one square
mile, and only one-third have names. The largest are Luzon in the north (40,420 sq mi; 104,687 sq km), Mindanao in the
south (36,537 sq mi; 94,631 sq km), and Samar (5,124 sq mi; 13,271 sq km). The islands are of volcanic origin, with the
larger ones crossed by mountain ranges. The highest peak is Mount Apo (9,690 ft; 2,954 m) on Mindanao.

The ›

  by a president. He is voted for six-year terms. Their
senate has 25 people and they have a House of Representatives. You must be at
least 18 to vote. Here are some other facts about the Philippines.
6


The Negritos are believed to have migrated to the Philippines some 30,000
years ago from Borneo, Sumatra, and Malaya. The Malayans followed in successive waves.
These people belonged to a primitive epoch of Malayan culture, which has apparently
survived to this day among certain groups such as the Igorots. The Malayan tribes that
came later had more highly developed material cultures.

J   . Arab traders from Malay and Borneo introduced Islam into the
southern islands and extended their influence as far north as Luzon. The first
Europeans to visit (1521) the Philippines were those in the Spanish expedition
around the world led by the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan. Other Spanish
expeditions followed, including one from New Spain (Mexico) under López de
Villalobos, who in 1542 named the islands for the infante Philip, later Philip II.

The „  „„ is believed to have begun with the arrival of the first humans via land
bridges at least 30,000 years ago.[1] The first recorded visit from the West is the arrival of Ferdinand
Magellan, who sighted Samar on March 16, 1521 and landed on Homonhon Island southeast of Samar
the next day.[

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„ The conquest of the Filipinos by Spain did not begin in earnest until 1564, when
another expedition from New Spain, commanded by Miguel López de Legaspi, arrived. Spanish
leadership was soon established over many small independent communities that previously had known
no central rule. By 1571, when López de Legaspi established the Spanish city of Manila on the site of a
Moro town he had conquered the year before, the Spanish foothold in the Philippines was secure,
despite the opposition of the Portuguese, who were eager to maintain their monopoly on the trade of
East Asia.

The present Philippine Constitution was ratified in 1987 after an overwhelming

result of a plebiscite.   has a  

  
 
which has 3 branches, the executive, legislative and judiciary.

6 Branch is composed of the President, who serves as the Chief of State and head of government,
and is assisted by the Vice-President. The Cabinet is composed of Secretaries who are appointed by the President
with the consent of the Commission on Appointments.

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  Branch is the bicameral congress composed of members of the Senate and the House of
Representatives. The Senate has 24 members, the first half as determined by popular vote, serves a full 6-year
term. The second half are elected every 3 years. Senators may serve for at most, 2 consecutive terms. The House
of Representatives may be composed of at most 250 members. Members of the House of Representatives may
serve for 3 consecutive terms, at most.

  Branch of the government, the Supreme Court, is headed by the Chief Justice and composed of
justices appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council. Members can serve
until they reach 70 years old.

Just to give you a glimpse of how the Philippines works as a nation, we have
included this section wherein you can see most of the services provided by
the government.

The V
 
 

  constitutional democracy, with the President as head
of state. The president and vice president are elected by the people for six-year terms.
The national government has three coequal branches that exercise a system of checks and
balances: executive, legislative, and judicial.


 
   

The society during our ancestors' period had two kinds of government: the Barangay and
the Sultanate Government. A datu or raja was the leader of a barangay. He could make
laws and implemented them so that peace and order would prevail in their community. The
members of his community helped and participated in the realization of the projects in the
barangay. There were two kinds of barangay laws: written and oral. The Sultanate
Government was formed because of the presence of the Islam Religion in the Philippines.
This was headed by a sultan. Aside from maintaining peace and order, it was the sultan's
responsibility to let the Islam religion and Muslim tradition remain in the lives of his
constituents. The laws of the sultanate government did not change because it was based on
the Koran which is the Muslim Bible and the Sunnah which are Mohammed's traditions.

 
    
 


 
  
  
 
  


 . The sultan of the Muslim community is still the sultan of Muslim provinces. The
effect of Islam religion and their interaction with the people behind it, the Muslims have
acquired a better perception of their religion and the laws. The political organizations and
their livelihood progressed. Because of this, they were not easily swayed by colonizers.

The  " " has one sense:

1. humanistic discipline,  , liberal arts, arts -- (studies intended to
provide general knowledge and intellectual skills (rather than occupational or
professional skills); "the college of arts and sciences").
1. world, human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans,
mankind, man -- (all of the inhabitants of the earth; "all the world loves a
lover"; "she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight
the women").

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 2. humanity -- (the quality of being humane).
3. humanness, humanity, manhood -- (the quality of being human; "he
feared the speedy decline of all manhood").

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