Management Information Systems

p.prasannavadanan@oracle.com
Management

• Planning

– Setting strategies & goals

– Selecting best course of action to achieve the plan

• Organizing

– Identifying tasks required for the operational plan

– Setting the tasks up into homogenous groups

– Assigning authority delegations

• Controlling

– Monitoring performance against set standards

Information

• A meaningful set of data that tells something about the data relationships

• Consists of data that have been retrieved, processed, or otherwise used for informative or inference
purposes, argument or as a basis for forecasting or decision making

System

• Derived from Greek word “Systema”, meaning an organized relationship among functioning units
or components

• An orderly grouping of interrelated, interdependent components linked together according to a plan

forming a complex whole to achieve a specific objective

System View

• The Social System called ORGANIZATION

• The System of MANAGEMENT which is used to improve the operations & productivity of the
organization and its subsystems

• MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM to provide the right information for making

decisions regarding the integration of the organization through the process of management
Systems Approach

• 2 + 2 = 5 (sums of the part is greater than the whole)

• Output of the total organization could be enhanced by integrating the various subsystems through
effective information exchange

Enablers of Systems Approach

• Increased Complexity of Business

– Technology Revolution

– Research & Development

– Product Evolution due to Increased Customer expectation

– The Information Explosion

• Increased Complexity of Management

– Information feedback Systems

– Programmed Decisions

– Evolution of Management Science

– Evolution Computers & Communications

– Emergence of e-Commerce

Evolution of Information Systems

• Management Information Systems

– Ad Hoc reports

– Special Extract programs

– Small Applications

– Information Centers

• Decision Support Systems

• Executive Information Systems

Management Information System

• Facilitation of decisions necessary for planning, organizing & controlling

• Optimizing organization’s output by connecting the operating subsystems through the medium of
Information Exchange

TPS vs. MIS

Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

• Support operation

• Management and control

• Routine, normal operations

Management Information Systems (MIS)

• Provide decision-making support for routine, structured decisions

• Closely linked to and fed by TPS

Executive Information Systems

• Decision Support Tool for top-level managers

• Facilitates decisions affecting entire organization

– Overall vision or company goals

– Long-term objectives

– Organizational structure

– Staffing and labor relations

– Crisis management

– Control of overall operations

• Access to information from external sources

Information Framework
• Integrated

– Single, enterprise-wide view

• Integrity

– Information to be accurate and conforming to business rules

• Accessible

– Easily Accessible with intuitive access paths and responsive for analysis

• Credible

– Every Business factor must have only one value

• Timely

– Information to be available within the stipulated time frame

Management Levels

• High level (Strategic)

– Long-range view

– Planning

• Middle level (Tactical)

– Carry out the plan

• Assemble the material

• Hire the resources

– Organize and staff

• Low level (Operational)

– Supervisor

– Directing and controlling

A Model for Problem Solving

• Decision Making Phase

– Intelligence gathering

– Design

– Choice

• Implementation

• Monitoring

Decision Making

• A step in problem solving

• Intelligence gathering

– Definition of problem

– Data gathered on scope

– Constraints identified

• Design phase

– Alternatives identified and assessed

• Choice

– Selection of an alternative
Classification of Decisions

• Programmed Decisions

– Structured, repetitive, routine & rule based

– Where a procedure can be worked out

• Non-programmed Decisions

– Unstructured, new and/or high consequence

– Judgmental, intuitive

– Complex and/or involving major investment commitments

Conceptual MIS Design

• Defining the problem/s

• Setting Management Objectives

• Indentifying System Constraints

• Determining Information Domain

• Developing alternate designs

• Selecting/finalizing most appropriate design

• Documenting the conceptual system design

Design Constraints
• External Constraints

– Customer

– Government/Statutory

– Others (third parties)

• Internal Constraints

– Management Support (or lack of it)

– Organizational Policies

– Manpower

– Costs & Resources

– Change Management/Acceptance

– Others

Database Defined

• A centrally controlled, integrated collection of logically organized data

• A database could be distributed across several physical locations

Data Aggregates

• Database:

– Aggregates of tables

• Files/tables:

– Related Records

• Record/row:

– Collection of Data elements related to a common identifier

• Data Element

– Lowest level of data structure: eg., fields