LEARNING AREA : TRANSPORT

Activity 1 :The circulatory system in humans and animals

The circulatory system is divided into a closed circulatory system and an open
circulatory system. Humans, fish, amphibians and birds have a closed circulatory system,
while insects have an open circulatory system. Unlike fish which have a single circulatory
system, amphibians, birds and humans have a double circulatory system.
The human circulatory system consists of blood, blood vessels and the heart. Blood
is made up of blood cells and plasma. Blood cells consist of red blood cells, white blood cells
and platelets. Plasma consists of water, plasma proteins, nutrients, metabolic waste,
hormones and antibodies.
Blood vessels are divided into three types; arteries, veins and capillaries.
The heart is the organ that pumps blood, which carries all the vital materials that help
the body function and waste products that the body does not need.

Transfer the information from the text above into the graphic organizer below.

Circulatory system

consists of
Open

example

Double
circulatory system
example

Human Birds Fish

consists of

Heart Blood vessel

made up of

Plasma
consists of

Red blood cell

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Activity 2 : The cellular components of the blood and their functions
Write the correct cell due to its function.
Cellular component Function
Contains haemoglobin to carry oxygen and carbon
dioxide
Phagocytes which engulf and digest bacteria and
dead cells
Releases enzyme that combat inflammation in
Granular
Leucocytes allergic reactions.
(white blood Kills parasitic worms.
cell) Combats inflammation in allergic reactions.
Produces the immune response against foreign
substances.
Agranular
Phagocytes which engulf and digest bacteria and
dead cells
Involved in the process of blood clotting.

Activity 3 : Blood vessels

Comparison between arteries, capillaries and veins. Fill in the box with correct answer.
Blood vessels Arteries Capillaries Veins
Allow rapid gaseous Carry deoxygenated
exchange, nutrients, waste blood (except for the
Function
and hormones between the pulmonary vein)
blood and cells towards the heart
The thickness of
Thinnest (one-cell thick)
the wall
No valves, except semi-
Valves lunar valves in the aorta
and pulmonary artery
The size of
Small Large
lumen

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Activity 4 : The Human Heart

The heart consists of four chambers: left and right atria, and left and right ventricles.
The tricuspid valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle. The bicuspid valve
separates the left atrium from the left ventricle. These valves prevent backflow of blood from
the ventricles into the atria when the ventricles contract. Semi-lunar (mitral) valves are
present at the base of the aorta and the pulmonary artery to prevent the backflow of blood
into the ventricles.

Complete the label of the structure of the human heart.

Pulmonary vein
Superior vena cava

Left atrium
Right atrium

Septum
Chorda tendinae
The wall of left ventricle

Activity 5 : The flow of blood in the heart

Fill in the blanks.

1. Vena cava carry d_________ __ blood  right a__________  through

t______________ valve  right v_____________  through s ______________
valves  p_______________ arteries  lungs.
2. Oxygenated blood from the lungs is carried by p_______________ veins  left
a____________  through b_____________ valve  left v______________
 through s________________ valves  aorta.

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Activity 6 : The pumping of the heart

Match the figure with the correct sequence of contraction of the heart muscles which results in
the pumping of the heart :

1. The SA node as the pacemaker

generates electrical impulses.

2. The electrical impulses spread

rapidly over the walls of both atria,
causing the atria to contract
simultaneously. The contraction of
the atria helps push blood into the
ventricles.

3. The electrical impulses spread to

the ventricles causing them to
contact and push blood out to the
lungs and body.

4. The electrical impulses reach the

AV node. Bundle of His fibres,
bundle branches and Purkinje fibres
conduct the impulses to the apex of
the heart

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Activity 7 : The circulatory systems in insects, fish, amphibians and humans

Complete the table below to show the differences between the circulatory systems of insects,
fish, amphibians and humans.

Organisms Insects Fish Amphibians Humans

Open Closed
Type of circulatory system
- Single Double
Separation of oxygenated
- - Incomplete
and deoxygenated blood
(A single
Number of chambers in blood vessel
Four
the heart forms the
heart)

Activity 8 : The Mechanism of Blood Clotting

Complete the schematic diagram below.

stimulates
Damaged blood Agglutination of
vessels platelets

secretes

Liver T___________

Vitamin K
+
Ca

Prothrombin T___________
_

F________
F___________
(insoluble protein)
(soluble protein)

Blood clotting

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Activity 9 : The Lymphatic System

A Tick (  ) if the statement is true, cross ( X ) if the statement is wrong.

1. Lymph flows into the lymph nodes to filter out bacteria, foreign particles and
dead leucocytes. ( )
2. Interstitial fluid is the fluid that fills up the space between cells. ( )
3. Interstitial fluid and lymph are different because they arise from different source. ( )
4. Lymph is in the blood vessels. ( )
5. Lymph contains glucose, amino acids, fat droplets, dissolved gases, minerals
and hormones but no lymphocytes. ( )
6. Thoracic duct connects with the circulatory system at the left subclavian vein. ( )
7. Exchange of materials occurs between the body cells and interstitial fluid. ( )
8. Interstitial fluid is formed due to high pressure in the body cells. ( )
9. Fatty acids and glycerol are transported by lacteal into the right lymphatic duct
to be returned to the circulatory system. ( )
10. Interstitial fluid that fails to return to the circulatory system can cause oedema. ( )

B Fill in the blanks the correct word to explain the concepts and facts regarding the
lymphatic system.

1. The flow of lymph in the lymphatic vessels is aided by the contraction of s___________
m_____________ around it.

2. Interstitial fluid is returned to the circulatory system in two ways :

(a) by diffusing back into the t d and the r ________
l d___________
(b) through the c_______________ into the circulatory system.

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Activity 10 : The Body’s Defence Mechanism

Complete the schematic diagram below.

Lymphatic system

is involved in

Defence mechanism

is divided into

First S__________ T_________

line of defence _______________ _______________

consists of consists of

consists of
Phagocytic white Lymphocyte
blood cell

S_______ M________
m__________

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Activity 11 : The mechanisms used by antibodies to destroy things
Match each mechanism with the explanation on the right boxes.

Antibodies can clamp pathogens

together. The clumping makes the
pathogens easy targets for
phagocytes to capture and destroy.

Opsonins are antibodies that bind

with antigens to act as markers so
that phagocytes can recognize the
antigens and destroy them.

Lysins are antibodies that bind to

antigens and cause the antigens to
rupture or disintegrate

An antibody can neutralize the toxins

produced by bacteria by binding to
the toxin. This prevents the toxin
from attaching to cells and causing
damage.

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Activity 12 : Immunity

The schematic diagram below shows the various types of immunity. Complete the diagram.

Types of immunity

Active immunity Passive immunity

is divide into

Naturally acquired Artificially acquired Naturally acquired Artificially acquired

example

C__________p___ H____________, Antibodies are T____________

d____ _, p______ required from the
mother

characteristics

- A_____________ - A v _________ - A foetus receives - A serum which

are produced in stimulates the body maternal antibodies contains antibodies
response to the to produce through p_______. or a____________
antigens. antibodies. can be injected
- Babies acquire the from the donors.
- The person is - The body has immunity through
immune after he acquired immunity breastfeeding. - Temporary
has been infected through vaccination. immunity
by it. - Temporary
immunity
- Permanent
immunity

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Activity 13 : The Transport of Organic Substances and Water in Plants

A. Complete the schematic diagram below.

PLANTS

divided into types of transport

Xylem P______

function in

Transport of w_______ Transport of

and m____________ o________ s________
from roots to leaves through translocation

via three mechanisms

Root pressure Transpiration pull C________ and a_________

in the xylem

due to

T____________

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Sample questions.
1. Figure 1 shows the human circulatory system.

Figure 1
(a) Name circulations P and Q. Describe each circulation.
(i) P : ________________________________________________________________
Description : _________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
(i i) Q : ________________________________________________________________
Description : _________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 4 marks )

(b) On Figure 1, mark the following flow of blood to illustrate the circulations P and Q.
 Oxygenated blood with the arrow ( )
 Deoxygenated blood with the arrow ( ) ( 1 mark )

(c) The pacemaker of a patient’s heart fails to function. An electronic pacemaker is used to
replace the original pacemaker.
Explain how the electronic pacemaker works.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 3 marks )

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(d) Table 1 shows the volume of blood and the blood pressure in blood vessels X and Y.

Blood vessel Volume / cm3 Pressure / kPa

X 100 13.3
Y 300 0.3
Table 1

( i) Based on Figure 1 and Table 1, what conclusion can you make about the rate of blood
flow in the blood vessels X and Y? Explain your answer.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )
(ii) Explain how vigorous exercise increase the blood flow in the blood vessel X.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )

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2. Figure 2 shows left half of the human heart.

Figure 2
(a) On Figure 2,
( i) complete the right half of the heart and label the drawn parts.
(ii) draw an arrow to show the flow of blood. ( 3 marks )

(b)( i) Which chamber is relax?

______________________________________________________________________
(ii) Based on Figure 2, give two reasons to support the answer of (b)(i).
1. ____________________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________________
( 3 marks )

(c)( i) State the difference between chambers labeled Y and Z.

______________________________________________________________________
(ii) Explain the importance of the difference in (c)(i).
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )

(d) )( i) Do the contractions of the cardiac muscle need to be stimulated by nerve impulses?
______________________________________________________________________
(ii) Explain your answer in (d)(i).
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )

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3. Figure 3 shows the concentration of antibody in the blood of Individuals P and Q during
the treatment to acquire immunity.

(a) Identify the type of immunisation given to each of them.

Individual P : __________________________________________________________
Individual Q : ___________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )
(b) State the difference of the antibody concentration in the blood between Individual P and
Q. Explain your answer.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )
(c) State the advantages of the type of immunisation given to both individuals.
Individual P : __________________________________________________________
Individual Q : ___________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )
(d) Apart from the natural defences provided by the phagocytes and the lymphocytes,
antibiotics and vaccination are used to combat infectious diseases.
Explain what is meant by :
( i) antibiotic : _______________________________________________________
(ii) vaccines : ________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )

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4. Table 2 shows the information of types of blood.

Type of
blood
Cell P Cell Q Cell R Cell S

Produces
Carries oxygen Defense antibodies : Blood clotting
Function and carbon mechanism - Lysine
dioxide - Agglutinin
- Antitoxin
Table 2
(a)( i) Cell Q engulfs the pathogen entering the body by phagocytosis. Complete the diagram
below to show the mechanism of phagocytosis occurred in cell Q.

Pathogens

(ii) Cell R destroys the pathogens entering the body by the action of antibodies. State one
of the mechanisms used by antibodies to destroy pathogens.
______________________________________________________________________
( 1 mark )
(b)( i) Explain how cell P functioning in the transportation of respiration gases.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 3 marks)

(ii) Based on Table 2, state two structural differences between Cell P and Cell Q.
1. ___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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 2. ___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )
(c)( i) Explain how Cell S functioning in the blood clotting.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
( 2 marks )
(ii) Write down two enzymic reactions in the mechanism of blood clotting.
1.

2.

( 2 marks )

5. Figure 4 shows the formation and absorption of tissue fluid

Figure 4

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 (a) On Figure 4, label the structures S, T and U. [2 marks]

(b) Name fluid R. [1 mark]

(c) Briefly describe the formation of fluid R. [2 marks]

(a) (i) State two differences between fluid R and the blood. [2 marks]

(ii) Vessel T forms a part of a circulatory system. Name the system.[1 mark]

(iii) Explain the structure of the system. [2 marks]

(b) Apart from returning tissue fluid back to the blood circulatory system, state two
other functions of the system in d(i). [2 marks]

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6.
Plants photosynthesise and produce food from inorganic substances mainly in the
leaves. For this process to take place, the plant requires water, minerals and a
number of trace elements.

(a) What are the main tissue that are involved in the transport in plant? [1 mark]

(b) State the functions of the tissues in 1 (a). [2 marks]

(c) Draw and label a plant diagram to show the cross-section of a young
dicotyledonous stem.

[2 marks]

(d)(i) State the process that enables the transportation of organic food substances
synthesised by the leave to other part of the plant. [1 mark]

(ii) State two importance of process d(i) to a plant [2 marks]

(e) Relate the structure of phloem to its function [3 marks]

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Essay item
1 (a) The arrows in figure 5 show the movement of water from the roots to the leaves and out
to the atmosphere.

transpiration

cohension
of water
molecules

flow adhension
of of water
water molecules

Figure 5

Based on Figure 5, explain the movement of water in a plant. [10 marks]

(b) What is the importance of transpiration to the plant? [2 marks]

(c) Discuss the factors that affect the rate of transpiration [8 marks]

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