Volume 2 PROGRESS IN PHYSICS April, 2009

4X1-Matrix Functions and Dirac’s Equation

Gunn Alex Quznetsov
Chelyabinsk State University, Chelyabinsk, Ural, Russia
E-mail: quznets@yahoo.com, gunn@mail.ru

All 4X1-matrix square integrable functions with restricted domain obey slightly gen-
eralized Dirac’s equations. These equations give formulas similar to some gluon and
gravity ones.
   
1 Significations [0] =
02
1
 [4] = i
02 1
02 ,
1  1 02 ; (5)
Denote:  the green pentad :
   
1 0 , 0 := 0 0 ,    
12 := 2  [1] = 1 02 ;  [2] = 2 02 ; (6)
0 1 0 0 02 1 02 2
   
12 02  [3] = 3 02 ,
 [0] := 02 12 = 14 , 02 3
   
the Pauli matrices:
[0]
= 02
2
,  [4] =i 02 2 ; (7)
      022 2 02
0 1 0 i 1 0
1 = 1 0 , 2 = i 0 , 3 = 0 1 .  the blue pentad :
   
[1] = 1 02 ; [2] = 2 02
I call a set C
e of complex n  n matrices a Clifford set of 02 1 02 2 ; (8)
rank n [1] if the following conditions are fulfilled:  
[3] = 3 02 ,
— if k 2 Ce and r 2 Ce then k r + r k = 2k;r ; 02 3
— if k r + r k = 2k;r for all elements r of set C
e    
then k 2 Ce. [0]
= 02 ; = i 02 03
3
[4] ; (9)
3 02 3 2
If n = 4 then the Clifford set either contains 3 (Clifford
triplet) or 5 matrices (Clifford pentad).  two gustatory pentads: the sweet pentad
:
Here exist only six Clifford pentads [1]: one which I call    

[1] = 02 1
;
[2] =
02 2
 light pentad  : 1 02 2 02 ;
     
1 02 2 02 02 3
 [1] := 02 1 ,  [2] := 02 2 ,
[3] = 3 02 ;
  (1)    
 [3] := 3 02 12 02 02 12
02 3 ,
[0] = 02 12 ;
[4] = i 12 02 .

02 12
  the bitter pentad :
[0] := 12 02 , (2)    
 
[1] = i 02 1
02 ; [2] = i 02 2
02 ;
02 12 1 2
 [4] := i
; (3)  
12 02 [3] = i 02 3
02 ;
3
three coloured pentads:
   
 the red pentad  : [0] 12 02 [4] 02 12
= 02 12 ; = 12 02 .
   
 [1] = 1 02 [2] 2 02
02 1 ;  = 02 2 ; (4) If A is a 2  2 matrix then
     
3 02 A 02 A 02
 [3] = 02 3 , A14 := 02 A and 14 A :=
02 A .

96 Gunn Alex Quznetsov. 4X1-Matrix Functions and Dirac’s Equation

April, 2009 PROGRESS IN PHYSICS Volume 2

And if B is a 4  4 matrix then If denote: 'j;w;p (t; x) := cj;w;p &w;p (t; x) then a Fourier
series for 'j (t; x) has the following form:
A + B := A14 + B , AB := A14 B 1 X
X
etc. 'j (t; x) = 'j;w;p (t; x) . (13)
x := hx0 ; xi := hx0 ; x1 ; x2 ; x3 i , w= 1 p

x0 := ct, Let ht; xi be any space-time point.

Let us denote:
with c = 299792458.
Ak := 'k;w;p jht;xi (14)
2 Planck’s functions the value of function 'k;w;p in this point, and by
Let h = 6:6260755 10 34 and
(
 R1+3 ) be a domain
!
4 X 3 
1 X []
such that if x 2
then jxr j < ch for r 2 f0; 1; 2; 3g.

Cj := @' j;s @ 's;w;p  (15)
Let <
be a set of functions such that for each element
c t j;w;p s=1 =1

ht;xi
 (x) of this set: if x <
then  (x) = 0.
Hence: the value of function
Z !
4 X 3
dx
 (x) = 1
@'
X []
j;s @ 's;w;p :
(
) c t j;w;p s=1 =1
Z c Z c Z c Z c
h h h h
= dx0 dx1 dx2 dx3
 (x) , Here Ak and Cj are complex numbers. Hence, the fol-
c c c c
h h h h lowing set of equations:
and let for each element  (x) of <
exist a number J such ( P4 
k=1 zj;k;w;p Ak = Cj , 

that Z  (16)

zj;k;w; p = zk;j;w;p 
J = dx
 (x)  (x) .
(
)
is a system of 14 algebraic equations with complex unknowns
Therefore, <
is unitary space with the following scalar zj;k;w;p .
product: Z Because
ue  ve := dx
ue (x) ve (x) : (10)
(
) @t 'j;w;p = @t cj;w;p &w;p = ihwcj;w;p &w;p = ihw'j;w;p
This space has an orthonormalised basis with the follow- and for k , 0:
ing elements:
&w;p (t; x) := h
@k 'j;w;p = i pk 'j;w;p .
c
8  then
h
2 h

2c exp (ihwt) exp i c px if 
>
> !
>
< (11) 4 X 3 
c 6 x 6 c ;  h X [] 
:= h k h  Cj = i w'j;w;p + j;s p 's;w;p  .
>
>
>


c s=1 =1

ht;xi
:
0, otherwise. 
Therefore, this system (16) has got the following form:
with k 2 f0; 1; 2; 3g and x0 := ct, and with natural w; p1 ,
p2 , p3 (here: p hp1 ; p2 ; p3 i and px = p1 x1 + p2 x2 + p3 x3 ). z1;1;w;p A1 + z1;2;w;p A2 + z1;3;w;p A3 + z1;4;w;p A4 =
I call elements of the space with this basis Planck’s func- h h
= i (w + p3 ) A1 + i (p1 ip2 ) A2 ,
tions. c c
Let j 2 f1; 2; 3; 4g, k 2 f1; 2; 3; 4g and denote: z2;1;w;p A1 + z2;2;w;p A2 + z2;3;w;p A3 + z2;4;w;p A4 =
1 1 1 h h
X X X X = i (w p3 ) A2 + i (p1 + ip2 ) A1 ,
:= . c c
k k1 = 1 k2 = 1 k3 = 1 z3;1;w;p A1 + z3;2;w;p A2 + z3;3;w;p A3 + z3;4;w;p A4 =
h h
Let a Fourier series for 'j (t; x) have the following form: = i (w p3 ) A3 i (p1 ip2 ) A4 ,
c c
1 X
X z4;1;w;p A1 + z4;2;w;p A2 + z4;3;w;p A3 + z4;4 A4;w;p =
'j (t; x) = cj;w;p &w;p (t; x) . (12) h h
1 = i (w + p3 ) A4 i (p1 + ip2 ) A3 ,
w= p c c

Gunn Alex Quznetsov. 4X1-Matrix Functions and Dirac’s Equation 97

Volume 2 PROGRESS IN PHYSICS April, 2009

z1;1;w;p = z1;1;w;p , (here ak := ReAk and bk := ImAk ).

z1;2;w;p = z2;1;w;p , This system has solutions according to the Kronecker-
Capelli theorem (rank of this system augmented matrix and
z1;3;w;p = z3;1;w;p , rank of this system basic matrix equal to 7). Hence, such
z1;4;w;p = z4;1;w;p , complex numbers zj;k;w;p jht;xi exist in all points ht; xi.
From (16), (14), (15):
z2;2;w;p = z2;2;w;p ,
4
z2;3;w;p = z3;2;w;p , X
zj;k;w;p 'k;w;p jht;xi =
z2;4;w;p = z4;2;w;p , k=1 !
4 X 3
z3;3;w;p = 1 X
z3;3;w;p , = @'
c t j;w;p
[]
j;s @ 's;w;p jht;xi ,
z3;4;w;p = z4;3;w;p , s=1 =1

z4;4;w;p = z4;4;w;p . in every point ht; xi.

Therefore, from (16, 15, 14):
This system can be transformed into a system of 8 linear
real equations with 16 real unknowns xs;k := Re (zs;k;w;p ) 1
@' =
for s < k and ys;k := Im (zs;k;w;p ) for s 6 k: c t j;w;p !
4
X X3
y1;1 b1 + x1;2 a2 y1;2 b2 + x1;3 a3 []
= j;k @ 'k;w;p + zj;k;w;p 'k;w;p (17)
y1;3 b3 + x1;4 a4 y1;4 b4 = k=1 =1

= wb1
h h
pb
h h
pb + pa ; in every point ht; xi.
c c 31 c 12 c 2 2 Let w;p be linear operators on linear space, spanned of
y1;1 a1 + x1;2 b2 + y1;2 a2 + x1;3 b3 + basic functions &w;p (t; x), such that
+ y1;3 a3 + x1;4 b4 + y1;4 a4 = ( 
&w0 ;p0 , if w = w0 , p = p0 ; 

h h w;p &w0 ;p0 := 
= wa1 + hp3 a1 + p1 a2 + hp2 b2 ;
c c 0, if w , w0 and/or p , p0 . 

x1;2 a1 y1;2 b1 y2;2 b2 + x2;3 a3 Let

y2;3 b3 + x2;4 a4 y2;4 b4 = X

Qj;k jht;xi := zj;k;w;p jht;xi w;p
h h h h
= wb2 p1 b1 p2 a1 + p3 b2 ; w;p
c c c c
x1;2 b1 + y1;2 a1 + y2;2 a2 + x2;3 b3 + in every point ht; xi.
Therefore, from (13) and (17), for every function 'j here
+ y2;3 a3 + x2;4 b4 + y2;4 a4 = exists an operator Qj;k such that dependence of 'j on t is
h h h h
= wa2 + p1 a1 pb pa ; described by the following differential equations:
c c c 21 c 3 2
4  
x1;3 a1 y1;3 b1 x2;3 a2 y2;3 b2 X [1] [2] [3]
@t 'j = c j;k @1 + j;k @2 + j;k @3 + Qj;k 'k . (18)
y3;3 b3 + x3;4 a4 y3;4 b4 = k=1
h h h h
= wb3 + p3 b3 + p1 b4 pa ; and
c c c c 2 4 X

x1;3 b1 + y1;3 a1 x2;3 b2 + y2;3 a2 + Qj;k = 
zj;k;w; p w;p =
+ y3;3 a3 + x3;4 b4 + y3;4 a4 = w;p
X

h h h h = 
zk;j;w; p w;p = Qk;j .
= wa3 p3 a3 p1 a 4 pb ;
c c c c 24 w;p
x1;4 a1 y1;4 b1 x2;4 a2 y2;4 b2 Matrix form of formula (18) is the following:
x3;4 a3 y3;4 b3 y4;4 b4 =  
h h h h @t ' = c  [1] @1 +  [2] @2 +  [3] @3 + Qb ' (19)
= wb4 + p1 b3 + p2 a3 pb ;
c c c c 34 with 2 3
x1;4 b1 + y1;4 a1 x2;4 b2 + y2;4 a2 '1
x3;4 b3 + y3;4 a3 + y4;4 a4 = 6 '2 7
'=6
4 '3
7
5
h h h h
= wa4 pa + pb + pa ; '4
c c 1 3 c 23 c 3 4

98 Gunn Alex Quznetsov. 4X1-Matrix Functions and Dirac’s Equation

April, 2009 PROGRESS IN PHYSICS Volume 2

and Hence
2 3
i#1;1 Q1;2 Q1;3 Q1;4
Qb = i0  [0] + i0  [0] [5] +
6
6 Q1;2 i#2;2 Q2;3 Q2;4 7
7
Qb := 6 7 (20) + i1  [1] + i1  [1] [5] +
4 Q1;3 Q2;3 i#3;3 Q3;4 5
Q1;4 Q2;4 Q3;4 i#4;4 + i2  [2] + i2  [2] [5] +
with Qk;s :=i#k;s $k;s if k , s, and with $s;k :=Re (Qs;k ) + i3  [3] + i3  [3] [5] +
and #s;k := Im (Qs;k ). + iM0 [0] + iM4  [4]
Let #s;k and $s;k be terms of Q b (20) and let 0 , 3 , 0
and 3 be the solution of the following sets of equations:
iM;0 [0] + iM;4  [4]
8
0 + 3 0 + 3 = #1;1 ; 
 iM;0 [0] iM;4  [4] +
>
>
>
< 0 3 0 3 = #2;2 ;  + iM;0 [0] + iM;4 [4] .
,
>
>
>
0 3 + 0 + 3 = #3;3 ; 
: From (19) the following equation is received:
0 + 3 + 0 3 = #4;4 
X3  
and 1 , 1 , 2 , 2 , M0 , M4 , M;0 , M;4 , M;0 , M;4 , M;0 ,  [k] @ + i + i [5] ' +
k k k
M;4 be the solutions of the following sets of equations: k=0
(  0 1
(
1 + 1 = #1;2 ;  2 2 = $1;2 ;  + iM0 [0] + iM4  [4]
B C (21)
1 + 1 = #3;4 ; 

2 2 = $3;4 ; 
 B iM;0 [0] + iM;4  [4] C
+B C' =0
( ( 
B
@ iM;0 [0] iM;4  [4] + C
A
M0 + M;0 = #1;3 ;  M4 + M;4 = $1;3 ;  + iM;0 [0] + iM;4 [4]
 
M0 M;0 = #2;4 ;  M4 M;4 = $2;4 ; 
( (  with real k , k , M0 , M4 , M;0 , M;4 , M;0 , M;4 , M;0 ,
M;0 M;4 = #1;4 ;  M;4 M;0 = $1;4 ;  M;4 and with
 .  
M;0 + M;4 = #2;3 ;  M;4 + M;0 = $2;3  12 02
[5] := 02 12 . (22)
Thus the columns of Q b are the following:
— the first and the second columns: Because
i0 + i3 i0 + i3  [k] +  [k] + [k] =  [k]
i1 + i1 2 2 with k 2 f1; 2; 3g then from (21):
iM0 + iM;0 + M4 + M;4 0
1
@0 + i0 + i0 [5] +
iM;0 iM;4 + M;4 M;0 B P3
C
B
@  [k ] @k + ik + ik [5] C' +
A
i1 + i1 + 2 + 2 k=1

+2 iM0 [0] + iM4  [4]
i0 i3 i0 i3 0
1
iM;0 + iM;4 + M;4 + M;0 @0 + i0 + i0 [5]
B P3
C
iM0 iM;0 + M4 M;4 +B
B  [k ] @k + ik + ik [5] C
C' +
@ k=1  A
— the third and the fourth columns: +2 iM;0 [0] + iM;4  [4]
iM0 + iM;0 M4 M;4 0
1
@0 + i0 + i0 [5]
iM;0 + iM;4 M;4 M;0 B P3
C
i0 i3 + i0 + i3 +B
B  [k ] @k + ik + ik [5] C
C' +
@ k=1  A
i1 + i1 + 2 2 +2 iM;0 [0] iM;4  [4]
0
1
iM;0 iM;4 M;4 + M;0 @0 + i0 + i0 [5]
iM0 iM;0 M4 + M;4 B P3
C
+B
B [k] @k + ik + ik [5] C
C' = 0.
i1 + i1 2 + 2 @ k=1  A
i0 + i3 + i0 i3 +2 iM;0 [0] + iM;4 [4]

Gunn Alex Quznetsov. 4X1-Matrix Functions and Dirac’s Equation 99

Volume 2 PROGRESS IN PHYSICS April, 2009

2 3
It is a generalization of the Dirac equation with gauge 0 0 M;0 M;;0
field A: 6 0 0 
M;; 7
6 0 M;0 7
3 ! = 6 7+
X
[ k ] [0]
4 M;0 M;;0 0 0 5
(@0 + ieA0 ) +  (@k + ieAk ) + im ' = 0. 
M;; 0 0
k=1 0 M;0
M;4 M 
2 3
Therefore, all Planck’s functions obey to Dirac’s type 0 0 ;;4
equations. 6 0 0 M;;4 M;4 7
[0] [0] [0]
I call matrices [0] ,  [4] ,  ,  [4] ,  ,  [4] ,  , [4] mass + i6
6 
7
7
4 M;4 M;;4 0 0 5
elements of pentads.
M;;4 M;4 0 0
3 Colored equation with M;;0 := M;0 iM;0 and M;;4 := M;4 iM;4 .
Elements of these matrices can be turned by formula of
I call the following part of (21): shape [2]:
0 [0]
1 ! !
 i@0 + 0 + 0 [5] + cos 2 i sin 2 Z X iY
B  [1] i@1 + 1 + 1 [5] +

C 
B
B [2]
C
C i sin 2 cos 2 X + iY Z
B 
B
i@2 + 2 + 2 [5] + C
C !


B  [3] i@3 + 3 + 3 [5] C
= 0. cos 2 i sin 2
B
B
C'
C
(23)  =
B M;0 [0] + M;4  [4] + C i sin 2 cos 2
B C
  1
B
@ M;0 [0] M;4  [4] + C
A
0
Y cos 
Z cos  Y sin  X i +Z sin 
+M;0 [0] + M;4 [4] =B
B
 
C
C.
@
X +i Y cos  Z cos  + Y sin 
A
a coloured moving equation. +Z sin 
Here (5), (7), (9):
2 3 2 3 Hence, if:
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 i 2 3
6 0 0 1 0 7 6 0 0 i 0 7 cos  i sin  0 0
[0] = 6
4 0 1 0 0
7;
5  [4] = 6
4 0 i 0 0
7
5 6 i sin  cos  0 0 7
1 0 0 0 i 0 0 0 U2;3 () := 6
4 0 0 cos  i sin 
7
5

are mass elements of red pentad;

0 0 i sin  cos 
2 3 2 3 and
0 0 0 i 0 0 0 1 0 1
[0] = 6
6 0 0 i 0 7
7;
6
 [4] = 6
0 0 1 0 7
7 M;0 0 [0] + M;0 4  [4]
4 0 i 0 0 5 4 0 1 0 0 5
c0 := B
B C y
i 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 M @ M;0 0 [0] M;0 4  [4] + C
A := U2;3 () MU2;3 ()
c

are mass elements of green pentad; +M;0 0  + M;0 4 [4]

[0]

2 3 2 3
0 0 1 0 0 0 i 0 then

[0] = 6
6 0 0 0 1 7
7;
6
[4] = 6
0 0 0 i 7
7 M;0 0 = M;0 ;
4 1 0 0 0 5 4 i 0 0 0 5
M;0 0 = M;0 cos 2 + M;0 sin 2 ;
0 1 0 0 0 i 0 0
M;0 0 = M;0 cos 2 M;0 sin 2 ;
are mass elements of blue pentad. M;0 4 = M;4 ;
M;0 4 = M;4 cos 2 + M;4 sin 2 ;
I call:
• M;0 , M;4 red lower and upper mass members;
M;0 4 = M;4 cos 2 M;4 sin 2 :
• M;0 , M;4 green lower and upper mass members;
• M;0 , M;4 blue lower and upper mass members. Therefore, matrix U2;3 () makes an oscillation between
The mass members of this equation form the following green and blue colours.
matrix sum: Let us consider equation (21) under transformation
0 1 U 2 ;3 ( ) where  is an arbitrary real function of time-space
M;0 [0] + M;4  [4] variables ( =  (t; x1 ; x2 ; x3 )):
B [0] C
c := B
M M M  [4] + C=  
;0  ;4
@
[0]
A
U y () 1 @ + i + i [5] U () ' =
+ M;0  + M;4 [4] 2;3 t 0 0 2;3
c

100 Gunn Alex Quznetsov. 4X1-Matrix Functions and Dirac’s Equation

April, 2009 PROGRESS IN PHYSICS Volume 2

0
1
 [1] @1 + i1 + i1 [5] + Hence:
B
C
B +  [2] @2 + i2 + i2 [5] + C @
y
= U2;3 () B
B +  [3] @ + i + i [5]
+ C U2;3 () ' .
C @20 := 0 =
@ 3 3 3 A @x2
@ @x0 @ @x1 @ @x2 @ @x3
+ iM0 [0] + iM4  [4] + M
c = + + + =
@x0 @x02 @x1 @x02 @x2 @x02 @x3 @x02
Because @ @
U2y;3 () U2;3 () = 14 ; = cos 2
sin 2
=
@x2 @x3
U y () [5] U () = [5] ;
2; 3 2;3 = cos 2
@2 sin 2
@3 ,

U2y;3 () [0] U2;3 () = [0] ; @

@30 := 0 =
@x3
U2y;3 ()  [4] U2;3 () =  [4] ; @ @x0 @ @x1 @ @x2 @ @x3
= + + + =
@x0 @x3 @x1 @x3 @x2 @x3 @x3 @x03
0 0 0
U2y;3 ()  [1] =  [1] U2y;3 () ; @ @
= cos 2
+ sin 2
=


U2y;3 ()  [2] =  [2] cos 2 +  [3] sin 2 U2y;3 () ; @x3 @x2

= cos 2
@3 + sin 2
@2 :
U2y;3 ()  [3] =  [3] cos 2  [2] sin 2 U2y;3 () ;
Therefore, from (24):
then  
  1 1
1 1
@ + U2y;3 () @t U2;3 () + i0 + i0 [5] ' = @t + U2y;3 () @t U2;3 () + i0 + i0 [5] ' =
c t c c c
0 ! 1 0
@ + U y () @ U () ! 1
@1 + U2y;3 () @1 U2;3 () B 
[1] 1 2 ;3 1 2; 3
B [1] +  C
[2]
B +i1 + i1 [5] C
C
B
B + i1 + i1 [5] C
C B C
! C
B y
B C B 0 0
@2 + U2;3 () @2 U2;3 () C
B
B
0
(cos 2
@2 sin 2
@3 ) 1C
C B +  [2]
B
C
C
B
B B
cos 2
@2
!
CC =B +i02 + i02 [5] C':
B B y CC B C
B+ U2;3 () U2 ; 3 (  )CC B
y ! C
B
B B
B sin 2
@3 C
CC
C B
B [3]
0 0
@3 + U2;3 () @3 U2;3 () C C
B
B B CC B +  03 + i03 [5] C
B @ + i (2 cos 2 3 sin 2) AC C B
@
+i C
A
B
C
B [5]
+ i 2 cos 2 3 sin 2 C [5] C
= [0]
+ i M0 + i M4  + M [4] c 0
C ' . (24)
B
B
B
B
+  [3]  C
C with
B
B
0
(cos 2
@3 + sin 2
@2 ) 1C
C 02 := 2 cos 2 3 sin 2 ,
B ! C
B
B
B
B y cos 2
@3 CC
CC 03 := 2 sin 2 + 3 cos 2 ,
B+ U2;3 () U2 ; 3 (  )CC
B
B
B
B
B + sin 2
@2 CC
CC 02 := 2 cos 2 3 sin 2 ,
03 := 3 cos 2 + 2 sin 2 .
B B CC
B @ + i (2 sin 2 + 3 cos 2) AC
B
C
B
@ + i 3 [5] cos 2 + 2 [5] sin 2 C A Therefore, the oscillation between blue and green colours
[0] [4] 0 curves the space in the x2 , x3 directions.
+ i M0 + i M4  + M c
Similarly, matrix
Let x02 and x03 be elements of other coordinate system 2 3
such that:
cos # sin # 0 0
@x2 U1;3 (#) := 6
6 sin # cos # 0 0 7 7
0 = cos 2 , 4 0 0 cos # sin # 5
@x2 0 0 sin # cos #
@x3
= sin 2,
@x02 with an arbitrary real function # (t; x1 ; x2 ; x3 ) describes
@x2 the oscillation between blue and red colours which curves the
0 = sin 2. space in the x1 , x3 directions. And matrix
@x3
2 3
@x3 e i& 0 0 0
0 = cos 2,
@x3 6 0 ei& 0 0 7
@x0 @x1 @x0 @x1 U1;2 (& ) := 6 4 0 0 e i & 0 5
7
= = = = 0.
@x02 @x02 @x03 @x03 0 0 0 ei&

Gunn Alex Quznetsov. 4X1-Matrix Functions and Dirac’s Equation 101

Volume 2 PROGRESS IN PHYSICS April, 2009

with an arbitrary real function & (t; x1 ; x2 ; x3 ) describes the U0;11 ( ) U0;1 ( ) = 14 ,
oscillation between green and red colours which curves the
space in the x1 , x2 directions. U0;11 ( ) [5] U0;1 ( ) = [5] ,
 
U y ( ) [5] U ( ) = [5] cosh 2
Now, let
2 3 0; 1 0; 1  [1] sinh 2 ;
cosh  sinh  0 0
U0;1 ( ) := 6
6 sinh  cosh  0 0 7
7. then
4 0 0 cosh  sinh  5 0 ! 1
0 0 sinh  cosh  cosh 2
1c @t
U0;11 ( ) U ( ) C
B
B
B
+ sinh 2
@1 0;1 C
C
and

0 1
B
B + cosh 2
c @t + sinh 2
@1
1 C
C
M;00 0 [0] + M;00 4  [4]
B C
B
B + i (0 cosh 2 + 1 sinh 2 ) C
C
c00 := B M;00 0 [0] M;00 4  [4] + A := U0y;1 ( ) MU
C c 0;1 ( )
M @ B + i (0 cosh 2 + sinh 2
1 ) [5] C
B C
+M;00 0  + M;00 4 [4]
[0] B
B  [1] 
C
C
B C
B 0 ! 1C
then: B
B 1 cosh 2
@1 + C
C
B BU0;1 ( ) U 0 ;1 (  )
M;00 0 = M;0 ; B B
B B
sinh 2 
1@
c t
CC
CC
C
BB
CC ' = 0 : (25)
M;00 0 = (M;0 cosh 2 M;4 sinh 2 ) ; B B + cosh 2
@1 + sinh 2
c @t CC
B B
1 C
C
C
M;00 0 = M;0 cosh 2 + M;4 sinh 2 ; B @ + i (1 cosh 2 + 0 sinh 2 ) AC
B C
B [5] C
M;00 4 = M;4 ; B
B
+ i ( 1 cosh 2  +  0 sinh 2 ) C
C
B ! C
M;00 4 = M;4 cosh 2 + M;0 sinh 2 ; B
B @ + U0;11 ( ) (@2 U0;1 ( ))
 [2] 2
C
C
B C
M;00 4 = M;4 cosh 2 M;0 sinh 2 : B + i2 + i2 [5] C
B ! C
B
B @ + U0;1 ( ) (@3 U0;1 ( )) C
1 C
Therefore, matrix U0;1 ( ) makes an oscillation between B
B
 [3] 3 [5]
C
C
green and blue colours with an oscillation between upper and @ + i3 + i3 A
lower mass members. iM0 [0] i M4  [4] Mc 00
Let us consider equation (21) under transformation
U0;1 ( ) where  is an arbitrary real function of time-space Let t0 and x01 be elements of other coordinate system such
variables ( =  (t; x1 ; x2 ; x3 )): that: 9
  @x1 >
1 = cosh 2  >
U0y;1 ( ) @t + i0 + i0 [5] U0;1 ( ) ' = @x01 >
>
>
c >
> >
0
1 @t 1 >
>
 [1] @1 + i1 + i1 [5] + = sinh 2 >
B
C @x01 c >
>
>
>
y B+  [2] @2 + i2 + i2 [5] +C @x1
>
=
= U0;1 ( ) B [3]
B
C U0;1 ( ) ' : = c sinh 2 : (26)
@+  @3 + i3 + i3 [5] +CA @t0 >
>
>
[0] [4] >
+ iM0 + iM4  + M c @t >
>
= cosh 2 >
>
@t0 >
>
>
>
Since: >
@x2 @x3 @x2 @x3 >
>
  = 0 = 0 = 0 =0 >
;
U0y;1 ( ) U0;1 ( ) = cosh 2  [1] sinh 2 , @t0 @t @x1 @x1
 
U y ( ) = cosh 2 +  [1] sinh 2 U 1 ( ) ,
Hence:
0; 1 0; 1
  @ @ @t @ @x1 @ @x2 @ @x3
U0y;1 ( )  [1] =  [1] cosh 2 sinh 2 U0;11 ( ) , @t0 := = + + + =
@t0 @t @t0 @x1 @t0 @x2 @t0 @x3 @t0
U y ( )  [2] =  [2] U 1 ( ) ,
0; 1 0; 1
@
= cosh 2
+ c sinh 2

@
=
@t @x1
U0y;1 ( )  [3] =  [3] U0;11 ( ) , = cosh 2
@t + c sinh 2
@1 ;
U0y;1 ( ) [0] U0;1 ( ) = [0] , that is
1 0 1
U0y;1 ( )  [4] U0;1 ( ) =  [4] , @ = cosh 2
@t + sinh 2
@1
c t c

102 Gunn Alex Quznetsov. 4X1-Matrix Functions and Dirac’s Equation

April, 2009 PROGRESS IN PHYSICS Volume 2

and
@
@10 := =
@x01
@ @t @ @x1 @ @x2 @ @x3
= + + + =
@t @x01 @x1 @x01 @x2 @x01 @x3 @x01
@ 1 @
= cosh 2
+ sinh 2
=
@x1 c @t
1
= cosh 2
@1 + sinh 2
@t :
c
Therefore, from (25): Fig. 1: It is dependency of v (t; x1 ) from x1 .
0 ! 1
1 @ 0 + U 1 ( ) 1 @ 0 U ( )
B  [0] c t 0; 1 c t 0; 1 C From (26):
B
B + i000 + i000 [5] C
C @x1
B 0 + U0;11 ( ) @10 U0;1 ( ) ! C = c sinh 2 ;
B @ 1 C @t0
B +  [1] C
@t
B
B + i001 + i001 [5] C
C = cosh 2 :
B
B ! C
C @t0
B [2] @2 + U0;11 ( ) @2 U0;1 ( ) C' =0
B + C Because
B
B + i2 + i2 [5] C
C v
B
B 1 ( ) @ U ( )
! C
C
sinh 2 = q ;
B @ 3 + U 3 0 ; 1 C 1 v2
0 ; 1
B +  [3] C c2
B
@ + i3 + i3 [5] C
A 1
cosh 2 = q
+ iM0 [0] + iM4  [4] + M c00 1 v2
c2
with
000 := 0 cosh 2 + 1 sinh 2 ; with v is a velocity of system ft0 ; x01 g as respects to system
ft; x1 g then
001 := 1 cosh 2 + 0 sinh 2 ; v = tanh 2 :
000 := 0 cosh 2 + sinh 2
1 ; Let
001 := 1 cosh 2 + 0 sinh 2 : 2 := ! (x1 )
t
Therefore, the oscillation between blue and green colours
x1
with
with the oscillation between upper and lower mass members 
! (x1 ) =
curves the space in the t, x1 directions. jx1 j ;
Similarly, matrix
2 3
where  is a real constant bearing positive numerical value.
cosh  i sinh  0 0 In that case
U0;2 () := 6
6 i sinh  cosh  0 0 7
7

t

4 0 0 cosh  i sinh  5 v (t; x1 ) = tanh ! (x1 )
0 0 i sinh  cosh  x1
and if g is an acceleration of system ft0 ; x01 g as respects to
with an arbitrary real function  (t; x1 ; x2 ; x3 ) describes the
system ft; x1 g then
oscillation between blue and red colours with the oscillation
between upper and lower mass members curves the space in @v  ! (x1 ) 
the t, x2 directions. And matrix g (t; x1 ) = = .
@t 2
cosh ! (x1 ) xt1 x1
2 3
e 0 0 0
6 0 e  0 0 7 Figure 1 shows the dependency of a system ft0 ; x01 g ve-
U0;3 () := 6
4 0 0 e  0
7
5 locity v (t; x1 ) on x1 in system ft; x1 g.
0 0 0 e This velocity in point A is not equal to one in point B .
Hence, an oscillator, placed in B , has a nonzero velocity in
with an arbitrary real function  (t; x1 ; x2 ; x3 ) describes the respect to an observer, placed in point A. Therefore, from
oscillation between green and red colours with the oscillation the Lorentz transformations, this oscillator frequency for ob-
between upper and lower mass members curves the space in server, placed in point A, is less than own frequency of this
the t, x3 directions. oscillator (red shift).

Gunn Alex Quznetsov. 4X1-Matrix Functions and Dirac’s Equation 103

Volume 2 PROGRESS IN PHYSICS April, 2009

0
1
 [1] @1 + i1 + i1 [5] +
B
C
B +  [2] @2 + i2 + i2 [5] + C
= Ue y () B
C () ' :
CUe
B
@ +  [3] @3 + i3 + i3 [5] + A
+M c

Because
[5] Ue () = Ue () [5] ;
 [1] Ue () = Ue ()  [1] ;
 [2] Ue () = Ue ()  [2] ;
Fig. 2: It is dependency of g (t; x1 ) from x1 .  [3] Ue () = Ue ()  [3] ;
Figure 2 shows a dependency of a system ft0 ; x01 g accel- Ue y () Ue () = 14 ;
eration g (t; x1 ) on x1 in system ft; x1 g. then
If an object immovable in system ft; x1 g is placed in    
point K then in system ft0 ; x01 g this object must move to the 1 1
@t + Ue y () @t Ue () + i0 + i0 [5] ' =
left with acceleration g and g ' x2 . c c
1 0   ! 1
I call: [1] @1 + Ue y () @1 Ue ()
B  + C
• interval from S to 1 the Newton Gravity Zone, B + i 1 + i 1 [5] C
B   ! C
• interval from B to C the the Asymptotic Freedom Zone, B
y C
B
B +  [2] @2 + U
e ( ) @ 2 U
e () C
• and interval from C to D the Confinement Force Zone. B [5]
+ C
C
=B + i2 + i2 C':
Now let B   ! C
B C
2 3 B @3 + e y () @3 U
U e () C
ei 0 0 0 B +  [3]
B [5]
+ C
C
6 0 ei 0 0 7 @ +i3 + i3 A
Ue () := 6
4 0 0 e2i 0
7
5 y
+ U () M U ()
e c e
0 0 0 e2i
Now let:
and 2 3
0 1 e 0 0 0
M;0 0 [0] + M;0 4  [4] 6 0 e 0 0 7
B C Ub () := 6 0 0 e2 0
7
c0 := B
M M;0 0 [0] M;0 4  [4] + C := Ue y () M
cUe () 4 5
@ A
0 0 0 e2
+ M 0 [0] + M 0 [4]
;0  ;4
and
then: 0 1
M;0 0 = (M;0 cos  M;4 sin ) , M;0 0 [0] + M;0 4  [4]
B C
c0 := B
M M;0 0 [0] M;0 4  [4] + C := Ub 1 () M
cUb ()
M;0 4 = (M;4 cos  + M;0 sin ) , @ A

M;0 4 = (M;4 cos  M;0 sin ) , + M;0 0 [0] + M;0 4 [4]

M;0 0 = (M;0 cos  + M;4 sin ) , then:

M;0 0 = (M;0 cos  + M;4 sin ) , M;0 0 = (M;0 cosh  iM;4 sinh ) ,
M0 = (M;4 cos  M;0 sin ) . M;0 4 = (M;4 cosh  + iM;0 sinh ) ,
;4
M;0 0 = (M;0 cosh  iM;4 sinh ) ,
Therefore, matrix U e () makes an oscillation between up-
per and lower mass members. M;0 4 = (M;4 cosh  + iM;0 sinh ) ,
Let us consider equation (23) under transformation U e () M;0 0 = (M;0 cosh  + iM;4 sinh ) ,
where  is an arbitrary real function of time-space variables
( =  (t; x1 ; x2 ; x3 )): M;0 4 = (M;4 cosh  iM;0 sinh ) .
  b () makes an oscillation between up-
1 Therefore, matrix U
Ue y () @ + i0 + i0 [5] Ue () ' =
c t per and lower mass members, too.

104 Gunn Alex Quznetsov. 4X1-Matrix Functions and Dirac’s Equation

April, 2009 PROGRESS IN PHYSICS Volume 2

2 3
Let us consider equation (23) under transformation U b () 0 i 0 0
where  is an arbitrary real function of time-space variables 4 := 6
6 i 0 0 0 7
7,
( =  (t; x1 ; x2 ; x3 )): 4 0 0 0 i 5

 
0 0 i 0
1 2 3
Ub 1 () @ + i0 + i0 [5] Ub () ' = i 0 0 0
c t 6 0 i 0 0 7
0
1 5 := 6 7,
 [1] @1 + i1 + i1 [5] + 4 0 0 i 0 5
B
C
1 B +  [2] @2 + i2 + i2 [5] + C 0 0 0 i
= Ub () B
B +  [3] @ + i + i [5]
+ C () '
CUb 2 3
@ 3 3 3 A 1 0 0 0
+M c
6 := 6
6 0 1 0 0 7
7,
4 0 0 1 0 5
Because 0 0 0 1
2 3
1 0 0 0
[5] Ub () = Ub () [5] ; 6 0 1 0 0 7
7 := 6
4 0 0 2 0
7,
5
Ub 1 ()  [1] =  [1] Ub 1 () ;
0 0 0 2
Ub 1 ()  [2] =  [2] Ub 1 () ; 2 3
i 0 0 0
Ub 1 ()  [3] =  [3] Ub 1 () ; 6 0 i 0 0 7
8 := 6
4 0 0 2i 0
7,
5
Ub 1 () Ub () = 14 ; 0 0 0 2i
then then
   

1 1 () 1 b U0;11 ( ) @s U0;1 ( ) = 1 @s  ,
@ + Ub @ U () + i0 + i0 [5] ' =
c t c t

U2;31 () @s U2;3 () = 2 @s  ,
0   ! 1

@1 + Ub 1 () @1 Ub () U1;31 (#) @s U1;3 (#) = 3 @s # ,
B  [1] + C

B
B + i1 + i1 [5] C
C U0;21 () @s U0;2 () = 4 @s  ,
B   ! C
B @2 + Ub 1 () @2 Ub () C

B
B + [2] + C
C U1;21 (& ) @s U1;2 (& ) = 5 @s & ,
= B + i2 + i2 [5] C':

B
B   ! C
C U0;31 () @s U0;3 () = 6 @s  ,
B @3 + Ub 1 () @3 Ub () C

B
B + [3] + C
C Ub 1 () @s Ub () = 7 @s  ,
B
@
+ i3 + i3 [5] C
A

+ Ub 1 () M
cUb () Ue 1 () @s Ue () = 8 @s  .
 be the following set:
Let U
If denote:
n o
2 3
0 1 0 0 U := U0;1 ; U2;3 ; U1;3 ; U0;2 ; U1;2 ; U0;3 ; U;
b Ue .

1 :=
6
6 1 0 0 0 7
7,
4 0 0 0 1 5 Because
0 0 1 0 U2;31 () 1 U2;3 () = 1
2
0 i 0 0
3 U1;31 (#) 1 U1;3 (#) = (1 cos 2# + 6 sin 2#)
2 := 6
6 i 0 0 0 7
7, U0;21 () 1 U0;2 () = (1 cosh 2 5 sinh 2)
4 0 0 0 i 5
U1;21 (& ) 1 U1;2 (& ) = 1 cos 2& 4 sin 2&
0 0 i 0
2 3 U0;31 () 1 U0;3 () = 1 cosh 2 + 3 sinh 2
0 1 0 0 Ub 1 () 1 Ub () = 1
3 := 6
6 1 0 0 0 7
4 0 0 0 1
7,
5 Ue 1 () 1 Ue () = 1
0 0 1 0 ========

Gunn Alex Quznetsov. 4X1-Matrix Functions and Dirac’s Equation 105

Volume 2 PROGRESS IN PHYSICS April, 2009

Ue 1 () 2 Ue () = 2 U0;31 () 7 U0;3 () = 7

Ub 1 () 2 Ub () = 2 U1;21 (& ) 7 U1;2 (& ) = 7
U0;31 () 2 U0;3 () = 2 cosh 2 4 sinh 2 U0;21 () 7 U0;2 () = 7
U1;21 (& ) 2 U1;2 (& ) = 2 cos 2& 3 sin 2& U1;31 (#) 7 U1;3 (#) = 7
U0;21 () 2 U0;2 () = 2 cosh 2 + 6 sinh 2 U2;31 () 7 U2;3 ( ) = 7
U1;31 (#) 2 U1;3 (#) = 2 cos 2# + 5 sin 2# U0;11 ( ) 7 U0;1 ( ) = 7
U0;11 ( ) 2 U0;1 ( ) = 2 =========
========= U0;11 ( ) 8 U0;1 ( ) = 8
U0;11 ( ) 3 U0;1 ( ) = 3 cosh 2 6 sinh 2 U2;31 () 8 U2;3 () = 8
U2;31 () 3 U2;3 () = 3 cos 2 5 sin 2 U1;31 (#) 8 U1;3 (#) = 8
U0;21 () 3 U0;2 () = 3 U0;21 () 8 U0;2 () = 8
U1;21 (& ) 3 U1;2 (& ) = 3 cos 2& + 2 sin 2& U1;21 (& ) 8 U1;2 (& ) = 8
U0;31 () 3 U0;3 () = 3 cosh 2 + 1 sinh 2 U0;31 () 8 U0;3 () = 8
Ub 1 () 3 Ub () = 3 Ub 1 () 8 Ub () = 8
Ue 1 () 3 Ue () = 3  ’s elements real functions
then for every product U of U
========== r
Gs (t; x1 ; x2 ; x3 ) exist such that
Ue 1 () 4 Ue () = 4
8
Ub 1 () 4 Ub () = 4 g X
U 1 (@s U ) = 3  Gr
U0;31 () 4 U0;3 () = 4 cosh 2 2 sinh 2 2 r=1 r s
U1;21 (& ) 4 U1;2 (& ) = 4 cos 2& + 1 sin 2& with some real constant g3 (similar to 8 gluons).
U1;31 (#) 4 U1;3 (#) = 4
U2;31 () 4 U2;3 () = 4 cos 2 6 sin 2 4 Conclusion

U0;11 ( ) 4 U0;1 ( ) = 4 cosh 2 + 5 sinh 2
==========
U0;11 ( ) 5 U0;1 ( ) = 5 cosh 2 + 4 sinh 2
U2;31 () 5 U2;3 () = 5 cos 2 + 3 sin 2
U1;31 (#) 5 U1;3 (#) = (5 cos 2# 2 sin 2#)
Therefore, unessential restrictions on 4X1 matrix functions
give Dirac’s equations, and it seems that some gluon and
gravity phenomena can be explained with the help of these
equations.
Submitted on February 16, 2009 / Accepted on February 18, 2009

U0;21 () 5 U0;2 () = 5 cosh 2 1 sinh 2 References

U0;31 () 5 U0;3 () = 5
1. Madelung E. Die Mathematischen Hilfsmittel des Physikers.
Ub 1 () 5 Ub () = 5 Springer Verlag, 1957, 29.
Ue 1 () 5 Ue () = 5 2. Ziman J.M. Elements of advanced quantum theory. Cambridge
=========== University Press, 1969, formula (6.59).
Ue 1 () 6 Ue () = 6
Ub 1 () 6 Ub () = 6
U1;21 (& ) 6 U1;2 (& ) = 6
U0;21 () 6 U0;2 () = 6 cosh 2 + 2 sinh 2
U1;31 (#) 6 U1;3 (#) = 6 cos 2# 1 sin 2#
U2;31 () 6 U2;3 () = 6 cos 2 + 4 sin 2
U0;11 ( ) 6 U0;1 ( ) = 6 cosh 2 3 sinh 2
========
Ue 1 () 7 Ue () = 7

106 Gunn Alex Quznetsov. 4X1-Matrix Functions and Dirac’s Equation