Gas Mixtures

Adv. Thermo-fluids

Composition of gas mixtures P-v-T behaviour of gas mixtures Properties of gas mixtures

Gas Mixtures

Introduction

Adv. Thermo-fluids

Many important engineering applications involve gas mixtures In this study, gas mixtures are considered non-reacting Non-reacting gas mixture can be treated as pure substance because its composition is homogeneous Each gas in gas mixture => called component or constituent Properties of gas mixture depends on: composition of gas mixture properties of components

Gas Mixtures Gas Mixture Composition 3

Composition of gas mixture can be described by:
molar analysis gravimetric analysis

Adv. Thermo-fluids

Mole number of each component Mass of each component

Mass of mixture = sum of masses of components

mm = mi
i =1

Mole number of mixture = sum of mole numbers of components

N m = Ni
i =1

Gas Mixtures Gas Mixture Composition 4

Mass fraction = mass ratio of component to mixture Mole fraction = mole ratio of component to mixture

Adv. Thermo-fluids

mi mf i = mm

Ni yi = Nm

Sum of mass fractions or mole fractions equal to 1

i =1

mf i = yi = 1
i =1

Gas Mixtures Gas Mixture Composition 5

Relation between mass m and mole number N: Apparent or average molar mass Mm of mixture: Apparent or average gas constant of mixture Rm

Adv. Thermo-fluids

m = NM
M m = yi M i
i =1 k

Ru Rm = Mm

Gas Mixtures
For ideal gases: For real gases: For gas mixtures, P-v-T behaviour can be predicted using:

P-v-T Behaviour

Adv. Thermo-fluids

Pv = RT
Pv = ZRT

Daltons law of additive pressures Amagats law of additive volumes Kays Rule

Gas Mixtures

P-v-T Behaviour

Adv. Thermo-fluids

Daltons law of additive pressure Pressure of gas mixture equal to sum of pressures each gas would exert if it existed alone at the mixture temperature and volume

Pm = Pi (Tm , Vm )
i =1

Exact for ideal gases, Approximate for real gases

Gas Mixtures

P-v-T Behaviour

Adv. Thermo-fluids

Amagats law of additive volume Volume of gas mixture equal to sum of volumes each gas would occupy if it existed alone at the mixture temperature and pressure

Vm = Vi (Tm , Pm )
i =1

Exact for ideal gases, Approximate for real gases

Gas Mixtures

P-v-T Behaviour

Adv. Thermo-fluids

For ideal gas, pressure fraction and volume fraction equal to mole fraction

Pi Vi Ni = = = yi Pm Vm N m

For real gases, deviation from ideal gas behaviour can be approximated by including compressibility factor

PmVm = Z m N m RuTm

, Z m = yi Z i
i =1

Gas Mixtures
Kays Rule:

P-v-T Behaviour

10

Adv. Thermo-fluids

Use of pseudocritical pressure Pcr and pseudocritical temperature Tcr

Pcr ,m = yi Pcr ,i
i =1 k

Tcr ,m = yiTcr ,i
i =1

Tm TR = Tcr

Pm PR = Pcr

Zm

Compressibility Chart

PmVm = Z m RmTm

Gas Mixtures

P-v-T Behaviour

11

Adv. Thermo-fluids

Extensive property of gas mixture equal to sum of extensive property of components of mixture

U m = U i = mi ui = N i ui
i =1 k i =1 k i =1 k

H m = H i = mi hi = N i hi
i =1 i =1 i =1

S m = S i = mi si = N i si
i =1 i =1 i =1

Gas Mixtures

P-v-T Behaviour

12

Adv. Thermo-fluids

Intensive property of gas mixture equal to sum of intensive property of components multiplied by mass fraction or mole fraction

um = mf i ui
i =1
k

, u m = yi u i
i =1
k

sm = mf i si
i =1 k

, s m = y i si
i =1 k

hm = mf i hi
i =1 k

, hm = yi hi
i =1

Cv ,m = mf i Cv ,i
i =1

, C p ,m = mf i C p ,i
i =1

Gas Mixtures

13

Adv. Thermo-fluids