Lecture 1

1.
Functions and Graphs

Pre Calculus Algebra and Trigonometry (Math 1150) Dawit G. Tadesse Auburn University
Summer 2011
Pre Calculus Algebra and Trigonometry (Math 1150) Dawit G. Tadesse Auburnand Graphs 1. Functions University
1.1 Graphs and Graphing utilities

Points and Ordered Pairs The rectangular coordinate system or Cartesian coordinate system uses two number lines. The horizontal number line is the x-axis. The vertical number line is the y-axis. The point of intersection of these axes is their zero points, called the origin. Positive numbers are shown to the right and above the origin. Negative numbers are shown to the left and below the origin. The axes divide the plane into four quarters, called quadrants. The points located on the axes are not in any quadrant. Each point in the rectangular coordinate system corresponds to an ordered pair of real numbers, (x, y ). The rst number in each pair, called the x-coordinate, denotes the distance and direction from the origin along the x-axis. The second number in each pair, called the y-coordinate, denotes vertical distance and direction along a line parallel to the y-axis or along the y-axis itself.
1.1 Graphs and Graphing utilities(Contd.)
Figure: The rectangular coordinate system


Example 1: Plot the points A(2, 5), B(-1, 4), C(-4, -2), D(3, -2) in the rectangular coordinate system. Graphs of Equations A relationship between two quantities can be expressed as an equation in two variables. A solution of an equation in two variables, x and y, is an ordered pair of real numbers. The graph of an equation in two variables is the set of all points whose coordinates satisfy the equation. One method for graphing such equations is the point-plotting method. Example 2: Graph the following equations setting x= -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, and 3. a. y = x 2 + 2 b. y = x + 2 c. y = 2|x|
Intercepts An x-intercept of a graph is the x-coordinate of a point where the graph intersects the x-axis. It is calculated by setting y=0. A y-intercept of a graph is the y-coordinate of a point where the graph intersects the y-axis. It is calculated by setting x=0. Example 3: Find the x and y-intercepts for the graphs in Example 2. Home Work: Section 1.1 on page 143 problems 1, 5, 11, 13, 15, 21, 41, 43.
1.2 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs

Relations A relation is any set of ordered pairs. The set of all rst components of the ordered pairs is called the domain of the relation and the set of all second components is called the range of the relation. Example 1: Find the domain and range of the following relations: a. {(1, 2), (1, 3), (0, 2)} b. {(7, 7), (5, 5), (0, 3), (2, 3)} Functions A relation in which each member of the domain corresponds to exactly one member of the range is a function. A function is a correspondence from a rst set, called the domain, to a second set, called the range, such that each element in the domain corresponds to exactly one element in the range.
1.2 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs

Example 2: Determine whether each relation is a function. a. {(10, 4), (2, 4), (1, 1), (5, 6)} b. {(5, 6), (5, 7), (6, 6), (6, 7)} Functions as Equations Functions are usually given in terms of equations rather than as sets of ordered pairs. For example, y = 3x + 1 represents a function. For each value of x, there is one and only one value of y. The variable x is called the independent variable and the variable y is called the dependent variable. Example 3: Determine whether an equation represents a function: a. x 2 + y = 25 b. 4x = y 2 c. y = x + 4
1.2 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs(contd.)

Function Notation If an equation in x and y gives one and only one value of y for each value of x, then the variable y is a function of x. When an equation represents a function, the function is often named by a letter such as f , g , h, F , G , or H. Think of the domain as the set of the functions inputs and the range as the set of the functions outputs. Input can be represented by x and the output by f (x). The special notation f(x), read f of x or f at x, represents the value of the function at the number x. For example, the equation y = 3x + 1 denes y as a function of x. We can denote the above equation as f (x) = 3x + 1. Example 4: Let f (x) = 3x + 7. Evaluate the following: a. f (4) b. f (x + 1) c. f (x) Graphs of Functions The graph of a function is the graph of its ordered pairs. For example, the graph of f (x) = 2x is the set of points (x, y ) in

the rectangular coordinate system satisfying y = 2x. Example 5: Graph the functions f (x) = x and g (x) = x 4 in the same coordinate system by letting x = 2, 1, 0, 1, 2. The Vertical Line Test If any vertical line intersects a graph in more than one point, the graph does not dene y as a function of x. Example 6: Use the vertical line test to identify graphs in which y is a function of x.
Figure: b

Obtaining Information from Graphs You can obtain information about a function from its graph. A closed dot at the right or left of a graph indicates that the graph does not extend beyond this point and the point belongs to the graph. An open dot at the right or left of a graph indicates that the graph does not extend beyond this point and the point does not belong to the graph. An arrow indicates that the graph extends indenitely in the direction in which the arrow points. Identifying Domain, Range and Intercepts from a Functions Graph Example 7: Exercise set 1.2 on page 161 problems 78, 82. Home Work: Section 1.2 on page 159 problems 1, 3, 11, 13, 21, 33, 43, 59, 77, 81.
1.3 More on Functions and Graphs

Increasing, Decreasing, and Constant Functions 1. A function is increasing on an open interval, I, if f (x1 ) < f (x2 ) whenever x1 < x2 for any x1 and x2 in the interval. 2. A function is decreasing on an open interval, I, if f (x1 ) > f (x2 ) whenever x1 < x2 for any x1 and x2 in the interval. 3. A function is constant on an open interval, I, if f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) for any x1 and x2 in the interval.
1.3 More on Functions and Graphs(contd.)
Example 1: Use the graph to determine the intervals on which the function is increasing, decreasing or constant, if any.

Relative Maxima and Relative Minima 1. A function value f (a) is a relative maximum (or local maximum) of f if there exists an open interval containing a such that f (a) > f (x) for all x = a in the open interval. 2. A function value f (b) is a relative minimum (or local minimum) of f if there exists an open interval containing b such that f (b) < f (x) for all x = b in the open interval.
Figure: -3.5, 2.5 are relative minimum points but -0.5 is relative min pt

Even and Odd Functions and Symmetry The function f is an even function if f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of f . The right side of the equation of an even function does not change if x is replaced with -x. The function f is an odd function if f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of f . Every term on the right side of the equation of an odd function changes its sign if x is replaced with -x. Note that the graph of an even function in which f(-x)=f(x) is symmetric with respect to the y-axis. The graph of an odd function in which f (x) = f (x) is symmetric with respect to the origin. Example 2: Determine whether each function is even, odd, or neither.

a. f (x) = 2x 2 + x 4 b. g (x) = x 3 x c. h(x) = x 2 x Piecewise Functions A function that is dened by two (or more) equations over a specied domain is called a piecewise function. Example 3: Draw the graph of the piecewise function given by f (x) = Evaluate f (2), f (0), f (2). Functions and Dierence Quotients The expression f (x + h) f (x) h
x x
if x < 0, if x 0
for h = 0 is called the dierence quotient of the function f. Example 4: Find and simplify the dierence quotient for the given function a.f (x) = 7x b. f (x) = x 2 5x + 8 Home Work: Section 1.3 on page 172 problems 1, 9, 17, 19, 31, 33, 37, 47, 57, 61.
1.4 Linear Functions and Slope

The Slope of a Line The slope of the line through the distinct points (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) is Change in y Rise Vertical Change = = Change in x Run Horizontal Change y2 y1 = x2 x1 where x2 x1 = 0. Notation: It is common to use the letter m to denote the slope of a line.
1.4 Linear Functions and Slope(contd.)

Question: Draw the four possibilities for a Lines Slope. Example 1: Find the slope of a line passing through the points: a. (2, 1) and (3, 4) b. (1, 3) and (2, 4) The Point-Slope Form of the Equation of a Line The point-slope form of the equation of a non vertical(i.e. the slope is not undened) line with slope m that passes through the point (x1 , y1 ) is y y1 = m(x x1 ) Example 2: Write an equation in point-slope form for the line with slope 4 that passes through the point (1, 3). Then solve the equation for y. Example 3: Write an equation in point-slope form for the line passing through the points (3, 5) and (8, 15).

Slope-Intercept Form of the Equation of a Line The slope-intercept form of the equation of a non vertical line with slope m and y-intercept b is y = mx + b. The slope-intercept form of a lines equation, y=mx+b, can be expressed in function notation by replacing y with f(x): f (x) = mx + b. Such functions are called linear functions. Thus, in the equation of a linear function, the coecient of x is the lines slope and the constant term is the y-intercept. Example 4: Write an equation in slope-intercept form for a line with x-intercept 4 and y-intercept -2. Example 5: Give the slope and y-intercept of the line with equation f (x) = 3 x 3. Then graph the linear function. 4

Equation of a Horizontal Line A horizontal line is given by an equation of the form y = b, where b is the y-intercept of the line. The slope of a horizontal line is zero. Equation of a Vertical Line A vertical line is given by an equation of the form x = a, where a is the x-intercept of the line. The slope of a vertical line is undened. Example 6: Graph the equations x = 5 and y = 4.

The General Form of the Equation of a Line Every line has an equation that can be written in the general form Ax + By + C = 0, where A, B, and C are real numbers, and A and B are not both zero. Example 7: Find the slope and the y-intercept of the line whose equation is 4x + y 6 = 0. Example 8: Use intercepts to graph the equation 3x + 5y + 15 = 0. Home Work: Section 1.4 on page 188 problems 1, 11, 25, 37, 43, 51, 59, 67.
1.5 More on Slope

Parallel and Perpendicular Lines Two non intersecting lines that lie in the same plane are parallel. Properties: 1. If two non vertical lines are parallel, then they have the same slope. 2. If two distinct non vertical lines have the same slope, then they are parallel. 3. Two distinct vertical lines, both with undened slopes, are parallel. Example 1: Write an equation of the line passing through (2, 7) and parallel to the line whose equation is y = 5x 4. Two lines that intersect at a right angle (90 ) are said to be perpendicular. Properties 1. If two non vertical lines are perpendicular, then the product of their slopes is -1.
1.5 More on Slope(contd.)

2. If the product of the slopes of two lines is -1, then the lines are perpendicular. 3. A horizontal line having zero slope is perpendicular to a vertical line having undened slope. Example 2: Write an equation of the line passing through (4, 2) and perpendicular to the line whose equation is y = 1 x + 7. 3 Slope as Rate of Change Slope is dened as the ratio of a change in y to a corresponding change in x. It describes how fast y is changing with respect to x. For a linear function, slope may be interpreted as the rate of change of the dependent variable per unit change in the independent variable. Example 3: Let y and x are related by the equation 2x + 3y + 3 = 0. Find the rate of change of y with respect to x.

The Average Rate of Change of a Function If the graph of a function is not a straight line, the average rate of change between any two points is the slope of the line containing the two pints. This line is called a secant line. Let (x1 , f (x1 )) and (x2 , f (x2 )) be distinct points on the graph of a function f. The average rate of change of f from x1 to x2 , denoted by y (read delta y divided by delta x or change in y x divided by change in x), is f (x2 ) f (x1 ) y = . x x2 x1 Example 4: Find the average rate of change of the function f (x) = x 2 2x from: a. x1 = 0 to x2 = 4 b. x1 = 3 to x2 = 6

Average Velocity of an Object Suppose that a function expresses an objects position, s(t), in terms of time, t. The average velocity of the object from t1 to t2 is s s(t2 ) s(t1 ) = . t t2 t1 Example 5: Suppose that a ball is rolling down a ramp. The distance traveled by the ball is given by s(t) = 12t 2 , where t is the time, in seconds, after the ball is released and s(t) is measured in feet. Find the balls average velocity from a. t1 = 3 to t2 = 4. b. t1 = 3 to t2 = 3.5. Home Work: Section 1.5 on page 200 problems 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 15, 19.
1.6 Transformations of Functions

Graphs of Common Functions The following are graphs of some of the common functions in Algebra: Constant Function
Figure: Graph of f(x)=c
1.6 Transformations of Functions(Contd.)

Identity Function
Figure: Graph of f(x)=x
Absolute Value Function
Figure: Graph of f (x) = |x|


Standard Quadratic Function
Figure: Graph of f (x) = x 2
Square Root Function
Figure: Graph of f (x) =

Standard Cubic Function
Figure: Graph of f (x) = x 3
Cubic Root Function
Figure: Graph of f (x) =

Vertical Shifts Let f be a function and c a positive real number. The Graph of y = f (x) + c is the graph of y = f (x) shifted c units vertically upward. The Graph of y = f (x) c is the graph of y = f (x) shifted c units vertically downward. Example 1: Use the graph of f (x) = x 2 to obtain the graphs of g (x) = x 2 + 1 and h(x) = x 2 1. Horizontal Shifts Let f be a function and c a positive real number. The graph of y = f (x + c) is the graph of y = f (x) shifted to the left c units. The graph of y = f (x c) is the graph of y = f (x) shifted to the right c units. Example 2: Use the graph of f (x) = x 2 to obtain the graphs of g (x) = (x + 1)2 and h(x) = (x 1)2 .

Example 3: Use the graph of f (x) = x 2 to obtain the graphs of g (x) = (x + 1)2 + 1 and h(x) = (x 1)2 1. Reections of Graphs Reection about the x-Axis The graph of y = f (x) is the graph of y = f (x) reected about the x-axis. Example 4: Use the graph of f (x) = x to obtain the graph of g (x) = x. Reection about the y-Axis The graph of y = f (x) is the graph of y = f (x) reected about the y-axis. Example 6: Use the graph of f (x) = x to obtain the graph of g (x) = x. Vertically Stretching and Shrinking Graphs Let f be a function and c a positive real number.

If c > 1, the graph of y = cf (x) is the graph of y = f (x) vertically stretched by multiplying each of its y-coordinates by c. If 0 < c < 1, the graph of y = cf (x) is the graph of y = f (x) vertically shrunk by multiplying each of its y-coordinates by c. Example 7: Use the graph of f (x) = |x| to obtain the graphs of 1 g (x) = 2|x| and h(x) = 2 |x|. Horizontally Stretching and Shrinking Graphs Let f be a function and c a positive real number. If c > 1, the graph of y = f (cx) is the graph of y = f (x) horizontally shrunk by dividing each of its x-coordinates by c. If 0 < c < 1, the graph of y = f (cx) is the graph of y = f (x) horizontally stretched by dividing each of its x-coordinates by c. Example 8: Use the graph of f (x) = |x| to obtain the graphs of 1 g (x) = |2x| and h(x) = | 2 x|.
Sequences of Transformations A function involving more than one transformation can be graphed by performing transformations in the following order: 1. Horizontal shifting 2. Stretching or shrinking 3. Reecting 4. Vertical shifting Example 9: Use the graph of f (x) = x 3 to obtain the graph of g (x) = 1 (x 2)3 1. 2 Home Work: Section 1.6 on page 216 problems 1, 17, 33, 57, 59, 75, 87, 93, 105, 117.
1.7 Combinations of Functions; Composite Functions

Finding a Functions Domain The domain of a function f is the largest set of real numbers for which the value of f (x) is a real number. Exclude from a functions domain real numbers that cause division by zero and real numbers that result in an even root a negative number. Example 1: Find the domain of each function. a. f (x) = 2(x + 5) 2 b. g (x) = x+5 c. g (x) = d. f (x) =
2 x 2 +x12
x +2
The Algebra of Functions: Sum, Dierence, Product, and Quotient of Functions Let f and g be two functions. The sum f + g , the dierence f f g , the product fg , and the quotient g are functions whose
1.7 Combinations of Functions; Composite Functions(contd.)

domains are the set of all real numbers common to the domains of f and g (Df Dg ), dened as follows: 1. Sum: (f + g )(x) = f (x) + g (x) 2. Dierence: (f g )(x) = f (x) g (x) 3. Product: (fg )(x) = f (x).g (x) provided g (x) = 0. Example 2: Let f (x) = x + 6 and g (x) = x 3. Find each of the following functions: f a. (f + g )(x) b. (f g )(x) c. (fg )(x) d. ( g )(x). Determine the domain for each function. Composite Functions The composition of Functions The composition of the function f with g is denoted by
f 4. Quotient: ( g )(x) =
f (x) g (x) ,

f g and is dened by the equation (f g )(x) = f (g (x)). The domain of the composite function f g is the set of all x such that 1. x is in the domain of g and 2. g (x) is in the domain of f . Excluding Values from the domain of (f g )(x) = f (g (x)) The following values must be excluded from the input x: If x is not in the domain of g , it must not be in the domain of f g. Any x for which g (x) is not in the domain of f must not be in the domain of f g . Example 3: Given f (x) =
5 x+4 , g (x) 1 = x . Find
a. (f g )(x) of f g .
b. (g f )(x)
c. (f g )(1)
d. Domain
Decomposing Functions Example 4: Express the function h(x) = (2x 5)3 as a composition of two functions f and g so that h(x) = (f g )(x). Home Work: Section 1.7 on page 229 problems 1,3, 13, 19, 31, 39, 49, 55, 65, 79.
1.8 Inverse Functions

Denition of the Inverse of a Function Let f and g be two functions such that f (g (x)) = x for every x in the domain of g and g (f (x)) = x for every x in the domain of f . The function g is the inverse of the function f and is denoted by f 1 (read f -inverse). Thus, f (f 1 (x)) = x and f 1 (f (x)) = x. The domain of f is equal to the range of f 1 , and vice versa. Example 1: Show that each function is the inverse of the other: a. f (x) = 4x + 9 and g (x) = x9 4 2 2 b. f (x) = x5 and g (x) = x + 5. Finding the Inverse of a Function The equation for the inverse of a function f can be found as follows:
1.8 Inverse Functions(Cont.)

1. Replace f (x) with y in the equation for f (x). 2. Interchange x and y . 3. Solve for y . If this equation does not dene y as a function of x, the function f does not have an inverse function and this procedure ends. If this equation does dene y as a function of x, the function f has an inverse function. 4. If f has an inverse function, replace y in step 3 by f 1 (x). We can verify our result by showing that f (f 1 (x)) = x and f 1 (f (x)) = x. Example 2: Find the inverse of each function: a. f (x) = 3x 1 b. f (x) = 2x3 . x+1 The Horizontal Line Test for Inverse Functions A function f has an inverse that is a function, f 1 , if there is no horizontal line that intersects the graph of the function f at more than one point. Pre Calculus Algebra and Trigonometry (Math 1150) Dawit G. Tadesse Auburnand Graphs 1. Functions University
Figure: Have an Inverse
Figure: Have NO Inverse


One-to-One Function A one-to-one function is a function in which no two dierent ordered pairs have the same second component. Only one-to-one functions have inverse functions. For example, f (x) = x 2 has no inverse because (2, 4) and (2, 4) have the same second component, that is, 4. Hence f (x) = x 2 have no inverse. Graphs of f and f 1 The graph of f 1 is a reection of the graph of f about the line y = x.
Finding the Inverse of a Domain-Restricted Function Example 3: Find an equation for f 1 (x) of each function: a. f (x) = x 2 1, x 0 b. f (x) = (x 1)2 , x 1. Home Work: Section 1.8 on page 240 problems 3, 7, 25, 27, 29, 33, 35, 41, 43. 33,

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1.

Functions and Graphs

1.1 Graphs and Graphing utilities

1.1 Graphs and Graphing utilities(Contd.)

Figure: The rectangular coordinate system

1.1 Graphs and Graphing utilities(Contd.)

1.1 Graphs and Graphing utilities(Contd.)

1.2 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs

1.2 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs

1.2 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs(contd.)

1.2 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs(contd.)

1.2 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs(contd.)

1.2 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs(contd.)

1.3 More on Functions and Graphs

1.3 More on Functions and Graphs(contd.)

1.3 More on Functions and Graphs(contd.)

1.3 More on Functions and Graphs(contd.)

1.3 More on Functions and Graphs(contd.)

1.3 More on Functions and Graphs(contd.)

1.3 More on Functions and Graphs(contd.)

1.4 Linear Functions and Slope

1.4 Linear Functions and Slope(contd.)

1.4 Linear Functions and Slope(contd.)

1.4 Linear Functions and Slope(contd.)

1.4 Linear Functions and Slope(contd.)

1.5 More on Slope

1.5 More on Slope(contd.)

1.5 More on Slope(contd.)

1.5 More on Slope(contd.)

1.6 Transformations of Functions

Figure: Graph of f(x)=c

1.6 Transformations of Functions(Contd.)

Figure: Graph of f(x)=x

Absolute Value Function

Figure: Graph of f (x) = |x|

1.6 Transformations of Functions(Contd.)

Figure: Graph of f (x) = x 2

Square Root Function

Figure: Graph of f (x) =

1.6 Transformations of Functions(Contd.)

Figure: Graph of f (x) = x 3

Cubic Root Function

Figure: Graph of f (x) =

1.6 Transformations of Functions(Contd.)

1.6 Transformations of Functions(Contd.)

1.6 Transformations of Functions(Contd.)

1.6 Transformations of Functions(Contd.)

1.7 Combinations of Functions; Composite Functions

1.7 Combinations of Functions; Composite Functions(contd.)

1.7 Combinations of Functions; Composite Functions(contd.)

1.7 Combinations of Functions; Composite Functions(contd.)

1.8 Inverse Functions

1.8 Inverse Functions(Cont.)

1.8 Inverse Functions(Cont.)

Figure: Have an Inverse

Figure: Have NO Inverse

1.8 Inverse Functions(Cont.)

1.8 Inverse Functions(Cont.)

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