1 Loads

Offshore Structures – Loads
Classification of water waves, Formulation of potential flow

equation, Small amplitude wave theory, Finite amplitude
waves (Stokian, Solitary and Cnoidal wave theories),
Regular and random waves, Wave current interactions;
Ocean wave statistics, short term and long term wave

height distribution, power-spectral definition of ocean
waves, PM Spectra, Jonswap Spectra, and ISSC Spectra,
extreme wave prediction, determination of design wave
heights and periods, fatigue wave heights, Joint probability
distribution of waves heights and periods;
Wave and Current Loads, Morison equation, Wind Loads;

Gravity Loads, and combinations; Drilling Rig Loads; Design
wave method, Spectral energy method, Wave Directions;
Loads based on maximum base shear, Loads based on
maximum over turning moment, Selection of drag and
inertia coefficients marine growth, API RP 2A
recommendations, Diffraction, Load on large diameter
cylinders, Wave-Structure interaction;
11 Dec 2007 1 Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Contents
Gravity Loads
Wind Loads
Wave and Current Loads – Small bodies
Wave and Current Loads – Large Bodies

1
Types of Loads
Gravity Loads
Structural Dead Loads
Facility Dead Loads
Fluid Loads
Live Loads
Environmental Loads
Wind Loads
Wave Loads
Current Loads
Buoyancy Loads
Ice Loads
Mud Loads
Seismic Loads


Gravity Loads
Dead Loads
Dead loads includes the all the fixed items in
the platform deck, jacket, bridge and flare
structures. It includes all primary steel
structural members, secondary structural items
such as boat landing, padeyes, stiffeners,
handrails, deck plating, small access platforms
etc.
The primary structural steel members will be

calculated based on the structural information
in the model automatically when a computer
program is used to analyze the structure. But
the weight of secondary structural steel items
shall be calculated applied to the structural
model at appropriate locations.

2
Facility Loads
The structure built either for drilling or
wellhead type platform or for process
type platform supports various
equipment and facilities.
Mechanical equipment
Electrical equipment
Piping connecting each equipment
Electrical Cable trays
Instrumentation items

Drilling Loads
Drilling Loads include reaction from Jackup
cantilever type rig or Deck mounted rigs.
Dead loads
Movable Drill floor loads
Drill string weight
Depending on the type of drilling rig used, this loads will vary.
For water depth less than 70m, Jackup type rig may be used.
For deeper water depths, operation of Jackup type rigs
become uneconomical and deck mounted drilling rigs will be a
suitable option. Weight of such rig will be around 1500
Tonnes with an additional support module of 1000 Tonnes.

3
Live loads
Live loads are defined as movable loads and will
be temporary in nature.
This load vary in nature from owner to owner but
a general guideline on the magnitude of the loads
is given below.
S.No. Location Load (kN/m2)

1 Storage / laydown 10
2 Walkway 5
3 Access Platform 5
4 Galley 10

Environmental Loads
Wind Loads
The extrapolation of wind speed shall be
calculated as below
1
⎛ y⎞
8
V =V ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 10 ⎠
0
The wind pressure can be calculated as

ρg
fw = V2
2
f w = 0.6V 2 N/m 2

4
The total force on the platform can be
calculated as
Fx = f w AxC s
Fy = f w AyC s

Wind load on oblique directions can be

calculated using following relationship.
Fθ = Fx cos(θ ) + Fy sin(θ )
The projected areas can be calculated as
A1 = Ax cos(θ) and A2 = Ay sin (θ)
Fθ = f w ( A1 + A2 )
Fθ = f w ( Ax cos(θ ) + Ay sin(θ ))
Fθx = f w ( Ax cos(θ ) + Ay sin(θ )) cos(θ )
Fθy = f w ( Ax cos(θ ) + Ay sin(θ )) sin(θ )

5
Where Fθx and Fθy are the components of Fe

in x and y directions respectively. Ratio
between Fθx and Fx can be expressed as
Fθx f w ( Ax cos(θ ) + Ay sin(θ ) cos(θ )

=
Fx f w Ax
Fθx
= cos 2 (θ ) + ( Ay / Ax ) sin(θ ) cos(θ )
Fx

Similarly, ratio between Fθy and Fy can be

expressed as
Fθy f w ( Ax cos(θ ) + Ay sin(θ ) sin(θ )

=
Fy f w Ay
Fθy
= sin 2 (θ ) + ( Ax / Ay ) sin(θ ) cos(θ )
Fy

6
WAVE FORCES ON SMALL

BODIES


Wave and Current Loads
Methodology
In applying design waves load on to the offshore

structures, there are two ways of applying it
Design Wave method
Spectral Method
In design wave method, a discrete set of design waves
(maximum) and associated periods will be selected
to generate loads on the structure. These loads will
be used to compute the response of the structure.
In the spectral method, a energy spectrum of the sea-

state for the location will be taken and a transfer
function for the response will be generated. These
transfer function will be used to compute the
stresses in the structural members

7
Design Wave Method
The forces exerted by waves are most dominant in
governing the jacket structures design especially the
foundation piles. The wave loads exerted on the
jacket is applied laterally on all members and it
generates overturning moment on the structure.
Period of wind generated waves in the open sea can be
in the order of 2 to 20 seconds. These waves are
called gravity waves and contain most part of wave
energy.
Maximum wave shall be used for the design of offshore
structures. The relationship between the significant
wave height (Hs) and the maximum wave height
(Hmax) is
Hmax= 1.86 Hs
The above equation correspond to a computation based
on 1000 waves in a record.


The design wave height for various regions is
tabulated below
Region 1 year 100 year Maximum
Bay of Bengal 8 18 design waves in
Gulf of Mexico 12 24 various regions
South China Sea 11 24
Arabian Sea 8 18
Gulf of Thailand 6 12
Persian Gulf 5 12
North sea 14 22
API RP2A requires both 1 year and 100 year recurrence wave
shall be used for the design of jacket and piles. Appropriate
combination of loads with these waves shall be used in the
design. A one-third increase in permissible stress is allowed for
100 year storm conditions.

8
Current Profile

Tidal Current Profile

The wind driven current variation with depth can
be expressed as:
1
⎛ y⎞ 7
VT = VoT ⎜ ⎟
⎝h⎠
Where VT is the tidal current at any height from
sea bed, VoT is the tidal current at the surface, y
is the distance measure in m from seabed and h
is the water depth

9
Wind Driven Current Profile

The current variation with depth can be expressed as:
y
VW = VoW
h
Where VW is the wind driven current at any height
from sea bed, VoW is the wind driven current at the
surface, y is the distance measure in m from
seabed and h is the water depth


Morison Equation
Flow is assumed to be not disturbed by the
presence of the structure
Force calculation is empirical calibrated by
experimental results
Suitable Coefficients need to be used
depending on the shape of the body
Validity range shall be checked before use
and generally suitable for most jacket type
structures where D/L << 0.2 where D is the
diameter of the structural member and L is
the wave length

10
Morison Equation
Wave and current loading can be calculated by Morison
equation
Morison equation can be written as:
1 πD 2
FT = C D ρ w D V V + CM ρW a
2 4
Where FT is the total force, ρw is the density of water, CD and
CM are the drag and inertia coefficients respectively, D is the
diameter of the member including marine growth, V is the
velocity and a is the acceleration.
The first term in the equation is drag component (FD) and the
second term is the inertia component (FI). This can be
expressed as:
FT = FD + FI

Wave Load on a Member

Morison equation is a general form and can not be
applied to all members in the offshore structure. It
was developed specifically for a surface piercing
cylinder like pile of a structure. But in reality, the
members of the offshore structure may be
horizontal or inclined in space and can not used
without modification

11
STEPS
Establish Wave Height, Period and Current
Distribution along the depth
Establish Wave Theory applicable for H,T,d
Estimation of Water particle kinematics
including wave current interaction
Establish Cd and Cm
Establish Marine Growth
Establish Wave Kinematics factor
Conductor Shielding (if applicable)
Current Blockage factor
Morison Equation used to estimate the forces

WAVE CURRENT INTERACTION

Presence of current either stretches the wave
or shortens it depending on the direction of
current. This is called Doppler shift.
The apparent wave period need to be
calculated to use in the load calculation
Drag term is nonlinear and hence the water
particle velocities due to wave and current
needs to be added vectorialy before using it
in Morison equation.

12
Dispersion Relationship
gT 2π 2
L= tanh( d )
2π L
2πL
T = 2
2π
g tanh( d )
L


Apparent Wave Period
Following three equations needs to be solved to obtain the Tapp
L L
= +V I
T T app
2πL
=
2
Tapp
2π
g tanh( d )
L
(4π / L) 0
V = ∫ U ( z ) cosh(4π ( z + d ) / L) dz
sinh( 4πd / L)
I c
−d
Uc(z) – is the current profile elevation z

13
Nonlinear Drag Term in Morison equation
1 πD 2
F = C ρ DVV+ C ρ a
2 4
T D w M W
V = Vc + Vw
Vc = Current Velocity
Vw = Wave Water Particle Velocity
Example
Lets assume Vc=2m/sec, Vw=3m/sec
If we calculate the drag forces separately, add, we will get 2*2
+ 3*3 = 13
If we add the velocities first and compute the loads, we get
(2+3)*(2+3) = 25
It under predicts the forces as much as by 50%

Source : API RP 2A

14
Water Wave Kinematics

Airy wave theory is considered in the calculation of
wave kinematics. Consider a progressive wave with
water surface elevation depicted by cosine curve,
H
ξ= cos(kx − ωt )
2
and the corresponding velocity potential is given by:
H ω cosh k (h + z )
φ =− sin( kx − ωt )
2 k sinh kh


Selection of wave theory for load calculation
Source : API RP 2A

15
Source : API RP 2A


Marine Growth
Marine growth around submerged structural
members increases the wave/current loads
as the diameter is increased
It varies from 50mm to 150mm thickness
along the depth from seabed
At also adds to additional weight
This is to be modelled such that the above is
taken in to account
Density of marine growth is around 1300
kg/m3

16
Current Blockage Factor
Source : API RP 2A


Conductor Shielding Factor
Source : API RP 2A

17
SELECTION OF SUITABLE DRAG

AND INERTIA COEFFICIENTS

Cd and Cm
These are empirical Coefficients to be used in
Morison equation and they have been corelated with
experimental data
These coefficients vary due to shape of the structure,
surface roughness, flow velocity and direction of flow
Extensive research on various shapes available
API RP 2A has enough information for circular
cylinders
DNV recommendation can be used for non-circular
shapes

18
Cd and Cm
For Smooth cylinders Cd = 0.65, Cm=1.6
For rough cylinders Cd = 1.05, cm=1.2
The values shall be used only if UT/D > 30

For other region of flow, charts available literature
shall be used

Keulegan-Carpenter Number
2U mT2
K=
D
Where K is Keulegan-Carpenter Number, Um is the maximum
velocity including current and T2 is the duration of half wave
cycle and D is the diameter of the member

19
Reynold’s Number
U D
R= m
ν
Where R is Reynold’s Number, Um is the maximum velocity
including current and D is the diameter of the member
ν is the kinematic viscosity


Inertia Coefficient
Source : API RP 2A

20
Drag Coefficient
Source : API RP 2A


Non-circular shapes

21
The horizontal and vertical velocity and acceleration of
water particle can be calculated using the following
equations. ∂φ H cosh k (h + z )
Vh = = ω cos(kx − ωt )
∂x 2 sinh kh
∂φ H sinh k (h + z )
Vv = = ω sin( kx − ωt )
∂z 2 sinh kh
∂V H cosh k (h + z )
ah = h = ω 2 sin( kx − ωt )
∂t 2 sinh kh
∂V H sinh k (h + z )
av = v = ω 2 cos(kx − ωt )
∂t 2 sinh kh
Where k is the wave number defined by 2π/T, ω is the wave
circular frequency defined by 2π/T, L is the wave length, and
x is the distance of the point in consideration from origin.


Maximum Load on a vertical member
Consider a case of a surface piercing cylinder such as
pile of a structure or a leg of a jacket, the combined
drag and inertia force (total force) varies with time
and will be maximum only at one occasion. In order
find the maximum force, phase angle at which the
maximum force occurs shall be found first.
Let us express the total force on the pile by
substituting the velocity and acceleration components
and integrating between the limits (from surface to
seabed, i.e. 0 to –h)
1 π 2 H 2 cos θ cos θ ⎡ sinh(2kh) h ⎤
FT = C D ρD + ⎥
2 T2 sinh 2 kh ⎢⎣ 4k 2⎦
πD 2π H sin θ
2 2
- CM ρ
4 T2 k

22
Wave Loads on Jacket Structure
Storm Wave

The total force will be maximum when,

∂FT
=0
∂θ
Substituting the values of velocity and acceleration
components in to the drag and inertia force
equation and differentiating with respect to θ and
rearranging the terms, we get
⎡ πD CM 2 sinh 2 kh ⎤
θ max −1
= cos ⎢− ⎥
⎣ H C D (sinh 2kh + 2kh ⎦

23
Maximum Load on a horizontal member
Consider a case of horizontal cylinder such as brace of a
jacket, the combined drag and inertia force (total force) varies
with time and will be maximum only at one occasion. In order
find the maximum force, phase angle at which the maximum
force occurs shall be found first.
Let us express the total force on the pile by substituting the

velocity and acceleration,
1 H 2ω2 ⎡ cosh2 k(z + h) ⎤

FT = CD ρ D cosθ cosθ ⎢ ⎥
2 4 ⎣ sinhkh ⎦
πD2 Hω2 ⎡ cosh2 k(z + h) ⎤
-CM ρ sinθ ⎢ ⎥
4 2 ⎣ sinhkh ⎦
The total force will be maximum when,

∂FT
=0
∂θ
Substituting the values of velocity and acceleration
components in to the drag and inertia force
equation and differentiating with respect to θ and
rearranging the terms, we get
⎡ πD CM sinh kh ⎤
θ max = sin −1 ⎢− ⎥
⎣ 2 H C D (cosh k (h + z ) ⎦

24
Maximum Load on a inclined member
The resultant force on a arbitrarily oriented circular
cylinder in water waves can be calculated using
vector analysis combined with Morison equation
The total force per unit length of the cylinder can be

written as → →n →t
F =F +F
The force in normal direction an be expressed as:
→n →n →n
F = F D + F1
where FDn and F1n are the drag and inertia
forces respective ly.


These forces expressed as:
→ 1 n → →
F nD = C D D ρ V n Vn
2
→n 1
FD = πC Mn ID 2 ρa n→
4
where
C nD = Drag coefficien t for flow normal to the cylinder
C nM = Inertia coefficien t for flow normal to the cylinder
D = Diameter of cylinder
ρ = Density of seawater
→
Vn = Velocity of fluid particle normal to the cylinder axis
a→
n = Accelerati on of fluid particle normal to the cylinder axis

25
The equation for tangential force can be

written as
→ →
F =F
t t
D
→
1 t → →
F = CD Dρ Vt Vt
t
D
2
CDn = Drag coefficient for flow tangential to the cylinder
→
Vt = Velocity of fluid particle tangential to the cylinder axis

These forces can be summed and expressed

in terms of cylinder local axis as below:
→ 1 t → →
Fx = C D Dρ Vt Vt
2
→ 1 n → → 1 n →
Fy = C D Dρ Vn V y + πCM IDρ a y
2 4
→ 1 n → → 1 n 2 →
Fz = C D Dρ Vn Vz + πCM ID ρ a z
2 4

26
Maximum Global Loads
Maximum global loads on a platform

can be calculated using two
principles
Maximum Base Shear Method

Maximum Overturning Moment Method


Maximum Base Shear
Maximum base shear or maximum total force on a
structure has to be determined for the global analysis of
structures. As the wave propagates across structure wave
force on each member is different and all the locations will
not be attaining the maximum forces. To find the
maximum total force a structure, following steps need to
be considered.
Position the wave crest at the origin of the structure as shown

in figure.
Divide one wave cycle into number of segments either in
terms of θ or in terms of length
Compute the wave forces on all members at that instant of
time using water wave velocities and accelerations computed
Sum up the forces in horizontal direction for all the members
Repeat the calculation in step 4 for all the points for one wave
cycle
The maximum of all the total forces computed in step 5 is the
maximum base shear or total force.

27
Maximum Overturning Moment
Maximum overturning moment on a

structure can be determined following the
procedure for the maximum bas shear
case. In this case, the loads on the
members shall be multiplied by the lever
arm from mud-line. This shall be summed
up and the procedure shall be repeated for
all the steps in the wave.

Hydrodynamic Factors
Wave Kinematics factor

This varies between 0.8 to 0.95. This is to be applied
since the calculated wave loading is based two
dimensional wave theory while the actual loading is
from three dimensional wave climate.
Conductor Shielding factor
The presence of rows of conductors will provide a
shielding effect to the conductors behind and this
depends on the spacing and number of conductors
Current Blockage Factor
This current blockage factor is used to account for the
reduction in the current due to the presence of the
structure in a free stream.

28
SELECTION OF SUITABLE WAVE THEORY
Example
Water Depth d= 60m
Wave height H= 12m
Wave Period Tapp= 10 Sec
Calculate H/gTapp2 =0.012
Calculate d/gTapp2 =0.06
Refer to API RP 2A and the Stokes Wave Theory

is applicable


29
Wave / Current
Direction
Wave / Current
assumed to be acting in
same direction
Wave Directions shall
be set to maximize the
total loads and pile loads
Minimum 8 directions
for 4 or 8 legged jackets
and 12 for tripods
Directional or Omni-
directional depending on
the design requirement


30
400
Shear
350 Moment
300
Shear (or) Moment (kN (or) kN-m)
250
200
150
100
50
-50
-100
-150
-200
0 90 180 270 360
Phase angle (deg)
Maximum shear and moment of a single pile along phase angle


700
Shear
600 Moment
500
400
300
200
100
-100
-200
-300
-400
0 90 180 270 360
Phase angle (deg)
Maximum shear and moment of two pile group along phase angle

31
900
Shear
Moment
Shear (or) Moment (kN (or) kN-m) 700
500
300
100
-100
-300
-500
0 90 180 270 360
Phase angle (deg)
Maximum shear and moment of two pile group structure along phase angle


200
Shear
Moment
150
100
50
-50
-100
0 90 180 270 360
Phase angle (deg)
Maximum shear and moment of a member in two pile group

structure along phase angle

32
Wave slamming Load

Wave slamming predominant in horizontal members
Needs to be taken in to account together with global
loads
Wave Slamming is computed similar to drag force
Slamming Force Co-efficient is to assumed and the
recommended value is 5.5
1
F = Cρ DV V
2
S S w s s

Wave Breaking Load

Wave slamming predominant in Vertical members
and vertical faces of coastal structures
The wave breaking force coefficient Csis to assumed
as 5.98 for breaking wave and 2.74 for broken wave
The coefficient β for calculating the impact velocity is
to taken as 0.48 for breaking wave and 0.70 for
broken wave
C is the speed of breaking wave
V = βC
b
F = C ρ AV V
b b w b b
gT
C = 1.092
2π

33
FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION


PIV Illumination System

34



35
Typical PIV Image


Image Showing Vortex at the tail end

36
Image Showing Vortex developing further


Image Showing Vortex decay

37
FLOW PAST HORIZONTAL CYCLINDER


38
Assymetric Vortices


39
BOUNDARY LAYER

LIFT FORCES
1
F = Cρ DU U
2
L L w s s
C = 0.7C
L d

40
FLOW PAST HORIZONTAL PLATES

WAVE FORCES ON LARGE

BODIES

41
Diffraction Forces
Assumption of “No disturbance” is not valid
if D/L > 0.2
Part of Wave reflected once the wave
touches the structure and part of it pass
around
This phenomenon is called diffraction
These forces also can be measured
experimentally
Many research papers exist for different
types and shapes of structures

Distribution of boundary conditions

for the linear diffraction problem

42
Governing Equation
The governing equation for the diffracted spatial

potential can be expressed as follows.
∂ 2φ s ∂ 2φ s
+ 2 = 0 in Ω
∂x 2 ∂y
The velocity potential due to an incident
monochromatic wave traveling in the
positive direction can be expressed as
follows:
ιga cosh k ( y + d )
φ, = − exp (ιkx )
ω cosh kd

Boundary conditions
Free surface boundary condition
The kinematic boundary condition on y=η can be
written as
∂η ∂Φ ∂η ∂Φ
+ + =0
∂t ∂x ∂x ∂y
which after linearisation by neglecting the nonlinear terms
in equation
∂η
=0 at y = 0
∂t
The dynamic boundary condition on the free surface
where the atmospheric pressure and surface tension are
taken as zero can be written as
∂φ 1
− + ∇Φ.∇Φ + gη = 0 at y = η
∂t 2
43
The second term in the above equation is

nonlinear and is neglected in the present
formulation leading to
∂φ s
+ gη = 0 at y = 0
∂t
The kinematic and dynamic boundary
conditions can also be specified by combining
∂ 2Φ s ∂Φ s ∂Φ s ω 2
+ g = 0 or + at y = 0
∂t 2 ∂y 2 ∂y g

Body boundary condition

The boundary condition on the body boundary should
satisfy the no flow condition or the velocity normal to
the body boundary should be equal and opposite to
the incident wave velocity as follows:
∂φs
∂φ i
=− = qo
∂n ∂n
Bed boundary condition
The kinematic boundary condition on the fixed horizontal
sea bed can be specified as a no flow condition as
follows: −
∂φ s
=0
∂n
44
Radiation boundary condition

The boundary condition on the left and right
boundaries of the computational domain should
be specified in order avoid multiple reflection of
scattered waves. This can be specified using the
Sommerfeld radiation condition
∂φs
+ ikφ = 0
s
x → ±∞
∂x


Diffraction Forces
Diffraction forces can be calculated manually
for simple shapes
For Complex shapes Numerical Methods
shall be used such as
Finite Difference Method
Finite element method
Source and Sink Method
Boundary Element Method
Many commercial codes including SACS,
SESAM and others can be used

45
Diffraction Forces
Solution of Boundary Value Problem for
Velocity Potential
Calculation of Pressures
Integration of Pressures to obtain Forces

Boundary Value Problem

46
Diffraction Forces


Ice Loads
Based on Empirical and Measured values

47
ICE LOADS

48

1 Loads

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Offshore Structures – Loads

 Classification of water waves, Formulation of potential flow

 Ocean wave statistics, short term and long term wave

 Wave and Current Loads, Morison equation, Wind Loads;

11 Dec 2007 1 Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Offshore Structures – Loads

11 Dec 2007 2 Dr. S. Nallayarasu

11 Dec 2007 3 Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Offshore Structures – Loads

The primary structural steel members will be

11 Dec 2007 4 Dr. S. Nallayarasu

11 Dec 2007 5 Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Offshore Structures – Loads

11 Dec 2007 6 Dr. S. Nallayarasu

S.No. Location Load (kN/m2)

11 Dec 2007 7 Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Offshore Structures – Loads

 The wind pressure can be calculated as

11 Dec 2007 8 Dr. S. Nallayarasu

11 Dec 2007 9 Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Offshore Structures – Loads

 Wind load on oblique directions can be

11 Dec 2007 10 Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Where Fθx and Fθy are the components of Fe

Fθx f w ( Ax cos(θ ) + Ay sin(θ ) cos(θ )

11 Dec 2007 11 Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Offshore Structures – Loads

Similarly, ratio between Fθy and Fy can be

Fθy f w ( Ax cos(θ ) + Ay sin(θ ) sin(θ )

11 Dec 2007 12 Dr. S. Nallayarasu

WAVE FORCES ON SMALL

11 Dec 2007 13 Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Offshore Structures – Loads

In applying design waves load on to the offshore

In the spectral method, a energy spectrum of the sea-

11 Dec 2007 14 Dr. S. Nallayarasu

11 Dec 2007 15 Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Offshore Structures – Loads

11 Dec 2007 16 Dr. S. Nallayarasu

11 Dec 2007 17 Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Offshore Structures – Loads

Tidal Current Profile

11 Dec 2007 18 Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Wind Driven Current Profile

11 Dec 2007 19 Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Offshore Structures – Loads

11 Dec 2007 20 Dr. S. Nallayarasu

11 Dec 2007 21 Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Offshore Structures – Loads

Wave Load on a Member

11 Dec 2007 22 Dr. S. Nallayarasu

11 Dec 2007 23 Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Offshore Structures – Loads

WAVE CURRENT INTERACTION

11 Dec 2007 24 Dr. S. Nallayarasu

11 Dec 2007 25 Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Offshore Structures – Loads

Uc(z) – is the current profile elevation z

11 Dec 2007 26 Dr. S. Nallayarasu

11 Dec 2007 27 Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Offshore Structures – Loads

11 Dec 2007 28 Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Water Wave Kinematics

11 Dec 2007 29 Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Classification of water waves, Formulation of potential flow

Ocean wave statistics, short term and long term wave

Wave and Current Loads, Morison equation, Wind Loads;

The wind pressure can be calculated as

Wind load on oblique directions can be

The values shall be used only if UT/D > 30

Maximum global loads on a platform

Maximum Base Shear Method

Position the wave crest at the origin of the structure as shown

Maximum overturning moment on a

Wave Kinematics factor

Refer to API RP 2A and the Stokes Wave Theory