A.F. COSME.

UMTS CAPACITY SIMULATION STUDY

procedures defined by Ericsson and parameterized in the simulator with the

current live network values, although simulations with such traffic densities
are proposed in order to verify them.

7.1.1.2 Channel Elements usage

The following Figures illustrate the mean and maximum channel elements
usage in Uplink and Downlink (target thresholds: 256 DL, 64 UL).

DL Channel Elements usage [mean, max]

DL channel elements

200,0000
150,0000 DL Channel Elements
usage [mean]
100,0000
DL Channel Elements
50,0000 usage [max]
0,0000
00

00

00

00

00
0

00
,0

,0

,0

,0

0,
10

20

40

80

16

Traffic Density [Erl/Km^2]

Figure 27: channel elements usage, Downlink direction, voice only service

UL Channel Elements usage [mean, max]

UL channel elements

160,0000
140,0000
120,0000 UL Channel Elements
100,0000 usage [mean]
80,0000
60,0000 UL Channel Elements
40,0000 usage [max]
20,0000
0,0000
00

00

00

00

00
0

00
,0

,0

,0

,0

0,
10

20

40

80

16

Traffic Density [Erl/Km^2]

Figure 28: channel elements usage, Uplink direction, voice only service

In this case, the Figure that reaches the 64 channel elements in Uplink is
within the interpolation range so the interpolation fits with similar correlation
coefficient produce a very similar Figure (therefore only the case with the
highest correlation coefficient is provided). In the case of Downlink,

98
extrapolation is used and therefore a range of values is given. The results are
summarized in the following tables.

CE Downlink Target = 256 CE

Linear Fit: y=a+bx

Coefficient Data:

a= 17.6737

b= 0.8078

Level at Y = 256 295 Erl/Km^2

Number of users per cell 52

Quadratic Fit: y=a+bx+cx^2

Coefficient Data:

a= 15.544373

b= 0.90265331

c= -0.0005

Level at Y = 256 334.509 Erl/Km^2

Number of users per cell 59

Table 12: Estimation of the users per cell according to the simulation output, Downlink Channel
elements target = 256

CE Uplink Target = 64 CE

Quadratic Fit: y=a+bx+cx^2 Coefficient Data:

a= 0.5444

b= 0.9027

c= -0.0005

Level at Y= 64 73.5965 Erl/Km^2

Number of users per cell 13

Table 13: Estimation of the users per cell according to the simulation output, Uplink Channel
elements target = 64

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 A.F. COSME. UMTS CAPACITY SIMULATION STUDY

As it can be seen, the Uplink Channel Elements utilization target is reached

with almost 13 voice users per cell, whereas for Downlink Channel Elements
it is reached when the number of users is between 51 and 59, which is in line
with the proportion of the allocation of Downlink Channel Elements vs. Uplink
channel Elements (256 CE DL/64 CE UL = 4 times, 51 users for DL target/13
users for UL target = 3.92 times).

7.1.1.3 Downlink Iub usage

Iub traffic [DL]

1000,0000
800,0000
600,0000
Kbps

Iub traffic [DL]

400,0000
200,0000
0,0000
00

00

00

00

00
0

00
,0

,0

,0

,0

0,
10

20

40

80

16

Traffic Density [Erl/Km^2]

Figure 29: Downlink Iub usage, voice only service

With the current version of the Wines Simulator, it was found that the Iub
measurements are only monitored as a mean value of the amount of data
present on the Iub traffic. As in the definition of KPIs the proposal was to
monitor the Iub utilization according to the number of reserved radio bearers
(as it is currently implemented in VF-NL), then the Max. PCR (Peak Cell Rate)
was taken into account as the Iub limit which indicates congestion in the Iub.
In the next version of Wines (to be released in October 2005) the Iub
utilization based on reservation will be implemented, but as far as this study
concern, the Iub threshold is set to the Max. PCR = 2786 cells/sec * 48
bytes/cell * 8 bits/byte = 1.07 Mbps, assuming 1 E1 link between each Node
B and the RNC [Iub-observability]. The obtained results are presented in the
following table.

100
 Target for Iub DL throughput = 2786 cells/sec * 48 bytes/cell * 8 bits/byte = 1.07 Mbps

Quadratic Fit: y=a+bx+cx^2

Coefficient Data:

a= 3

b= 6

c= -0.0031

Level at Y= 1070 218.8070 Erl/Km^2

Number of users per cell 39

Linear Fit: y=a+bx

Coefficient Data:

a= 15.5115

b= 5.0227

Level at Y= 1070 209.9440 Erl/Km^2

Number of users per cell 37

Table 14: Estimation of the users per cell according to the simulation output, Downlink Iub
congestion target= 1070 Mbps.

To prove that this number is realistic, we can perform the following

calculation that gives us the amount of Kbps consumed by the number of
users obtained by our simulation model (linear fit):
Iub Consumed Capacity [Kbps] = Data Rate (DPDCH voice connection,
Downlink) * Number of users ( 7-5)

This gives:

• 30 Kbps * 36.84 = 1105.2 Kbps, which is a very close value to our

target of 1070 Kbps.

Note that in the calculation we use 30Kbps and not 12.2 because we have to
take into account the coded channel (which includes the overhead caused by
coding and protection techniques) and not just the end-user data rate.

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 A.F. COSME. UMTS CAPACITY SIMULATION STUDY

7.1.1.4 Uplink Load

UL Load [%]

100,0000%
90,0000%
80,0000%
UL Load [%]

70,0000%
60,0000%
50,0000% UL Load [%]
40,0000%
30,0000%
20,0000%
10,0000%
0,0000%

00
00

00

00

00

00
0

0
,0

,0

,0

,0

0,
10

20

40

80

16
Traffic Density [Erl/Km^2]

Figure 30: UL Load [percent], voice only service

For this case, it was also proposed in the KPIs definition to measure the
RTWP and see if its level exceeds the target (given by the two Ericsson
parameters) for a time higher than the hysteresis time (defined by the
Ericsson parameter iFHyst) . That is how Uplink load is determined in the real
system. For the simulation analysis however, it was difficult to try to average
these results because congestion happens at a different times in different
cells, it was decided to work with the approach presented in [Holma, Jabber]
which is to assume a maximum Noise Rise (in dB) and then calculate the
target UL Load in terms of the uplink load factor (nul) using the following
equation:
NR [dB] = - 10 * Log (1- nul ) ( 7-6)

Where:

ƒ NR represents the Noise Rise.

ƒ nul is the uplink load factor.

Assuming a Noise Rise level of 4 dBs [Holma], we get nul = 0.6 (60%) which
will be our target level for the Uplink Load. The results of the interpolation
are mentioned in the following table.

102
 Target Value =
Uplink Noise Rise 0.60

Linear Fit: y=a+bx

Coefficient Data:

a= 0.02258

b= 0.0059

Level at Y= 0.60 99.7655 Erl/Km^2

Number of Users/cell 18

Quadratic Fit:
y=a+bx+cx^2

Coefficient Data:

a= -0.0240

b= 0.0079

c= -1.20E+02

Level at Y= 0.60 92.4429 Erl/Km^2

Number of Users/cell 16
Table 15: Estimation of the users per cell according to the simulation output, Uplink Noise Rise
congestion target = 60%

7.1.1.5 Downlink Transmitted Power

DL_TxPower [dBm]

38,5000
38,0000
Power [dBm]

37,5000
37,0000 DL_TxPower [dBm]
36,5000
36,0000
35,5000
00
00

00

00

00

00
0

0
,0

,0

,0

,0

0,
10

20

40

80

16

traffic density [Erl/Km^2]

Figure 31: Downlink transmitted power, voice only service

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 A.F. COSME. UMTS CAPACITY SIMULATION STUDY

According to Ericsson Documentation, the target threshold for Downlink

Transmitted Power is 90% of the Maximum Transmission Power, which is 43
dBm in the simulation series; therefore the target threshold is 38.7 dBm. As
this value is not within the interpolation range, the two best fits are
presented as estimations.

Target threshold = 90% (43 dBm) = 38.7 dBm

Linear Fit: y=a+bx

Coefficient Data:

a= 36.3788

b= 0.01140

Level at Y = 38.7 dBm 203.68 Erl/Km^2

Number of users per cell 36

Quadratic Fit: y=a+bx+cx^2

Coefficient Data:

a= 363.747

b= 0.0116

c= -1.06E+01

Level at Y = 38.7 dBm 205 Erl/Km^2

Number of users per cell 36

Table 16: Estimation of the users per cell according to the simulation output, Downlink
transmitted power congestion target = 38.7 dBm

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7.1.1.6 Downlink Code Tree Usage

DL_Code tree usage[%]

45,0000%
40,0000%
Code tree usage [%]
35,0000%
30,0000%
25,0000% DL_Code tree
20,0000% usage[%]
15,0000%
10,0000%
5,0000%
0,0000%

00
00

00

00

00

00
0

0
,0

,0

,0

,0

0,
10

20

40

80

16
traffic density [Erl/Km^2]

Figure 32: DL Code tree usage [%], voice only service

The utilization of the Downlink Code Tree is calculated in percentage

according to the description found in [WinesTechRef]. Having into account
the Ericsson RRM algorithms, the Target level to trigger soft congestion
mechanism in the DL channelization codes monitor is 60% of utilization. The
results are summarized in the table below.

Target Level to trigger soft congestion mechanism = 60% (0.6 in linear scale)

Linear Fit: y=a+bx

a= 0.03858

b= 0.0023

Level at Y = 0.6 239.89 Erl/Km^2

Number of users per cell 42

Quadratic Fit: y=a+bx+cx^2

a= 0.0320

b= 0.0026

c= -1.70E+01

Level at Y = 0.6 258.188 Erl/Km^2

Number of users per cell 45

Table 17: Estimation of the users per cell according to the simulation output, Downlink Code
Tree usage congestion target = 60%

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 A.F. COSME. UMTS CAPACITY SIMULATION STUDY

7.1.1.7 Summary of Voice Service

Next table presents the summary with the KPI’s ordered by the traffic
densities that reach first the target level (only considering the lower values
for the number of users of each KPI, i.e. taking the most restrictive
approach):

KPI Target Level No. users to reach

the target

CE UL 64 13

UL Load 60% 16

DL power 38.7 dBm 36

Iub 1070 Kbps 37

DL code tree 60% 42

Blocking prob 1% 49

CE DL 256 51

Dropping prob 1% 62
Table 18: Ordered KPI's, voice-only service

According to the previous results, the Voice-only service is mainly uplink –

limited. Next to the uplink limiting factors are the DL transmitted power and
the Iub utilization. The KPI’s that reach their target levels at the end are the
Downlink Channel Elements number and the Dropping probability, whose
target value were not reached within the simulated traffic densities.

7.1.2 Web Service

After the analysis of the Speech service, the analysis corresponding to this
Packet Switched service is presented next.

7.1.2.1 Blocking and Dropping probability

The following Figures illustrate the obtained simulation results in terms of

Blocking and Dropping Probabilities:

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 Blocking probability [%]

60,0000%
50,0000%
40,0000%
30,0000% Blocked services [%]
20,0000%
10,0000%
0,0000%
00

00

00

00

00
62

25

49

7
,9

,9
1,

3,

6,

12

25
Traffic Density [Erl/Km^2]

Figure 33: Blocking Probability Web service, sf8Adm=1

dropped services [%]

100,0000%
80,0000%
60,0000%
%

dropped services [%]

40,0000%
20,0000%
0,0000%
0

0
00

00

00

90

70
62

25

49

,9

,9
1,

3,

6,

12

25

Traffic Density [Erl/Km^2]

Figure 34: Dropping Probability Web service, sf8Adm=1

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A.F. COSME. UMTS CAPACITY SIMULATION STUDY

Blocking Probability, Target =0.01

a) MMF Model:
y=(a*b+c*x^d)/(b+x^d)

a= -246.7280

b= 1.2024

c= 50.1275

d= 1.5127

Value at Y=1% (0.01) 3.292 Erl/Km^2

Number of users per cell 1

b) Linear Fit: y=a+bx

a= -0.3167

b= 0.0975

Value at Y=1% (0.01) 3.3526 Erl/Km^2

Number of users per cell 1

Table 19: Estimation of the users per cell according to the simulation output, Web-only service,
parameter sf8Adm=1, Blocking probability target = 1%

Analyzing the results, very low Figures were found, near 1 user / cell. In
order to check the results, an analytical approach was used again, assuming
that the main limitation for packet-switched services is Downlink Power
consumption as it was shown in [Schneider-1]. According to [Holma], the
Downlink load factor is defined as:
ndl = Σ υj * (Eb/No)j / W/Rj [1-α+i], j=1 to N ( 7-7)

Where:
• N = number of users in the cell
• υj = service activity factor (for PS services assumed to be 1)
• W = chip rate = 3.84 Mchips/sec
• Rj = Data Rate of user j
• Eb/Noj = Eb/No for user j
• α = Downlink Orthogonality factor, for the formula, 1 means
maximum orthogonality (for the simulator 0.4 is used but 0
means in the simulator context full orthogonality, so for the
formula calculation a value of 0.6 is assumed)
• i = Other cell/ Own cell interference factor, assumed 0.65 for a
macro-cell scenario [Holma]

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