Basic Java

Java
( )

()

Java
Java

Java web site
web site
Java

Java

2546
Java
Java code
JDK
path
code application applet
Java application
execute HelloWorld
Java applet
Java EditPlus
Java
1
2
13
Keyword
Primitive datatype
final

integer
operator
short byte
cast
Mathematical Functions
Character
boolean
Logical operator
Relational operator
bit (shift bitwise)
13
14
(Repetition)

if
if
if else
Conditional operator ? :
switch
for loop
StreamTokenizer
while loop
do while
4
5
6
7
8
12
15
16
18
19
23
26
26
29
32
33
35
37
39
43
45
49
51
58
58
60
68
69
72
73
77
80
83
ii
break continue
Nested loop
labeled continue labeled break
86
88
90
Array String
96
Array
Array
array clone copy array
array
array
array array
array
String
Array of characters
String Java
String

String
StringBuffer
array String
5
97
101
104
106
106
108
109
111
113
115
116
118
120
121
125
129
Objects Classes
133
Class class
class
Method
method class
method
parameter list
pass by value
class
Constructor
constructor constructor
overload method
class class
Package
package
134
136
136
138
140
141
143
149
150
153
155
156
162
class class
this super()
protected
override method
Polymorphism
object
interface
168
168
171
175
179
181
iii
7
Error (Exceptions)
188
throw exception
try catch
try catch loop
printStacktrace()
throw try
exception
188
190
192
192
195
198
Streams I/O
204
File
FileNameFilter
Input Output streams
FileReader
FileInputStream read()
StreamTokenizer FileReader
BufferedReader
delimiter text file
FileWriter PrintWriter
Binary file
DataInputStream FileInputStream
DataOutputStream FileOutputStream
writeUTF() readUTF()
PrintWriter
writeChars()
Random-access file
seek()
update record
205
208
210
211
213
217
218
218
221
224
228
229
233
234
240
ASCII UNICODE ()
Constant
Escape sequences
Format
Java
application applet

o
o
o
o
o
o
Java
application
applet
HTML execute applet
Java EditPlus
Java
Java code
Java
code
computer (platform) compile pc
code compile execute pc

apple, linux, unix, JVM Java Virtual Machine
Java
OOP Object-Oriented Programming
(user)
(procedural language programming)
Java download
Sun Micro System

Sun
download
Java
1. Text Editor source
code
2. JDK (Java Development Kit) version J2SE 1.4
download http://sun.java.com JDK compile
3. Java VM Java Virtual Machine

code
compile code execute (code
machine
code) VM JDK

(
)

1
Java
Java
( pc)
1. JDK
2. path compile execute (run)
path Java
JDK
download JDK JDK self-extracting
file
execute (doubling click click
icon file enter) j2se1.4.1 35.9 MB
download ( speed download )
64.6 MB
install JDK
JDK version
path
Windows 9x path

1. autoexec.bat path JDK J2SDK 1.4.1
drive c path autoexec.bat
set path=c:\j2sdk1.4.1\bin set path
set path ; (semicolon) path
c:\j2sdk1.4.1\bin
2. path ( autoexec.bat)
Command Prompt ( dos window) set path
(dos) Command Prompt
3. directory JDK drive c:\j2sdk1.4.1\bin

directory
directory java
Windows XP Windows 2000 path (Windows XP
Windows 2000
path
Windows XP)
1. mouse icon My Computer (
start
My Computer) Properties
1
Java
Java
2. advanced System Properties
3. Environment Variables
4. System Variables Path
5. Edit
1
Java
Java
6. ; (semicolon) path install JDK OK

path
path (
path path )

Java
path path
execute code Java JRE

Java Run-time Environment code compile JDK
execute JRE execute
JDK
JRE
Sun
Java Java
Java download JRE

code application code applet
Applet code
execute web browser HTML
download applet application
execute command line ( download)
code application
(SDK tools)

Java Development Kit

J2SDK Java 2 Software Development Kit

Java
javac
compile (compiler)

source code
byte code
java
execute byte code

application
appletviewer execute applet

java

application applet
1-1 1-2 code editor text editor
editor format Microsoft Word
ASCII SDK execute text editor SDK
1
Java
Java
Text Editor
Java Class File

First.class
Javac
Java Source File

First.java
Java
Java Program
Output
1-1 application
Text Editor
Java Class File

First.class
Javac
Java Source File

First.java
appletviewer
HTML file
First.html
Java Program
Output
1-2 applet
Java application
text editor free

Java
user (execute)
HelloWorld.java
class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}
keyword

1
Java
Java
class HelloWorld Java class code

class
class method main() execute JRE method
main() execute method main() keyword
public, static, void
parameter array String C
C++ method main()
Parameter method main() String[] args command-line argument

method main() System.out.println("")
System.out console window dos window
dos prompt 1-3
1.3 compile run
compile HelloWorld
1-3 compile javac

javac HelloWorld.java
compile compiler
error message compile HelloWorld .java
error
E:\bc221Book\source>javac HelloWorld
javac: invalid flag: HelloWorld
Usage: javac <options> <source files>
where possible options include:
-g
Generate all debugging info
-g:none
Generate no debugging info
-g:{lines,vars,source} Generate only some debugging info
( java - )
execute HelloWorld
compile HelloWorld error execute
java
java HelloWorld
output 1-3
1
Java
Java
execute
.class
( )
compiler error (java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError)
application
1. compile javac
2. execute java
(comment)

comment
Java
1. //
2. /* */
comment 1

comment comment
/* */
HelloWorld comment
// My first Java program - HelloWorld
class HelloWorld {
/* Java launcher will call this method (main).
This will display a message to the screen.
*/
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}
Java applet
Java applet 2 Java
source file HTML file applet web
browser application
//my first Java applet - HelloWorldApplet
import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.Graphics;
public class HelloWorldApplet extends Applet {
public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.drawString("Hello World", 25, 25);
}
}
1
Java
Java
applet web browser
(inheritance)
Java extends Applet class HelloWorldApplet
Java
applet
method paint() method applet
method drawstring() class Graphics
g.drawString("Hello World", 25, 25);
compile HelloWorldApplet javac execute applet
HTML
<html>
<applet code="HelloWorldApplet.class" width="200" height="80"></applet>
</html>
applet tag HTML Java compile
field code applet field width ()
field height
execute HelloWorldApplet.html appletviewer
output
applet
1. Java source file extends Applet
2. HTML file applet tag applet (1) class file
Java (2) applet width height
applet
Java class method Java
Java program EditPlus

HelloWorld.java
run Dos Window
Operating System
Windows

Thai Edition OS

Dos Window
Java

Text Editor EditPlus ( Text Editor
EditPlus )
1
Java
Java
EditPlus Java
download www.editplus.com shareware
30

install menu
Tools
Preferences
click Fonts Default (edit window) Drop-down menu

Area
font Tahoma
Output window
1
Java
Java
10
set editor output window

set EditPlus
compile execute Java click User tools
Preferences Add Tool>> Program
Menu Text:
Command:
Argument:
Initial directory:
Compile Java Source File
install Java c:\j2sdk1.4.1\bin\javac.exe

$(FileName) drop-down list
$(FileDir) drop-down list
9 Capture output
1
Java
Java
11
EditPlus run execute

compile
Add tool>>
OK EditPlus
HelloWorld.java

System.out.println()
class HelloWorld {
System.out.println("Hello World! ");
}
}
compile Ctrl + 1 compile
run Ctrl + 2
1
Java
Java
12
EditPlus features set

help file EditPlus Text
Editor Crimson editor
download WWW
Java
Java Sun Microsystems
Oak
Sun Sun Oak Sun
Oak
Oak Sun
Silk, Ruby, WRL (Web
Runner Language)

Java (
)
Java version version Java J2SDK1.4.1
version download web site Sun

(data) (variable)
(calculation evaluation)

Java

o
o
o
o
o
o
o
(variable declaration) integer floating-point
character boolean
(assignment)
(statement expression)
(calculation evaluation)
(casting)
(Mathematical Functions) Java
(data and variable)

354 + 45 * 12

(memory) compiler
(address offset)

integer
double float
compiler
compiler
Java

1. (letter) _ (underscore) $ (dollar
sign)
2. Java
( operator Java + () () * () / () )
taxRate
pricePerUnit
2
Java
14
_timeInSecond
$systemClock
unit897
Java Unicode1

text editor code

variable identifier
identifier ()

keyword reserved word Java
2.1
2.1 keyword
abstract
const
boolean
continue
break
default
byte
do
case
double
catch
else
char
extends
class
final
finally
float
for
goto
if
implements
import
instanceof
int
interface
long
native
new
package
private
protected
public
return
short
static
strictfp
super
switch
synchronized
this
throws
throws
transient
try
void
volatile
while
(datatype)

datatype identifier
datatype Java datatype
primitive datatype reference ( reference )
Java primitive datatype 8 2.2
2.2 primitive
datatype
boolean
byte
short
int
long
float
double
char
datatype
(bit)
8 true false
8
16
32
64
32
64
16
datatype
bit 2.3
datatype
2 byte ( ASCII 1 byte)
2
Java
2.3 primitive datatype

datatype

byte
-128
short
-32768
int
-2147483648
long
-9223372036854775808
float
-3.4 x 1038
double
-1.7 x 10308
15
127
32767
2147483647
9223372036854775807
3.4 x 1038
1.7 x 10308
int numberOfBikes;
float taxRate;
double interests, PI;
boolean yesOrNo;
char response;

_ (underscore)
int number_of_bikes;
float tax_rate;
double cum_gpa;
boolean yes_or_no;

letterGrade

gpa cumulativeGPA
(Assignment)
= ( assignment operator)
" (rvalue) =

(lvalue) =" rvalue
lvalue (physical
memory)
numberOfBikes = 2;
area = PI * r * r;
taxReturned = calculateTaxReturned(income);
2 = numberOfBikes;
PI * r * r = area;
calculateTaxReturned(income) = taxReturned;

(1)

(2) (standard I/O channel)

2
Java
16
/*
* Variables.java - Variable decalration and initialization
*/
class Variables {
boolean booleanVar = true;
byte byteVar = 0;
short shortVar = 0;
int intVar = 0;
long longVar = 0L;
float floatVar = 0.0F;
double doubleVar = 0.0D;
char charVar = 'A';
System.out.println("boolean variable and its initial

value is " + booleanVar);
System.out.println("byte variable and its initial
value is " + byteVar);
System.out.println("short variable and its initial
value is " + shortVar);
System.out.println("int variable and its initial
value is " + intVar);
System.out.println("long variable and its initial
value is " + longVar);
System.out.println("float variable and its initial
value is " + floatVar);
System.out.println("double variable and its initial
value is " + doubleVar);
System.out.println("char variable and its initial
value is " + charVar);
boolean true
Java
0L 0.0F 0.0D long float
double Java
float double

float Java double

Variables.java
boolean variable and its initial value is true
byte variable and its initial value is 0
short variable and its initial value is 0
int variable and its initial value is 0
long variable and its initial value is 0
2
Java
17
float variable and its initial value is 0.0

double variable and its initial value is 0.0
char variable and its initial value is A
Java (
)
long longVar = 0L;
long longVar;
longVar = 0L;
long longVar; longVar long longVar
= 0L; 0 longVar ( 2.1
Java)
code

double price = 0.0D, tax = 0.7D, returned = 0.0D, interests = 0.0D,
principal = 10000.0D;
long longVar;
longVar = 0L;
???
long
longVar Java

0
longVar
2.1

range
127
byte int

int length = 2, height = 8, width = 4;
double angles = 30.5, distance = 24.50;
2
Java
18
, (comma)

int cats = 90, float tax = 0.50; // ERROR mixed-type declaration
// and initialization

double radius;
radius = 2.54;
int one = 1, two = 2, three = one + two;

Java
one two
three

compiler three = one + two;
one + two
three
final
PI

Java user
(reserved word) final
final
keyboard
/*
* Final.java - Use of final keyword
*/
class Final {
final double PI = 3.14;
int radius = 2;
double area = radius * radius * PI;

System.out.println("Area of a circle is " + area);
compile run
Area of a circle is 12.56
Final.java PI
FinalWithError.java compiler
/*
* FinalWithError.java - Changing the value of final keyword
*/
2
Java
19
class FinalWithError {
final double PI = 3.14;
int radius = 2;
double area = radius * radius * PI;
PI = 3.142;
area = radius * radius * PI;
compile
FinalWithError.java:14: cannot assign a value to final variable PI
PI = 3.142;
^
1 error
error Java error 14
compile error
error (
error)
final

149, 600,000 (1.496 x 108)
(electron mass)
0.0000000000000000000000000009 (9.0 x 10-28)
(scientific notation)
final double sunDistance = 1.496E8; // 1.496 x 108
final float electronMass = 9.0E-28F;
// 9.0 x 10-28

27 (
) code

(?)
(life-time and scope)

(block) {}
/* Scope.java - Showing scope of variables */
class Scope {
int x = 5, y = 8;
2
Java
20
System.out.print("Value of x is ");
System.out.println(" Value of y is " + y);
{
int x = 45; //error x is already defined

int w = 89;
System.out.println("Value of x in brackets is " + x);
System.out.println("Value of y in brackets is " + y);
}
//error w is out of scope
System.out.println("Value of w is " + w);
Scope.java compile
compiler (1) int x main() (2) int w
scope

block int x int w
Scope.java:13 x is already defined in main(java.lang.String[])
int x = 45;
^
Scope.java:19: cannot resolve symbol
symbol : variable w
location: class Scope
System.out.println("Value of w is " + w);
^
2 errors
C++ block
( Scope.java) Java
block

/* Scope2.java - Showing scope of variables */

class Scope2 {
static int x = 8, y;
{
int x;
x = 5;
y = x;
System.out.println("Value of y is " + y);
}
y = x;
}
}
Scope2.java compile
Value of y is 5
Value of y is 8
compiler x block
x scope static Java
class variable
y
2
Java
21
block x y
class variable x
/* Scope2v1.java - Showing scope of variables */

class Scope2v1 {
static int x = 8, y;
{
//int x;
x = 5;
y = x;
}
y = x;
}
}
Scope2v1.java x
method main()
8 x block x 5
run

Value of y is 5
Value of y is 5

class Scope3 {
static int x;
int x = (x = 12) + 8;
System.out.println("Value of local x is " + x);
}
}
Scope3.java

x scope
class Scope3 scope method main() compile
Value of local x is 20
x Java int x = (x = 12) + 8;

Java x code x
4 Scope3v1.java
/* Scope3v1.java - Showing scope of variables */
class Scope3v1 {
static int x = 4;
int x = x + 8;
2
Java
22
compile Java x block compiler error

Scope3v1.java:8 variable x might not have been initialized
int x = x + 8;
^
1 error
compile code Scope4.java
class Scope4 {
int x = (x = 12) + 8;
}
}
Scope4.java Scope3.java

compile run
Scope3.java Java code
Scope5.java ( compile)
class Scope5 {
int x = x + 8;
}
}
compiler error
Scope5.java:7: variable x might not have been initialized
int x = x + 8;
^
1 error
error error
compile Scope3v1.java (
x
)
class Scope6 {
int x = 12, y = x + 8;
System.out.println("Value of local y is " + y);
}
}
compile run
2
Java
23
Value of local y is 20
x
y

scope scope method, class

7
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
class variable
instance variable
array component
method parameter
constructor parameter
exception-handler parameter
local variable
1 (class variable) 7 (local variable)

(statement and expression)
Java (statement) ; (semicolon)

int priceOfBook = 125;

float taxReturn;
;
int
priceOfBook
=
125
;
Java ;

code
code

/* Scope2v1.java - Showing scope of variables* @author faa
xumsai*/class Scope2v1{static int x = 8, y;public static void
main(String[] args) { {int x;x = 5;y = x;System.out.println("Value of
y is " + y);}y = x; System.out.println("Value of y is " + y);}}
code
(indentation)

Expression Java

2
Java
24
(mathematical evaluation) (relational

evaluation)
operator
+ (), (), * (), /
() % ( integer)
operator
/* Operators.java - Shows mathematical operators */
class Operators {
int i, j, k;
//generate random number between 1 and 10
j = 1 + (int)(Math.random() * 10);
k = 1 + (int)(Math.random() * 10);
System.out.println("j = " + j + " and k = " + k);
//evaluate
i = j + k;
i = j - k;
i = j * k;
i = j / k;
i = j % k;
}
and display results of math

System.out.println("j + k =
System.out.println("j - k =
System.out.println("j * k =
System.out.println("j / k =
System.out.println("j % k =
operators
" + i);
" + i);
" + i);
" + i);
" + i);

method
random() class Math ( Java ) method random() 0 0.9+
0 1 1 ( n
0.0 <= n < 1.0) 10 1 1 10
i operator

run
j
j
j
j
j
j
=
+
*
/
%
5
k
k
k
k
k
and k = 2
= 7
= 3
= 10
= 2
= 1
method random() run

Operator
%
integer
i = j % k;
k 2 j 5
( 1) i
int double
2
Java
25
/* Operators.java - Shows mathematical operators */

import java.util.Random;
class Operators {
//do the ints
int i, j, k;
//generate random number between 1 and 10
Random rand = new Random();
j = 1 + rand.nextInt(10);
k = 1 + rand.nextInt(10);
System.out.println("j = " + j + " and k = " + k);
//evaluate
i = j + k;
i = j - k;
i = j * k;
i = j / k;
i = j % k;
and display results of math

System.out.println("j + k =
System.out.println("j - k =
System.out.println("j * k =
System.out.println("j / k =
System.out.println("j % k =
operators
" + i);
" + i);
" + i);
" + i);
" + i);
//do the doubles

double v1, v2, v3;
//generate random double between 1.0 and 10.0 (exclusive)
v1 = 1.0 + rand.nextDouble() * 9;
v2 = 1.0 + rand.nextDouble() * 9;
System.out.println("v1 = " + v1 + " v2 = " + v2);
v3 = v1 + v2; System.out.println("v1 + v2 = " + v3);
v3 = v1 - v2; System.out.println("v1 - v2 = " + v3);
v3 = v1 * v2; System.out.println("v1 * v2 = " + v3);
v3 = v1 / v2; System.out.println("v1 / v2 = " + v3);
Operators.java operator
i j
(random) method nextInt(max value) method 0
max value max value 1 10
1 method
/* Operators1.java - Shows mathematical operators */

class Operators1 {
int a, b, c, d, e;
b
c
d
e
=
=
=
=
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
+
(int)(Math.random()
(int)(Math.random()
(int)(Math.random()
(int)(Math.random()
*
*
*
*
10);
10);
10);
10);
System.out.print("b = " + b + " c = " + c);

System.out.println(" d = " + d + " e = " + e);
a = b + c - d; System.out.println("Value of a is " + a);
a = b * c - d; System.out.println("Value of a is " + a);
2
Java
26
a = b / c * d; System.out.println("Value of a is " + a);
run
b = 8
Value
Value
Value
c = 2 d
of a is
of a is
of a is
= 6 e = 5
4
10
24
(precedence)
operator
( )
2.4
2.4 Operator Precedence
Operator
(), [], ., postfix ++, postfix -unary +, unary , prefix ++, prefix -(datatype), new
*, /, %
+, <<, >>, >>>
<, <=, >, >=, instance of
==, !=
&
^
|
&&
||
?:
=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, <<=, >>=, >>>=, &=, |=, ^=
integer
integer

operator statement
50 * 2 45 / 5
91 2 50 5 45
50 2 100 9

50 * (2 45) / 5
50 * -43 / 5
2
Java
27
-430
integer
4 9 2.25
integer Java 2
5/2=2
125 / 4 = 31
3/9=0
15 / 15 = 1
operator %
5%2=1
125 % 4 = 1
3%9=3
15 % 15 = 0

integer
Java double float
(
double float )

(vat) price rate

double price = 120.0, rate = 7.5;
double vat = price * rate;
integer
/*
* Integer.java - Integers calculation */
class Integer {
//declares and initialize three variables
int studentNumber = 40;
int teacherNumber = 30;
int totalNumber = 0;
totalNumber = studentNumber + teacherNumber;
//display result
System.out.print(studentNumber + " students + " +
teacherNumber);
System.out.println(" teachers = " + totalNumber + " people");
2
Java
28
Integer.java
(studentNumber) (teacherNumber)
totalNumber = studentNumber + teacherNumber;
Java studentNumber
teacherNumber
totalNumber = (assignment operator) 2.2
teacherNumber
studentNumber
40
totalNumber
30
70
2.2 integer
System.out.print()
System.out.print(studentNumber + " students + " + teacherNumber);
studentNumber string
"student +"
teacherNumber
System.out.println(" teachers = " + totalNumber + " people");
string
" teachers = " totalNumber
string
" people"

40 students + 30 teachers = 70 people
"" Java +
(System.out) " "
Java

System.out.println("30 + 45 = " + (30 + 45));
"30 + 45 = " (30 + 45)

75
30 + 45 = 75
30 45 Java
2
Java
29
30 + 45 = 3045
Java
System.out
System.out

total = total + value;

value
total
total
value
2.3

total += value;
+=
() operator
2.5
2.5 operator
sum = sum + count;

sum = sum - count;
sum = sum * count;
sum = sum / count;
sum = sum % count;
sum += count;
sum -= count;
sum *= count;
sum /= count;
sum %= count;

total += 4;
sum += 1;
operator

count = count + 1;
value -= 1;
2
Java
30

operator ++ operator --
count++;
value--;
++
-
postfix (postfix notation) operator Java

total += 2;

total -= 3;
Java Operator

int count = 8, value = 5;
count = count + value++;
value count
value count +
value value++
Java value count
value execute count = count + value++
13 value 6
count = count + ++value;
14 ()
++ Java
value
count 14
prefix (prefix notation)
prefix postfix Java
loop (repetition)
prefix postfix
int count = 10, value = 5;
count--;
value++;
value = ++count + ++value;
execute value = ++count + --value; value 17
count 9 value 6 ( count value++)
2
Java
31
code
value = (++count) + (++value);
value = (count += 1) + (value += 1);
value = (count = count + 1) + (value = value + 1);

(?)
value =
(count++) + (value++);
count = 10 value = 5
postfix ++ Java count 10
value 5 value value
15 count value count 11
value 16
run value = 15 count = 11 ?

value = 5;
value = value++;
run value = 5 Java postfix
operator ++

run
int sum = value++;
sum 5 value 6 postfix operator
++ (
)
++

operator ++ operator

/* Increments.java - Shows increment operators */
class Increments {
int value = 25, number = 25;
System.out.println("value is " + value);
System.out.println("number is " + number);
--value;
number++;
value = value + --number;
2
Java
32

number = number - value++;
number--;
value++;
value = --value;
number = number++;
run
value is 25
number is 25
value is 24
number is 26
value is 49
number is 25
value is 50
number is -24
value is 51
number is -25
value is 50
number is -25
operator increment (++ --)
operator

integer (short byte)
byte short Java
int short byte
int
/* ByteShort.java - Shows byte and short integer calculation */
class ByteShort {
short numScooters = 10;
short numChoppers = 5;
short total = 0;
total = numScooters + numChoppers;
System.out.println("Number of scooters is " + numScooters);

System.out.println("Number of choppers is " + numChoppers);
System.out.println("Total number of bikes is " + total);
compile Java error

ByteShort.java:10: possible loss of precision
2
Java
33
found
: int
required: short
^
1 error
integer 64 bit total
16 bit compiler
int casting
cast
cast

cast cast

ByteShort.java Java compile
total = (short)(numScooters + numChoppers);
Java compile run
Number of scooters is 10
Number of choppers is 5
Total number of bikes is 15
numScooters 32767
compile run
short numScooters = 32767;
short numChoppers = 5;
//

Number of scooters is 32767
Number of choppers is 5
Total number of bikes is -32764
total -32764 32772
?
short 32767
total Java
(
bit 64 bit 32 bit)

cast

cast Casting.java
/* Casting.java - Changing type of data */
class Casting {
byte byteVar = 127;
2
Java
34
short shortVar = 32767;

long longVar = 100000;
int intVar = 300000;
System.out.println("byteVar is " + byteVar);
System.out.println("shortVar is " + shortVar);
System.out.println("longVar is " + longVar);
System.out.println("intVar is " + intVar);
byteVar = (byte)shortVar;
shortVar = (short)longVar;
longVar = (int)intVar * (int)longVar;
intVar = (short)intVar * (short)intVar;
System.out.println("byteVar is " + byteVar);

System.out.println("shortVar is " + shortVar);
System.out.println("longVar is " + longVar);
System.out.println("intVar is " + intVar);
run
byteVar is 127
shortVar is 32767
longVar is 100000
intVar is 300000
byteVar is -1
shortVar is -31072
longVar is -64771072
intVar is 766182400

long ( long L
) long
long value = 125;
long price = 200L;
int total = 0;
total = value * price;
value long price
integer
o
o
long L
bit 64 bit
int bit
32 bit
integer
o
int 0 Java
error exception
error Java exception
2
Java
35
%
0 error 0
(Floating Point Calculations)
integer
operator + - * /
/* FloatingPoint.java - Calculating income */
class FloatingPoint {
double weeklyPay = 1075 * 5; //1075 per day
double extras = 1580;
final double TAX_RATE = 8.5; //tax rate in percent
//calculate tax and income
double tax = (weeklyPay + extras) * TAX_RATE / 100;
double totalIncome = (weeklyPay + extras) - tax;
System.out.println("Tax = " + tax);

System.out.println("Total income = " + totalIncome);
FloatingPoint.java
1075 1580 8.5% execute

Tax = 591.175
Total income = 6363.825

? code
/* FloatingPoint2.java - Calculating income with formatted output */
import java.text.*;
//for NumberFormat
class FloatingPoint2 {
//set format output
NumberFormat form = NumberFormat.getNumberInstance();
form.setMaximumFractionDigits(2);
System.out.println("Tax = " + form.format(tax));
System.out.println("Total income = " +
form.format(totalIncome));
2
Java
36

form.format(tax) form.format(totalIncome)
Tax = 591.18
Total income = 6,363.82
591.175 591.18 6363.825 6363.82
totalIncome , (comma)
method getNumbereInstance() setMaximumFractionDigits()
import class NumberFormat method
method class DecimalFormat format

, (comma) ?

/* FloatingPoint3.java - Calculating income with formatted output */
import java.text.*;
//for DecimalFormat
//set format output
DecimalFormat form = new DecimalFormat("#.00");

System.out.println("Total income = " +
Tax = 591.18
Total income = 6363.82
class DecimalFormat NumberFormat format
DecimalFormat form = new DecimalFormat("#.00);
, (comma)
2
Java
37
(Mixed Type Calculations)

Java

integer
/* FloatingPoint4.java - Mixed-type calculations */

import java.text.*;
//for NumberFormat
double hourlyPay = 85.50; //85.50 per hour
int hoursPerDay = 8;
//8 hours per day
int numberOfDays = 5;
//total days worked
int extraHoursWorked = 15;
//overtime hours
final double TAX_RATE = 8.5;//tax rate in percent
//set format output
//calculate weekly pay
double weeklyPay = hourlyPay * hoursPerDay * numberOfDays;
//calculate extra pay: one and a half time of
//regular hourly pay
double extras = extraHoursWorked * (hourlyPay +
(hourlyPay / 2.0));
//calculate tax
//calculate total income
System.out.println("Income before tax = " +

form.format((weeklyPay + extras)));
System.out.println("Income after tax = " +
FloatingPoint4.java
double integer
hoursPerDay numberOfDays extraHoursWorked
integer hourlyPay weeklyPay extras tax totalIncome
double
Java
int double

Income before tax = 5,343.75
Tax = 454.22
Income after tax = 4,889.53
()
o
double double
2
Java
o
o
38
float float
long long

/* MixedTypes.java - Mixed-type calculations */
import java.text.*;
class MixedTypes {
double result = 0.0;
int one = 1, two = 2;
result = 1.5 + one / two;

//formatting output
DecimalFormat f = new DecimalFormat("#.00");
System.out.println("Result is " + f.format(result));
2.0 Java 1.5
result = 1.5 + one / two;

one two int
int 0
Java 0 double 1.5
cast one double
/* MixedTypes.java - Mixed-type calculations */
import java.text.*;
class MixedTypes {
double result = 0.0;
int one = 1, two = 2;
result = 1.5 + (double)one / two;

//formatting output
DecimalFormat f = new DecimalFormat("#.00);
System.out.println("Result is " + f.format(result));
2.0
cast cast

/* FloatingPoint5.java - Mixed-type calculations */

import java.text.*;
//for NumberFormat
2
Java
39
double hourlyPay = 85.50D;
//85.50 per hour
int hoursPerDay = 8;
//8 hours per day
float numberOfDays = 5F;
//total days worked
int extraHoursWorked = 15;
//overtime hours
final double TAX_RATE = 8.5D;//tax rate in percent
//set format output
//calculate weekly pay
double weeklyPay = hourlyPay * hoursPerDay * numberOfDays;
//calculate extra pay: one and a half time of
regular hourly pay
double extras = extraHoursWorked * (hourlyPay +
(hourlyPay / 2.0));
//calculate tax
//calculate total income
System.out.println("Income before tax = " +

form.format((weeklyPay + extras)));
System.out.println("Income after tax = " +
int numberOfDays = 5; float numberOfDays = 5F;

Java float double int
double
Mathematical Functions Java

function
sine cosine tangent Java
function
function
Quadratic Equation ax2 + bx + c =
0
x1 =
b + b 2 4ac
2a
x2 =
b b 2 4ac
2a
mathematical function
square root Java method
Math.sqrt()
/* Quadratic.java - Calculating roots of function */
2
Java
40
class Quadratic {
double a, b, c;
//4x2 + 20x + 16 = 0
a = 4;
b = 20;
c = 16;
//calculate determimant
double det = Math.sqrt(b * b - 4 * a * c);
//calculate roots
double x1 = (-b + det) / (2 * a);
double x2 = (-b - det) / (2 * a);
System.out.println("Root 1 = " + x1);

Root 1 = -1.0
Root 2 = -4.0
Quadratic.java determinant
0 square root 0 b2 4ac

(if else)
Math.sqrt()
Mathematical function
/* MaxMin.java - Finding max and min */
class MaxMin {
int num1 = 58, num2 = 97, num3 = 15;
//finding maximum between num1, num2, and num3
int maxOfTwo = Math.max(num1, num2);
int maxOfAll = Math.max(maxOfTwo, num3);
//finding minimum between num1, num2, and num3
int minOfTwo = Math.min(num1, num2);
int minOfAll = Math.min(minOfTwo, num3);
System.out.println("Maximum number is " + maxOfAll);

System.out.println("Minimum number is " + minOfAll);
MaxMin.java method max() min()

integer 3 method
parameter integer 2
integer
execute
Maximum number is 97
2
Java
41
Minimum number is 15
method class Math
/* Maths.java - Other math functions */
class Maths {
double angle = 0.7853982; //45 degrees angle in radians
System.out.println("sin(45) is " + Math.sin(angle));
System.out.println("cos(45) is " + Math.cos(angle));
System.out.println("tan(45) is " + Math.tan(angle));
//absolute value of -456

System.out.println("Absolute value of -456 is " +
Math.abs(-456));
//two to the fourth power
System.out.println("2 to the 4th power is " +
Math.pow(2D, 4D));
//round to the nearest integer
System.out.println("2.345267 rounded to " +
Math.round(2.345267));
//round to the nearest integer
System.out.println("2.859 rounded to " + Math.round(2.859));
//the remainder of 3.25 / 2.25
System.out.println("The remainder of 3.25 / 2.25 is " +
Math.IEEEremainder(3.25, 2.25));
//nearest integer of PI
System.out.println("The nearest integer of PI is " +
Math.rint(Math.PI));
Maths.java method class Math sine cosine tangent

45 0.7853982 radians
radians method

parameter radians
absolute -456 24
run
sin(45) is 0.7071068070684596
cos(45) is 0.7071067553046345
tan(45) is 1.0000000732051062
Absolute value of -456 is 456
2 to the 4th power is 16.0
2.345267 rounded to 2
2.859 rounded to 3
The remainder of 3.25 / 2.25 is 1.0
The nearest integer of PI is 3.0
method toRadians() degrees radians
degrees radians
/* Maths1.java - Other math functions */
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
class Maths1 {
2
Java
42

double angle = 45;
//45 degrees angle
double sin, cos, tan;
//set format output
DecimalFormat f = new DecimalFormat("0.00000");
//calculate sin, cos, and tan
sin = Math.sin(Math.toRadians(angle));
cos = Math.cos(Math.toRadians(angle));
tan = Math.tan(Math.toRadians(angle));
System.out.println("sin(" + angle + ") = " + f.format(sin));
System.out.println("cos(" + angle + ") = " + f.format(cos));
System.out.println("tan(" + angle + ") = " + f.format(tan));
}
math function
/* Radius.java - Other math functions */

class Radius {
double radius;
double area = 850.0;
int meters, centimeters;
//calculate radius
radius = Math.sqrt(area / Math.PI);
//convert to meters and centimeters
meters = (int)Math.floor(radius);
centimeters = (int)Math.round(100.0 * (radius - meters));
System.out.print("Circle with area of " + area +

" square meters ");
System.out.print("has a radius of " + meters +
" meters and ");
System.out.println(centimeters + " centimeters");
floor() round()
centimeters meters radius run
Circle with area of 850.0 square meters has a radius of 16 meters and
45 centimeters
method
2.6
2.6 Mathematical Functions
Method
Function
Argument
sin(arg)
sine
double (radians)
cos(arg)
cosine
double (radians)
tan(arg)
tangent
double (radians)
Result Type
double
double
double
2
Java
43
asin(arg)
arc sine
double
acos(arg)
arc cosine
double
atan(arg)
arc tangent
double
atan2(arg1, arg2)
arc tangent of arg1

arg2
double
abs(arg)
absolute arg
max(arg1, arg2)
arg1
arg2
arg1
arg2

arg

arg
integer
arg

int long float

double
int long float
double
int long float
double
double
double (radians
/2
/2)
double (radians
0.0
)
double (radians
/2
/2 )
double (radians

)
Argument
Argument
Argument
double
double
double
float double
double
int
argument
float long
double
double
double
double
double
double
double
double
double
double
double
double
double
min(arg1, arg2)
ceil(arg)
floor(arg)
round(arg)
rint(arg)
IEEEremainder(arg1,
arg2)
sqrt(arg)
pow(arg1, arg2)
exp(arg)
log(arg)
random()
integer
arg

arg1 arg2
root
arg
arg1
arg2
e arg
log arg
0.0
1.0
Character
character
character Java character
/* Characters.java - Using character data */

class Characters {
char H, e, l, o;
H
e
l
o
=
=
=
=
72;
101;
108;
111;
//ASCII
//ASCII
//ASCII
//ASCII
for
for
for
for
'H'
'e'
'l'
'o'
2
Java
44
System.out.print(H);
System.out.print(e);
System.out.print(l);
System.out.print(l);
System.out.print(o);
System.out.println(" World");
run Characters.java Hello World ASCII

H e l o

character operator
/* Characters1.java - Using character data */
class Characters1 {
char ch1 = 88, ch2 = 77;
System.out.println("ch1 = " + ch1);
ch1 -= 23; //ASCII for 'A'
ch2 += 6; //ASCII for 'S'

ch1 ch2 X M
ch1 ch2 ch1
23 ch2 6 A X
execute
ch1
ch2
ch1
ch2
=
=
=
=
X
M
A
S
Unicode
/* Characters2.java - Using character data */
class Characters2 {
public static void main(String[] args)
char ch1 = '\u0058'; //unicode for
char ch2 = '\u004D'; //unicode for
System.out.println("ch1
=
=
=
=
"
"
"
"
+
+
+
+
{
'X'
'M'
'A'
'S'
ch1);
ch2);
ch3);
ch4);
2
Java
45
}
run Characters1.java
Unicode Unicode

'?'
Unicode applet Unicode
applet
2.7

Character Escape Sequences
( )
2.7 Character Escape Sequence
Escape Sequence
\ddd
(Octal)
\uxxxx
Unicode (Hexadecimal)
\'
' (Single quote)
\"
" (Double quote)
\\
\
\r
(Carriage return)
\n
(New line Linefeed)
\f
(Form feed)
\t
(Tab)
\b
boolean
boolean
boolean
boolean
operator Logical Operator
boolean operator
&&
||
&
|
!
Conditional AND
Conditional OR
Logical AND
Logical OR
Logical NOT
&& || Lazy Short Circuit
& |
operator && & &&

false false
false
operator || &&
true
true
true
operator & |
2
Java
46
operator !
boolean
Operator

boolean
<
>
<=
>=
==
!=
operator Relational operator
operator

/* BooleanOp.java - Testing boolean operations */
class BooleanOp {
boolean A = true, B = false;
System.out.println("Conditional
System.out.println("F && F is "
System.out.println("F && T is "
System.out.println("T && F is "
System.out.println("T && T is "
AND");
+ (B &&
+ (B &&
+ (A &&
+ (A &&
B));
A));
B));
A));
System.out.println("Conditional
System.out.println("F || F is "
System.out.println("F || T is "
System.out.println("T || F is "
System.out.println("T || T is "
OR");
+ (B ||
+ (B ||
+ (A ||
+ (A ||
B));
A));
B));
A));
System.out.println("Logical AND");
System.out.println("F & F is " + (B
System.out.println("F & T is " + (B
System.out.println("T & F is " + (A
System.out.println("T & T is " + (A
&
&
&
&
B));
A));
B));
A));
System.out.println("Logical OR");
System.out.println("F | F is " + (B
System.out.println("F | T is " + (B
System.out.println("T | F is " + (A
System.out.println("T | T is " + (A
|
|
|
|
B));
A));
B));
A));
System.out.println("Logical NOT");
System.out.println("!F is " + (!B));
System.out.println("!T is " + (!A));
A B true false
operator System.out.println()
2
Java
47
Conditional AND
F && F is false
F && T is false
T && F is false
T && T is true
Conditional OR
F || F is false
F || T is true
T || F is true
T || T is true
Logical AND
F & F is false
F & T is false
T & F is false
T & T is true
Logical OR
F | F is false
F | T is true
T | F is true
T | T is true
Logical NOT
!F is true
!T is false
Relational operator
/* BooleanOp2.java - Using relational operators */
class BooleanOp2 {
int i = 5, j = 10;
System.out.println("i = " + i);

System.out.println("j = " + j);
System.out.println("i > j is " + (i > j));
System.out.println("i < j is " + (i < j));
System.out.println("i >= j is " + (i >= j));
System.out.println("i <= j is " + (i <= j));
System.out.println("i == j is " + (i == j));
System.out.println("i != j is " + (i != j));
System.out.println("(i < 10) && (j < 10) is " + ((i < 10) &&
(j < 10)));
System.out.println("(i < 10) || (j < 10) is " + ((i < 10) ||
(j < 10)));
BooleanOp2.java
operator int i j
5 10 operator
run

2
Java
48
i = 5
j = 10
i > j is false
i < j is true
i >= j is false
i <= j is true
i == j is false
i != j is true
(i < 10) && (j < 10) is false
(i < 10) || (j < 10) is true
operator && operator ||

p q 5 10

10 5
p = 5, q = 10
(p < q)
&&
p = 10, q = 5
(q <= 10)
(p < q)
&&
(q <= 10)
F
&& F
T
2.4 &&
p = 5, q = 10
(p < q)
||
p = 10, q = 5
(q <= 10)
T ||
T
(p < q)
||
(q <= 10)
2.5 ||
2.8 operator && || & |
2
Java
2.8
P
true
false
true
false
operator && || & |

Q
P && Q
P || Q
true
true
true
true
false
true
false
false
true
false
false
false
P&Q
true
false
false
false
49
P|Q
true
true
true
false
boolean operator
boolean
(condition)

true false true
false boolean operator logic
(logic and loop)
bit operator Shift Bitwise
bit operator
bit
operator shift Java <<
>> >>>
2.9 operator shift << >> >>>
Operator
<<
operand1 << operand2
bit operand1
operand2 0 bit
>>
operand1 >> operand2
bit operand1
operand2 bit (sign bit)
>>>
operand1 >>> operand2
bit operand1
operand2 0 bit
13 >> 1
13 = 000011012 shift 1 bit 000001102 ( 6 10)
13 << 1
shift 1 bit 000110102 ( 26 10)
13 >>> 1
shift 1 bit 000001102 ( 6 10)
bit bit
bit ShiftLeftOp.java
/* ShiftLeftOp.java - Using shift operators */
class ShiftLeftOp {
byte bits = 1;
System.out.println("Value of bits is " + bits);
bits = (byte) (bits << 1);
2
Java
System.out.println("Value of
50
bits is " + bits);

bits is " + bits);
bits is " + bits);
bits is " + bits);
bits byte bit

run
Value
Value
Value
Value
Value
Value
of
of
of
of
of
of
bits
bits
bits
bits
bits
bits
is
is
is
is
is
is
1
2
4
8
16
32
byte bit bit

bit ()
bits code
run
run code bits -128 Java
byte 127
Value
Value
Value
Value
Value
Value
Value
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
bits
bits
bits
bits
bits
bits
bits
is
is
is
is
is
is
is
1
2
4
8
16
32
-128
cast
Java bits int shift
( shift )

integer floating-point

Java method
keyboard

keyboard ( )
2
Java
51

Java method
int float double char

C C++
code String
String String

String
String
Java String object ( object? object
)

People of Thailand
price_of_coffee
1234567890
23+popOfRock
String String
keyboard String
code
Radius.java area keyboard
/* Radius2.java - Reading data from keyboard */
import java.io.*;
class Radius2 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
double radius, area;
//prompt user for area of a circle
System.out.print("Please enter area of a circle: ");
//get string from keyboard
InputStreamReader in = new InputStreamReader(System.in);
BufferedReader buffer = new BufferedReader(in);
String inputString = buffer.readLine();
//convert string to double
area = Double.parseDouble(inputString);
//calculate radius

" square meters ");
" meters and ");
Raadius2.java code String keyboard

2
Java
52

user
byte (System.in) character
in
buffer character
in String String ( buffer)
String method readLine() buffer
String inputString
String String
keyboard ( )
String String
Radius.java double String
double method parseDouble() class Double
keyboard method
code run
850 54
Please enter area of a circle: 850
45 centimeters
Please enter area of a circle: 54
15 centimeters
Radius2.java main(..)
throws IOException
throws IOException main()
Java
I/O

( 7)
Radius2.java error
Radius2.java:16: unreported exception java.io.IOException; must be
caught or declared to be thrown
^
1 error
Java

must be caught or declared to be thrown

(1) catch (2)
throws Java
2
Java
53
error

code
import java.io.*;
class Radius2 {
String inputString = null;
try {
inputString = buffer.readLine();
}
catch(IOException ioe) {}
//calculate radius

" square meters ");
" meters and ");

try {
}
inputString

try {
2
Java
54
}
string block try {}
catch(IOException ioe) {} block try {}
code code catch(IOExcpetion ioe) {}
error error Java

Enter try {..} catch() {}
Radius2.java
import java.io.*;
class Radius2 {
try {
try {
//calculate radius
centimeters = (int)Math.round(100.0 *
(radius - meters));
" square meters ");
" meters and ");
}
//catch empty string (user hits Enter)
catch(Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error! you must supply input");
e.printStackTrace();
System.exit(1);
}
}
//catch other I/O error - do nothing
catch(IOException ioe) { /* leave it to Java! */ }
2
Java
55
}
Radius2.java try {} cath() {}

1. System.out.println("Error! you must supply input");
2. error Java e.printStackTrace();
3. System.exit(1);
execute
Please enter area of a circle: <
Enter >
Error! you must supply input
java.lang.NumberFormatException: empty String
at
java.lang.FloatingDecimal.readJavaFormatString(FloatingDecimal.java:9
86)
at java.lang.Double.parseDouble(Double.java:202)
at Radius2.main(Radius2.java:22)
Java
1 System.exit(1) 0 0
1
error code
error
primitive datatype Java

(casting) method
error
1. final
2. 5, 5.0, '5', "5", "5.0"
3.
double x = 4.5;
double y = -45.25;
int p = 12;
int q = 2;
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
x + p * y / (p y) * x
p % (p q)
(int) y
(int) p
Math.round(x)
(int) Math.round(y)
2
Java
3.7.
3.8.
3.9.
3.10.
56
-2 * y + (int) x
q/p
p%q
y * y y + (x * (int) x)
4. int keyboard 2 double 2

4

5. Java
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
a + bc / 2
a(a c) + b(b c) (c(c a) / d)
b2 4ac
(4/3)2 / 2
5.5.
T xM
q= 1
+ T2
Dk
6.

Celsius Fahrenheit
keyboard

Celsius =
5
(Fahrenheit 32)
9
7.

Fahrenheit Celsius
keyboard
8. keyboard mile
9. keyboard
( 1 365 )
10. int 5
11.

12.
beer 1 beer 1 (24
) barley 1
200
barley beer
13. long (digit) 10 12

,
3
14.
(perimeter)
15.
keyboard
2
Java
57
16. double 5 keyboard

17. 865,000
7,600
17.1.
17.2.
17.3.
(cubic mile mile3)

(cubic mile)
18. double 123.4567 keyboard

long
long long

(repetition loop)

o
o
o
o
(comparison)
(logical expression)
(control statement)
(loop)
for loop
while loop
do while loop
loop break continue

code

code

relational operator

boolean operator < <= > >= == != operator

if
if if
if(expression)
statement;
expression boolean
true false
3
Java
(Repetition)
59
if(numberOfStudents >= 500)

entranceExam = true;
if(number < 0)
number *= 10;
number++;
expression
if
number < 0 number *= 10
3.1 if
number
if(expression)
statement;
other_statement;
no
yes
number
<0
no
yes
statement
number *= 10;
other_statement
number++;
3.1 if
if

if(number < 0) number *= 10;
number++;
Java

code
user
/* IfStatement.java - Using if statement to find out whether a number
* is odd or even
*/
import java.io.*;
import java.lang.Integer;
class IfStatement {
3
Java
(Repetition)
60
int number;
//set up buffer stream
InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(System.in);
BufferedReader buffer = new BufferedReader(isr);
//get input string
System.out.print("Enter a number (int): ");
String input = buffer.readLine();
//convert string to int
number = Integer.parseInt(input);
//check if number is even or not

if(number % 2 == 0)
System.out.println(number + " is an even number.");
IfStatement.java user
number
if(number % 2 == 0)
number ()
run
Enter a number (int): 45
20 is an even number.
45

if

(if block)
code {}
(compound statement)
if(expression) {
statement 1;
statement 2;
statement 3;
statement n;
}
if(number % 2 == 0) {
number++;
System.out.println("But " + number + " is not!");
}
3
Java
(Repetition)
61

if
else if
if else
if(expression)
statement;
else
other_statement;
another_statement;
3.2 if else
yes
statement
no
other_statement
another_statement
3.2 if - else
IfStatement.java
user

code
/* IfElse.java - Using if - else statement to find out whether a
* number is odd or even
*/
import java.io.*;
class IfElse {
int number;
//get input string
System.out.print("Enter a number (int): ");
3
Java
(Repetition)
62

number = Integer.parseInt(input);
//check if number is even or not
if(number % 2 == 0)
else
System.out.println(number + " is an odd number.");
System.out.println("Good Bye.");

else
System.out.println(number + " is an odd number.");
System.out.println("Good Bye.");
else number % 2 == 0

( 2 )
run
45 is an odd number.
Good Bye.
80 is an even number.
Good Bye.
if else

if else statement if else
if else if else
Nested if ( if else
)
if(expression 1) {
statement 1;
statement 2;
}
else
if(expression 2)
statement 3;
else {
statement 4;
statement 5;
}
if(expression 1) {
statement 1;
statement 2;
}
else if(expression 2)
statement 3;
else {
statement 4;
statement 5;
}
expression 1
statement 1 statement 2 statement 3
expression 2
statement 4 statement 5
expression 1 expression 2
3
Java
(Repetition)
63
Nested if Grades.java
/* Grades.java - Using Nested - if finding letter grade
* from a given score
*/
import java.io.*;
class Grades {
int score;
char grade;
//get input string
System.out.print("Enter your score: ");
score = Integer.parseInt(input);
//determine grade by given score
if(score >= 90)
grade = 'A';
else if(score >= 80)
grade = 'B';
grade = 'C';
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';
System.out.println("Your grade is " + grade);
Grades.java score
60 F
90
80
70
60
A
B ( 80 89)
C ( 70 79)
D ( 60 69)
90 60
user score
75 if if
if score >= 70
grade = 'C'
grade = 'F'

if else score
run
3
Java
(Repetition)
64
Enter your score: 87

Your grade is B
Your grade is F
Your grade is A
Grades.java operator && ||

score
/* Grades2.java - Using Nested - if finding letter grade
* from a given score
*/
import java.io.*;
class Grades2 {
int score;
char grade;
//get input string
if(score >= 90)
grade = 'A';
else if(score >= 80 && score <= 89)
grade = 'B';
grade = 'C';
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';
code
if(score >= 90)
grade = 'A';
grade = 'B';
3
Java
(Repetition)
65
grade = 'C';
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';
run Grades.java

&&
&&
score
85 if Java if else if(score >= 80 &&
score <= 89) Java &&

score >= 80

&& ||

/* UpperLower.java - Using && in if - else statement */
import java.io.*;
class UpperLower {
char ch = 'F';
if(ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z')

System.out.println(ch + " is an uppercase letter.");
else if(ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z')
System.out.println(ch + " is a lowercase letter.");
ch F if else

&& ch
Java ASCII (Unicode)
F A (70 65) F
Z (70 90)
System.out.println(ch + " is an uppercase
letter."); ch
else if
||

/* Season.java - Using || in if - else statement */
import java.io.*;
class Season {
int month;
String season, input;
InputStreamReader in;
BufferedReader buffer;
System.out.print("Enter month (1 12): ");
in = new InputStreamReader(System.in);
3
Java
(Repetition)
66
buffer = new BufferedReader(in);

input = buffer.readLine();
month = Integer.parseInt(input);
if(month == 3 || month == 4 || month == 5 || month == 6)
season = "Summer";
else if(month == 7 || month == 8 || month == 9 || month == 10)
season = "Rainy";
else if(month == 11 || month == 12 ||
month == 1 || month == 2)
season = "Winter";
else
season = "Never heard of it!";
System.out.println(month + " is in " + season);
Season.java || month user

3 6 7 10 11 2 (

) run
Enter month (1 12): 4
4 is in Summer
8 is in Rainy
1 is in Winter
20 is in Never heard of it!
Operator ||

month 3 4 5 6 season Summer
&&
month else

Nested if else if else Java
else if

/* DanglingElse.java */
import java.io.*;
class DanglingElse {
int x = 7, y = 99;
if(x > 5)
if(y > 5)
System.out.println("x and y is greater than 5");
else
System.out.println("x is less than 5");
3
Java
(Repetition)
67
DanglingElse.java run
x and y is greater than 5

y 2
x is less than 5
x 5 Java else if

if(x > 5)
if(y > 5)
System.out.println("x and y is greater than 5");
else
System.out.println("x is less than 5");
{}
if(x > 5) {
if(y > 5)
System.out.println("x and y is greater than 5"):
}
else
System.out.println("x is greater than 5");
run y
0
Quadratic.java

determinant 0 if
//calculate determinant
double d = b * b 4 * a * c;
if(d <= 0) {
System.err.println("Error: cannot find square root");
System.exit(1);
}
double det = Math.sqrt(d);
d Math.sqrt() d
0 user System.exit(1)
/* Quadratic.java - Calculating roots of function */
class Quadratic {
double a, b, c;
//4x2 + 20x + 16 = 0
a = 4;
b = 20;
c = 16;
//calculate determimant
double d = b * b 4 * a * c;
3
Java
(Repetition)
68
if(d <= 0) {
System.err.println("Error: cannot find square root");
System.exit(1);
}
double det = Math.sqrt(d);
//calculate roots
double x1 = (-b + det) / (2 * a);
double x2 = (-b - det) / (2 * a);

Conditional Operator (? :)
Java operator if else operator
Conditional operator operator expression (statement)
(expression) ? (true statement) : (false statement);
(number % 2 == 0) ? System.out.println("Even number.")

: System.out.println("Odd number.");
/* OddEven.java */
import java.io.*;
class OddEven {
int num;
String result;
num = (int)(Math.random() * 100;

result = (num % 2 == 0) ? "Even" : "Odd";
System.out.println(num + " is an " + result + " number.");
OddEven.java operator ? : num

(Even Odd) result

65 is an Odd number.
Min.java operator ? :

/* Min.java */
import java.io.*;
class Min {
3
Java
(Repetition)
69

int num1 = 45, num2 = 89;
int min = (num1 < num2) ? num1 : num2;

System.out.println("Min number is " + min);
run
Min number is 45
operator ? : if else

operator
switch
Java if else switch
switch(expression) {
case value1 :
statement;
break;
case value2 :
statement;
break;
default :
statement;
break;
expression switch
char byte short int
Java error 3.3 switch
3
Java
(Repetition)
yes
?
70
statement
break
statement
break
no
yes
no
default
break
3.3 switch
break switch switch

switch
/* Switch.java - Using switch
* to differentiate input
*/
import java.io.*;
class Switch {
int month;
String season, input;
InputStreamReader in;
System.out.print("Enter month (1 12): ");
in = new InputStreamReader(System.in);
buffer = new BufferedReader(in);
month = Integer.parseInt(input);
switch(month) {
case 3: case 4: case 5: case 6:
season = "Summer";
break;
season = "Rainy";
break;
season = "Winter";
break;
default :
season = "Never heard of it!";
3
Java
(Repetition)
71
break;
}
System.out.println(month + " is in " + season);
Season.java if else switch

Season.java case
case
case
season = "Summer";
break;
Java case 3 case Java case 4
case 5 case 6 case Java season =
"Summer" break
case operator ||
if switch

run Switch.java run Season.java

switch
/* Switch2.java */
import java.io.*;
class Switch2 {
int digit;
InputStreamReader isr;
String input;
System.out.print("Enter a digit: ");
isr = new InputStreamReader(System.in);
buffer = new BufferedReader(isr);
digit = Integer.parseInt(input);
switch(digit) {
case 1: System.out.println("You
break;
break;
break;
break;
break;
entered ONE.");
entered TWO.");
entered THREE.");
entered FOUR.");
entered FIVE.");
entered SIX.");
3
Java
(Repetition)
72
break;
case 7: System.out.println("You entered SEVEN.");
break;
case 8: System.out.println("You entered EIGHT.");
break;
case 9: System.out.println("You entered NINE.");
break;
case 0: System.out.println("You entered ZERO.");
break;
default: System.out.println("Sorry - not a digit!");
break;
Switch2.java User 0 9
run
Enter a digit: 9
You entered NINE.
Enter a digit: 2
You entered TWO.
Enter a digit: 36
Sorry - not a digit!
36

(Loop)

1 10 2 keyboard user
Java
1 10
/* ForLoop.java */
import java.io.*;
class ForLoop {
int number = 1;
System.out.println("Number
number++;
number++;
number++;
number++;
number++;
number++;
now is " + number);

now is " + number);
now is " + number);
now is " + number);
now is " + number);
now is " + number);
3
Java
(Repetition)
number++;
number++;
number++;
73
now is " + number);

now is " + number);
now is " + number);
now is " + number);
Number
Number
Number
Number
Number
Number
Number
Number
Number
Number
now
now
now
now
now
now
now
now
now
now
is
is
is
is
is
is
is
is
is
is
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 10 1 100
1 1000 loop
Java while,
do..while for for loop
for loop
for loop for loop
/* ForLoop2.java */
import java.io.*;
class ForLoop2 {
int number;
for(number = 1; number <= 10; number++)

System.out.println("Number now is " + number);
for loop Java

10 number 1 number 10
number 10 Java
ForLoop.java
for loop

for(expression1 ; expression2 ; expression3)
statement;
3
Java
(Repetition)
74
expression
expression1
expression initialization expression
for loop expression2

statement for loop for loop
expression2 statement for loop

expression3 for loop
expression2 statement
expression2 expression2 loop condition expression3 increment
expression
3.4 for loop
expression1
expression2
( ?)
no
yes
statement
expression3
statement
3.4 for loop
ForLoop2.java
for loop
for(number = 1; number <= 10; number++)
Java number

number Java for
loop number++ number
number <= 10 number
for loop
1. number
2. number <= 10

for loop
3. number++
4.
3
Java
(Repetition)
75
Expression

for loop expression

for loop

for loop

Infinite loop for loop
for(number = 1; number > 0; number++)
For loop

number

for loop
int number = 1;
for(;;)
for loop expression
loop
expression
int number = 1;
for(;number > 0;)
infinite loop

for( ; ;) ;
for loop 1 100
/* Add1To100.java */
import java.io.*;
class Add1To100 {
int total = 0;
for(int i = 1; i <= 100; i++)

total += i;
System.out.println("Sum of 1 - 100 is " + total);
run
Sum of 1 100 is 5050
user
( user )

amount = p(1 + r)n
3
Java
(Repetition)
76
p (principal)
r
n
amount
/* Interests.java */
import java.io.*;
class Interests {
double amount;
//amount at the end of year
double principal; //first deposit
double rate;
//annual interests rate
int years;
//number of years
String input;
//get input from user (principal, rate, years)
System.out.print("Enter amount to deposit: ");
principal = Double.parseDouble(input);
System.out.print("Enter interests rate: ");
rate = Double.parseDouble(input);
System.out.print("Enter number of year: ");
years = Integer.parseInt(input);
//calculate and display amount

System.out.println("\nYear\tAmount on deposit");
for(int y = 1 y <= years; y++) {
amount = principal * Math.pow(1.0 + rate, y);
System.out.println(y + "\t" + amount);
}
System.out.print("\nTotal interests after " + years);
System.out.println(" years is " + (amount - principal));
run principal = 10000 rate = 0.25 years = 5

Enter amount to deposit: 10000
Enter interests rate: .25
Enter number of year: 5
Year
1
2
3
4
5
Amount on deposit
12500.0
15625.0
19531.25
24414.0625
30517.578125
3
Java
(Repetition)
77
Total interests after 5 years is 20517.578125
for loop ()
method Math.pow()
for loop y years
for loop

code
amount = principal;
System.out.println("\nYear\tAmount on deposit");
for(int y = 1; y <= years; y++) {
double interests = amount * rate;
//calculate interests
amount += interests;
//calculate new principal
System.out.println(y + "\t" + amount);
}
for loop
user
/* AddNumbers.java - reading numbers from input line
* user must specify space between those numbers and
* hit <enter> when done.
*/
import java.io.*;
class AddNumbers {
double number, sum = 0; //a number read and sum of numbers
int count = 0;
//total numbers read
//input buffer
//input stream
StreamTokenizer token;
//token from input stream
System.out.print("Enter numbers (space between
enter when done): ");
//get tokens from input buffer
token = new StreamTokenizer(buffer);
//set priority to EOL so that we can break out of the loop
token.eolIsSignificant(true);
//get each number from tokens
//calculate the sum until EOL is reached
for(; token.nextToken() != token.TT_EOL ;) {
switch(token.ttype) {
//token is a number
case StreamTokenizer.TT_NUMBER:
number = token.nval; //save token in number
count++;
//number of tokens read
3
Java
(Repetition)
78
sum += number;
//calculate sum
break;
default:
System.out.println("Token is not a number! " +
token.toString());
break;
}
}
//calculate average and display result
double average = sum / count;
System.out.println("Sum of numbers = " + sum);
System.out.println("Average of numbers = " +
f.format(average));
AddNumbers.java method class StreamTokenizer for loop

User user <enter>

Java <enter>
loop method eolIsSignificant()
eolIsSignificant(true);
method <enter> user (
<ctrl> + c )
<enter> token keyboard
token EOL (End Of Line)
token
buffer token
token
buffer EOL
switch token

sum count
for(; token.nextToken() != token.TT_EOL ;) {
//token is a number
count++;
sum += number;
//calculate sum
break;
default:
token.toString());
break;
}
}
token token.ttype
StreamTokenizer.TT_NUMBER token nval (
double) number double
number
number = token.nval;
3
Java
(Repetition)
79
token token

token token
for loop user <enter> <enter>
expression for loop for loop
expression 1 expression 3 for loop

for loop
<enter> user
run
Enter numbers (space between - enter when done): 20 30 45 789 12 34
Sum of numbers = 930.0
Average of numbers = 155.0
Enter numbers (space between - enter when done): 45 68 95
Class StreamTokenizer field

AddNumbers.java
javadoc Sun
for loop , (comma) expression

/* Sum.java */
import java.io.*;
class Sum {
int i, sum;
for(i = 1, sum = 0; i <= 10; sum += i, i++) ;
System.out.println("Sum = " + sum);

System.out.println("Average = " + (double)sum / (i-1));
expression1 i = 0 sum = 0 ,
expression3 sum += i i++
for loop
expression3 ; ( {}) Java for loop
for(i = 1, sum = 0; i <= 10; sum += i, i++) ;
for(i = 1, sum = 0; i <= 10; sum += i, i++) { }

for loop for loop

3
Java
(Repetition)
80
sum = 0;
for(i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
sum += i;
sum += i
i++ Java
,
i++ sum += i

i i
sum for loop i 11
for loop

i = ;
sum = 0;
for( ; i <= 10; i++) ;
sum += i;
i = 1;
sum = 0;
for( ; i <= 10; ) {
sum += i;
i++;
}
sum = 0;
for( i = 1; i <= 10; ) {
sum += i;
i++;
}
code
Java
code code
code (?)
while loop
while loop for loop
( expression) while loop
while(expression)
statement;
while loop expression

while loop
( while loop)
while loop 3.5 while loop
3
Java
(Repetition)
Expression
( ?)
81
no
yes
statement
Next statement
3.5 while loop
while loop for loop

/* Sum.java */
import java.io.*;
class Sum {
int i, sum;
i = 0;
sum = 0;
while(i <= 10) {
sum += i;
i++;
}

i sum
i <= 10 while loop i
sum i while loop for
loop
i = 0;
sum = 0;
expression for loop
3
Java
(Repetition)
82
i <= 10 expression for loop i++ expression for loop

( i 0
loop )
while loop for loop AddNumbers.java
/* AddNumbers2.java - reading numbers from input line
user must specify space between those numbers and
hit <enter> when done. (using while loop)
*/
import java.io.*;
class AddNumbers2 {
int count = 0;
//input buffer
//input stream

while(token.nextToken() != token.TT_EOL) {
//token is a number
count++;
sum += number;
//calculate sum
break;
default:
token.toString());
break;
}
}
f.format(average));

for(; token.nextToken() != token.TT_EOL ;)
3
Java
(Repetition)
83
while(token.nextToken() != token.TT_EOL)
code
for loop while loop

loop loop

do..while
Java loop

do while
do {
statement
}
while(expression);
3.6 do while loop
statement
yes
Expression
( ?)
no
statement
3.6 do while

do while loop
do
while loop
/* DoWhile.java - do .. while to repeat the program
until user enter a letter other than 'y'
*/
import java.io.*;
3
Java
(Repetition)
84
class DoWhile {
int score;
char grade, ch;
do {
//get input string
if(score > 90)
grade = 'A';
else if(score > 80)
grade = 'B';
else if(score > 70)
grade = 'C';
else if(score > 60)
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';
System.out.print("\nDO you want to continue? <y/n> : ");
String response = buffer.readLine();
ch = (char)response.charAt(0);
}
while(ch == 'y');
do while
System.out.print("\nDO you want to continue? <y/n> : ");
String response = buffer.readLine();
ch = (char)response.charAt(0);
user
y expression do while loop
do while loop
n (
y)
method chatAt() parameter buffer
ch do while loop
run
Your grade is B
3
Java
(Repetition)
85
DO you want to continue? <y/n> : y

Your grade is F
DO you want to continue? <y/n> : y
Your grade is C
DO you want to continue? <y/n> : n
do while loop 1
100
/* Sum2.java */
import java.io.*;
class Sum2 {
int i, sum;
i = 0;
sum = 0;
do {
sum += i;
i++;
}
while(i <= 100);

run
Sum = 5050
Average = 50.5
loop do while loop
loop code loop

loop

1
class Loops {
int index = 1;
while(index != 9) {
index += 2;
System.out.println(index);
index--;
}
3
Java
(Repetition)
86
2
class Loops1 {
int index1, index2;
index1 = 33;
index2 = 1;
while(index1 < index2) {

index1 = index1 + 10;
System.out.println(index1);
index2 = index2 * 2;
}
3
class Loops2 {
int index = 1;
while(index != 33) {
index++;
System.out.println(index);
index++;
}
break continue
loop loop
loop loop index
/* Sum3.java */
import java.io.*;
class Sum3 {
int i, sum;
i = 0;
sum = 0;
do {
sum += i;
i++;
//break out of loop when i >= 50
if(i >= 50)
break;
}
3
Java
(Repetition)
87
while(i <= 100);

Sum2.java i
50 break loop
if(i >= 50)
break;
run
Sum = 1225
Average = 25.0
break loop
/* Break.java */
import java.io.*;
class Break {
for(int number = 1; ; number++)

if(number % 2 == 0) {
System.out.println("Number is " + number);
//break out of loop when number >= 10
if(number >= 10)
break;
}

loop

Number
Number
Number
Number
Number
is
is
is
is
is
2
4
6
8
10
continue
/* Continue.java */
import java.io.*;
class Continue {
for(int number = 1; number <= 10; number++) {
3
Java
(Repetition)
88
//skip if number is 5
if(number == 5)
continue;
System.out.println("Number is " + number);
code number

Number
Number
Number
Number
Number
Number
Number
Number
Number
is
is
is
is
is
is
is
is
is
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
10
continue

Nested Loop
loop
loop if else
loop
nested loop
/* NestedLoop.java */
import java.io.*;
class NestedLoop {
for(int row = 1; row <= 10; row++) {

for(int column = 1; column <= 10; column++) {
if(column > row)
continue;
System.out.print("*");
}
System.out.println();
}
NestedLoop.java for loop '*'

()
3
Java
(Repetition)
89
*
**
***
****
*****
******
*******
********
*********
**********
for loop row loop index
row for loop column loop index
for loop
for loop
column row
'*' continue
row column '*' column

row column
for loop
row
'*' column row
row for loop
break continue
break for loop

continue for loop row
( for loop
for loop - row)
nested-loop (
)
1
class Loops3 {
int j, k = 0;
while(k < 3) {
j = 5;
while(j > 0) {
System.out.println(j);
j -= 2;
}
System.out.println("k = " + k);
k++;
}
3
Java
(Repetition)
90
2
class Loops4 {
int j, k = 1;
while(k < 7) {
j = 5;
while(j > 0) {
j--;
}
k *= 2;
}
3
class Loops5 {
int j = 10, k = 1;
while(k < 8) {
while(j > 0) {
j--;
}
k = k * 2;
}
Labeled continue Labeled break for loop

Java
label

/* LabledContinue.java */
import java.io.*;
class LabeledContinue {
label: for(int row = 1; row <= 10; row++) {

for(int column = 1; column <= 10; column++) {
if(column > row)
continue label;
//goto label
System.out.print("*");
}
}
3
Java
(Repetition)
91
Continue.java labeled continue

LabeledContinue.java identifier
label for loop
':' continue for loop

identifier continue
labeled continue column
row for loop for loop

label
continue break labeled break
/* LabledContinue.java */
import java.io.*;
class LabeledContinue {
System.out.println("Statement before first label.");

first:
for(int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
for(int j = 1; j <= 10; j++) {
if(j > i)
break first;
System.out.println('*');
}
}
System.out.println("Statement after first label.");
label
first
first
Statement before first label.
for loop
*

Statement after first label.
labeled break
block first Java

block first
System.out.println("Statement after first label.");
label block block labeled break

code
block
labeled break 1 5
3
Java
(Repetition)
92
/* LabledBreak.java */
import java.io.*;
class LabeledBreak {
int prod = 1;
int i = 1;
outer:
while(true) {
prod *= i;
i++;
if(i > 5)
break outer;
}
System.out.println("Product = " + prod);
while loop

( true expression)
labeled break while loop
i break block outer
block System.out.println("Product = " + prod)
Loop loop

loop Array
String

loop
9
9
9
9
9
9
if if-else
nested-if
Tertiary operator - ? :
switch
loop for-loop while-loop do-while-loop
break continue label
1. int keyboard 10
10
2.
100

10
3. 2

20
4.
A Z while loop
keyboard
3
Java
(Repetition)
93
5.

keyboard
( 10 )
6. 2 keyboard
(product
number)
(quantity sold) 5

1
2
3
4
5
500.0
750.0
850.0
950.0
1000.0

keyboard switch

7.
keyboard
( )
a = p(1 + r)n
p
r
n
a

column column column
run 5%
1000 10
8.
loop
**********
*********
********
*******
******
*****
****
***
**
*
**********
*********
********
*******
******
*****
****
***
**
*
9. int (n)
1 2 3 n-1 n
1 2 3 n-1
123
12
1
3
Java
(Repetition)
94
10. keyboard
12 29 2002 363
11. keyboard 0

user
12. 1 100
11
13.
keyboard
2 mod (26
) a a + c
97 + 99 = 196 % 26 = 14

14

n
14. 9 + 5 2 * 4 + 2 / 3

15. 1 12

16. sum code
class Loops6 {
int j = 0, k, m, n, sum = 0;
}
}
while(j != 20) {
k = 0;
while(k != 100) {
m = 0;
while(m != 50) {
n = 0;
while(n != 10) {
sum++;
n++;
}
m++;
}
k++;
}
j++;
}
17.
(GCD Greatest Common Divisor)
keyboard gcd 24 15 3
note: gcd x y integer
x y ( 0)
18.
(LCD Least Common Multiple)
keyboard lcd 24 15 120
note: lcd x y integer
x y
3
Java
(Repetition)
95
19.
factor keyboard 18 factor
2 3 3 (8 = 2 * 3 * 3)
array
string
object Java

o
o
o
o
o
o
array
array
array array
object string
array object
object string
array
Array
array array index integer (int)
Java index 0

array array
datatype[] nameOfArray;
int[] listOfNumbers;
double[] prices;
char[] vowels;
array array
array [] Java
array
array
array
int listOfNumbers[];
double prices[];
char vowels[];
array array
listOfNumbers = new int[5];
4
Java
Array String
97
Java Java int

10 listOfNumbers (reference)
array 4.1 array
array
num
array
array
int
int [] num = new int[5];

operator new
int 5
index
array num
num[0]
num[1]
num[2]
num[3]
num[4]
num.length 5
4.1 array
array
int [] num;
array
operator new

int [] num = new int[5];
Java 0
index
num[3]
num[2]

index 4 array num
5 index 0 1 2 3 4
Java error (array index out of bound)
array
array array int

array 0
/* Array1.java */
import java.io.*;
class Array1 {
4
Java
Array String
98

int[] list;
//declare array of int
list = new int[10];

//allocate space for 10 ints
for(int i = 0; i < list.length; i++)
System.out.println("list[" + i +"] = " + list[i]);
Array1.java list array int 10

for loop array Java
array
list[0]
list[1]
list[2]
list[3]
list[4]
list[5]
list[6]
list[7]
list[8]
list[9]
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
loop

array
array 5 3
list[5] list[3]
Array

Java array

array
list.length;
array array length
array . length

array
/* Array2.java */
import java.io.*;
class Array2 {
int[] list;
//declare array of int
list = new int[10];

//allocate space for 10 ints
list[5] = 8;
list[3] = 2;
list[9] = 4;
run
4
Java
list[0]
list[1]
list[2]
list[3]
list[4]
list[5]
list[6]
list[7]
list[8]
list[9]
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Array String
99
0
0
0
2
0
8
0
0
0
4
array array Java

/* Array3.java */
import java.io.*;
class Array3 {
int[] list = {2, 3, 1, 56, 90};

list array int 2 3 1 56 90

Java
array
user array list run
list[0]
list[1]
list[2]
list[3]
list[4]
=
=
=
=
=
2
3
1
56
90
user keyboard array

/* ArrayOfNumbers.java */
import java.io.*;
class ArrayOfNumbers {
double[] list;
//array of double
int count;
//number of items in array
String input;
//input string
//input buffer
//input stream
System.out.print("How many numbers? : ");
4
Java
Array String
100
count = Integer.parseInt(input); //total items in list
list = new double[count];
//allocate space forlist
//reading each double into list
for(int i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
System.out.print("Enter number: ");
list[i] = Double.parseDouble(input);
}
//add all doubles in list
int n = list.length - 1; //n is the last index of list
while(n >= 0) {
//looping until n equals to 0
sum += list[n--];
//add list[n] into sum and
}
//decrement n

f.format(average));
ArrayOfNumbers.java user user

array
list = new double[count];
user array list
System.out.print("Enter number: ");
list[i] = Double.parseDouble(input);
}
array
loop array
n index array list
int n = list.length - 1;
list.length
array index
list.length 1 while loop array
sum
while(n >= 0) {
sum += list[n--];
}
sum += list[n--] n sum n

n 0 while loop
4
Java
Array String
101
array clone copy array

array

array array
array
/* Array4.java */
import java.io.*;
class Array4 {
int[] list = {2, 3, 1, 56, 90};
int[] newList = list; //cloning

newList[0] = 11;
//changing data at list[0]
Array3.java (reference) array list

newList
int[] newList = list;
0 11 newList run

list[0]
list[1]
list[2]
list[3]
list[4]
=
=
=
=
=
2
3
1
56
90
list[0]
list[1]
list[2]
list[3]
list[4]
=
=
=
=
=
11
3
1
56
90
copy array array

array copy array array
/* Array5.java */
import java.io.*;
class Array5 {
int[] list = {2, 3, 1, 56, 90};
int[] newList = new int[list.length];
//original array
//new array
4
Java
Array String
102
//copy each item from list into newList

newList[i] = list[i];
System.out.println("newList[" + i +"] = " + newList[i]);
}
Array5.java newList
newList list copy for
loop
newList[i] = list[i];
run

newList[0]
newList[1]
newList[2]
newList[3]
newList[4]
=
=
=
=
=
2
3
1
56
90

/* Array6.java */
import java.io.*;
class Array6 {
int[] list = {2, 3, 1, 56, 90};
//original array
//new array
//copy each item from list into newList

System.arraycopy(list, 0, newList, 0, list.length);
for(int i = 0; i < newList.length; i++)
}
class method
method Java
method arraycopy() copy
(
) copy
(parameter) Java
4
Java
Array String
array
copy
index array
array

index array
copy
103
(list)
(0)
(newList)
(0)
(list.length)

method clone()
/* Array7.java */
import java.io.*;
class Array7 {
int[] list = {2, 3, 1, 56, 90};
//original array
//cloning process
int[] newList = (int[])list.clone();
}
method clone() Array7.java array

int[] newList = (int[])list.clone();
cast array array clone

(int[]) list.clone()
array (list)
copy array
array
array array

/* Array8.java */
import java.io.*;
class Array8 {
int[] list = {2, 3, 1, 56, 90};
//original array
int[] newList = new int[list.length-2]; //new array
//copy item at index 2, 3, and 4 from list into newList
System.arraycopy(list, 2, newList, 0, list.length 2);
for(int i = 0; i < newList.length; i++)

4
Java
Array String
104
Array8.java copy 2 3 4 array list

array newList 0 1 2
method arraycopy()
System.arraycopy(list, 2, newList, 0, list.length 2);

run
newList[0] = 1
newList[1] = 56
newList[2] = 90
array (Dynamic Array)
array
array
array
array AddNumbers.java
/* DynamicArray.java */
import java.io.*;
class DynamicArray {
double []list = new double[2]; //array of double
int count = 0;
//input buffer
//input stream
while(token.nextToken() != token.TT_EOL) {
//token is a number
//double the size of list
if(count > list.length-1) {
double []newList = new double[list.length*2];
System.arraycopy(list, 0, newList, 0,
list.length);
list = newList;
//point to new list
}
list[count] = token.nval; //save token into list
4
Java
Array String
105
sum += list[count];
//calculate sum
count++;
break;
default:
System.out.println("Token is not a number! ");
break;
}
}
f.format(average));
list array double 2

array index
array list
copy array list array (newList)
array (list)
array Java

if(count > list.length-1) {
double []newList = new double[list.length*2];
list = newList;
}
array array
array array
array

run DynamicArray.java
Enter numbers (space between - enter when done): 15 5 20 15 10 15 20
array
/* DiceRolling.java */
import java.io.*;
class DiceRolling {
int face, roll;
int[] frequency = new int[7];//number of times each face occur
//rolling the die for 100 times
roll = 1;
while(roll <= 100) {
//calculate face of die
face = (int)(Math.random() * 6) + 1;
4
Java
Array String
106
//save each time the same face occur by using

//indeces as faces of die
frequency[face]++;
roll++;
System.out.println("Face\tFrequency");
for(int i = 1; i < frequency.length; i++)
System.out.println(i + "\t" + frequency[i]);
}
DiceRolling.java index array

method random() 1 6 6
1 index
6 frequency[6]++
index array
if else

if(face == 1)
count1++;
else if(face == 2)
count2++;
else if(face == 3)
count3++;
else if(face == 6)
count6++;
code frequency[face]++
run
Face
1
2
3
4
5
6
Frequency
12
25
24
7
12
19
array
array
(sequential search)
(binary search)

(Sequential search)
array

array
4
Java
Array String
107
/* SeqSearch.java */
import java.io.*;
class SeqSearch {
int[] list = {2, 3, 1, 56, 90};;
int number = 90;
//number to search
int i = 0;
//loop index
boolean notFound = true; //loop control variable
while(notFound) {
if(number == list[i]) //if found
notFound = false; //break out of loop
i++;
//move to next number
}
//in the list
if(!notFound)
System.out.println(number + " is in the list.");
else
System.out.println(number + " is not in the list.");
while loop
array list notFound
boolean loop
notFound false while loop
90
90 is in the list.
boolean loop loop
break
code
/* SeqSearch2.java */
import java.io.*;
class SeqSearch2 {
int[] list = {2, 3, 1, 56, 90};
int number = 90;
//number to search
int i = 0;
//loop index
while(true) {
if(number == list[i]) //if found
break;
//break out of loop
i++;
//move to next number
}
//in the list
if(i >= list.length)

System.out.println(number + " is not in the list.");
else
System.out.println(number + " is in the list.");
4
Java
Array String
108
list i
array
i array (
boolean ) loop
break loop

array array
(Binary search)
binary search
(key) key
array key
key

key array

binary search
array 1024 10
512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
binary search BinSearch.java
binary search
/* BinSearch.java */
import java.io.*;
class BinSearch {
int[] list = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ,9, 10};
//generate key to search
int key = (int)(Math.random() * 10 + 1);
int low = 0;
//lower index
int high = list.length - 1; //higher index
int middle;
//number at the middle (pivot)
boolean found = false;
//indicate search result
while(low <= high) {

middle = (low + high) / 2;
//calculate pivot
if(key == list[middle]) {
//if found - stop searching
found = true;
break;
}
else if(key < list[middle]) //key is in lower half
high = middle - 1;
else
low = middle + 1;
//key is in upper half
}
if(found)
System.out.println("Found " + key + "!");
else
System.out.println(key + " not found!");
4
Java
Array String
109
BinSearch.java array list 10

(key) index (low)
(high) array 0 list.length 1 while loop
array list low high low
high list

middle = (low + high) / 2;
if(key == list[middle]) {
found = true;
break;
}
else if(key < list[middle])

high = middle - 1;
else
low = middle + 1;
index
middle 1 key
middle low middle + 1 key middle
middle
(sort) array
array
Java
()
method sort Java
array sort method sort() Java

Arrays.sort(list)
list array sort Sort.java sort class
Arrays
//Sort.java - recursive version
import java.util.Arrays;
class Sort {
int[] list = new int[100];
//array with 100 ints
int i;
//loop index
//populate list with random ints
for(i = 0; i < 100; i++)
list[i] = (int)(Math.random() * 100 + 1);
4
Java
Array String
110
//display 100 ints to screen 20 per line

for(i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
if(i % 20 == 0)
System.out.print(list[i] + "\t");
}
Arrays.sort(list);
//calling sort from class Arrays
//display again
for(int j =0 ; j < list.length; j++) {
if(j % 20 == 0)
System.out.print(list[j] + "\t");
}
method class Arrays

method binarySearch() code
binary search
BinarySearch.java method
binarySearch()
//BinarySearch.java - recursive version
class BinarySearch {
int[] list = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10};
int key = (int)(Math.random() * 10 + 1);//key to search for
int found = Arrays.binarySearch(list, key);
if(found >= 0)
System.out.println("Found " + key + " at index " + found);
else
System.out.println(key + " is not in the list!");
method binarySearch() parameter 2 (1) array

list
(2) key
int found = Arrays.binarySearch(list, key)
list method binarySearch() index
found
0
found 0
run
Found 3 at index 2
Found 1 at index 0
4
Java
Array String
111
array
array (Array of arrays)
array primitive type
array
array

int[][] table = new int[5][5];
table array 5
array
int 5 [][] Java array
array array array 2 4.2 array
table
index
array

(index)
[0]
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
table[0]
table[1]
table[2]
table[3]
table[4]
int [] [] table = new int [5] [5];

4.2 array array (array 2 )
Array9.java
array 2 5 x 5
1 10 random()
table length array 1

table[0].length
table[3].length
Array9.java table[i].length i index

/* Array9.java */
import java.io.*;
4
Java
Array String
112
class Array9 {
int[][] table = new int[5][5];
for(int i = 0; i < table.length; i++) {
for(int j = 0; j < table[i].length; j++)
table[i][j] = (int)(1 + Math.random() * 10);
}
for(int i = 0; i < table.length; i++) {
System.out.print(table[i][j] + "\t");
}
}
run Array9.java
7
5
7
7
10
3
8
6
10
4
2
5
8
9
4
8
4
6
7
2
7
8
2
5
2
array 2
Java
/* Array10.java */
import java.io.*;
class Array10 {
//declare 2-D array with specific data
int[][] table = { {1, 2, 3},
{5, 6, 8},
{7, 4, 6},
{4, 8, 9} };
for(int i =0 ; i < table.length; i++) {
System.out.print(table[i][j] + "\t");
}
}
table array 2
4 3
{}
,
int[][] table = { {1, 2, 3},
{5, 6, 8},
{7, 4, 6},
/* 0 */
/* 1 */
/* 2 */
4
Java
Array String
{4, 8, 9}
};
113
/* 3 */

int[][] table = {{1, 2, 3}, {5, 6, 8}, {7, 4, 6}, {4, 8, 9}};
run
1
5
7
4
2
6
4
8
3
8
6
9
array

array
double [][] list = new double[5][];
array 2
5
0 4 4 10

list[0] = new double[4];
list[4] = new double[10];
(index)
int m = 0;
while(m < 5) {
list[m] = new double[m + 1];
m++;
}
Array11.java array 2
index
/* Array11.java */
import java.io.*;
class Array11 {
double [][]list
= new double[5][];
//allocate space for each row
int m = 0;
while(m < 5) {
list[m] = new double[m + 1];
m++;
}
for(int j = 0; j < list[i].length; j++)
System.out.print(list[i][j] + "\t");
4
Java
Array String
114
run
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
array

8 x 25 = 200 byte
8 x 15 = 120 byte
array

array
Array of arrays max min
//ArrayOfArrays.java
import java.io.*;
class ArrayOfArrays {
//inititial scores
int [][]score = { {45, 87, 68, 57},
{98, 70, 58, 69},
{85, 42, 68, 82} };
double average;
//average of scores
int max, min, total = 0; //maximum, minimum, total of scores
int count = 0;
//total scores
max = score[0][0];
//assuming max score is at [0][0]
min = score[0][0];
//assuming min score is at [0][0]
//looping for 3 rows
for(int i = 0; i < score.length; i++) {
//looping for 4 columns
for(int j = 0; j < score[i].length; j++) {
if(score[i][j] > max) //find max score
max = score[i][j];
if(score[i][j] < min) //find mim score
min = score[i][j];
total += score[i][j]; //calculate total
count++;
//number of scores
}
}
//calculate average of scores
average = (double)total / count;
System.out.println("Maximum score is " + max);
System.out.println("Minimun score is " + min);
System.out.println("Average score is " + average);
4
Java
Array String
115
ArrayOfArrays.java score array 3

4 score
score

score
for loop 2 array score
max score min
array array
if(score[i][j] > max)
max = score[i][j];
max score[i][j]

max
if(score[i][j] < min)
min = score[i][j];
min score[i][j]
min
max min max min
array range
max min max min
(
method max() min()
class Math )
array of arrays table

array of arrays
row column array 2 (two dimensional array)
array of arrays array array 3

array
3
3 ( array 3 )
String
string array
string
string
array String string
array char array of characters
string array of characters string
String Java
Array of characters
string array

array char
char [] string = new char[20];
array char 20
array of characters
//ArrayOfChars.java
import java.io.*;
class ArrayOfChars {
4
Java
Array String
116
//declare array of char

char[] str = new char[26];
int i = 0;
//populate str with characters a to z

for(char c = 'a'; c <= 'z'; c++) {
str[i] = c;
i++;
}
//print all characters to screen
for(i = 0; i < 26; i++)
System.out.print(str[i]);
ArrayOfChars.java array of chars 27

char[] str = new char[26];
for loop str char index
loop
char
char c = 'f' c c 'g'
ASCII for loop

str
for(char c = 'a'; c <= 'z'; c++) {
str[i] = c;
i++;
}
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
array of characters array
string string 2
string Java class String
string
String Java
String Java object class String string
user string
user
String
String str = new String("Java is fun");
String str = "Java is fun";

2
char[] str = {'J', 'a', 'v', 'a', ' ', 'i', 's', ' ', 'f', 'u', 'n'};
String str = new String(str);
4
Java
Array String
117
string array of chars string

string
String name;
name string compile
error Java compile
null string name
String name = null;
Java string name
string
//StringOps.java
import java.io.*;
class StringOps {
String first = "Java ";
String second = "Programming";
String third = null;
int percent = 100;
third = first + second;

System.out.println(third + " is " + percent + "% fun!");
StringOps.java String 3 first second third

first "Java " second "Programming" third string
percent 100
third = first + second;
first second third "Java Programming"

percent string

Java Programming is 100% fun!
string string

int percent = 100;
String is = " is ";
String fun = "%fun!";
String int
third = first + second + is + percent + fun;
4
Java
Array String
118
Java int
string string
String
string 2 ==
primitive type
first == third
string (
string
string )
String myString = "Motorcycle";
String yourString = myString;
myString yourString ( true
==)
string
String keyboard = "from Thailand";
String kb = "from Thailand";
if(keyboard == kb)
false ==
( address )

method Java class String
string
//StringCompare.java
import java.io.*;
class StringCompare {
String third = "Java Programming";
String forth;
forth = first + second; //forth is "Java Programming"
if(third == forth)
System.out.println("third and forth refer to
the same string");
else
System.out.println("third and forth do not refer to
the same string");
first = forth; //first and forth refer to the same string
System.out.println("first is " + first);
System.out.println("forth is " + forth);
if(first == forth)
System.out.println("first == forth is true");
else
4
Java
Array String
119
System.out.println("first == forth is false");
StringCompare.java string ==
string third forth (string char
) run
third and forth do not refer to the same string
== string
first
forth run
first is Java Programming
forth is Java Programming
first == forth is true
string method equals() method compareTo()
//StringCompare1.java
import java.io.*;
class StringCompare1 {
String third = "Java ProgramminG";
String forth;
forth = first + second; //forth is "Java Programming"
if(third.equals(forth))
System.out.println("third equals forth");
else
System.out.println("third not equals forth");
first = forth; //first and forth refer to the same string

if(first.equals(forth))
System.out.println("first equals forth");
else
System.out.println("first not equals forth");
third "Java ProgramminG"

char run
third not equals forth
first equals forth
third.equals(forth) third forth ()
true false
string 2
4
Java
Array String
120
third.equals(forth) forth.equals(third)
method equals() string
g
G false
string
method equalsIgnoreCase()
string
equals()
equalsIgnoreCase()
if(third.equalsIgnoreCase(forth))
System.out.println("third equals forth");
else
System.out.println("thrid not equals forth");
third equals forth

( ) string
string string

string method compareTo()
myString.compareTo(yourString);
myString "lovely bike" yourString "lovely kite"
compareTo() 'k' yourString
'b' myString method compareTo()
//StringCompareTo.java
import java.io.*;
class StringCompareTo {
String first = "lovely bike";
String second = "lovely kite";
String third = "lovely";
//compare first and second
if(first.compareTo(second) > 0)
System.out.println("first is greater than second");
else
System.out.println("second is greater than first");
//compare first and third
if(first.compareTo(third) > 0)
System.out.println("first is greater than third");
else
System.out.println("third is greater than first");
String a = "A";
4
Java
Array String
121
String z = "Z";
String str1 = "AAA";
String str2 = "AAA";
//compare a and z
if(a.compareTo(z) < 0)
System.out.println(a + " is less than " + z);
//compare str1 and str2

if(str1.compareTo(str2) == 0)
System.out.println(str1 + " equals " + str2);
run
second is greater than first
first is greater than third
A is less than Z
AAA equals AAA
first second 0
first second true first second
false Java else (
)
method compareTo() 0 true
false
==
if(str1.compareTo(str2) == 0)
System.out.println(str1 + " equals " + str2);
method compareTo()
3 -1, 0,
1
-1 string string (string parameter)
0 string
1 string
string
string1.compareTo(string2);
string1 string

string2 string
string parameter
string
string method
StringChars.java
//StringChars.java
import java.io.*;
4
Java
Array String
122
import java.lang.Character;
class StringChars {
//setting up constant string
String string = "Learn to write programs in Java doesn't take"
+ " as long as I think it would. But to fully understand"
+ " it is a time consuming task.";
int
int
int
int
int
charCount = 0;
vowelCount = 0;
lowerCaseCount = 0;
upperCaseCount = 0;
spaceCount = 0;
//count
//count
//count
//count
//count
of
of
of
of
of
letters
vowels
lowercase letters
uppercase letters
white spaces
//check all letters

for(int i = 0; i < string.length(); i++) {
char ch = string.charAt(i);
//check if it's a letter
if(Character.isLetter(ch))
charCount++;
//check if it's an uppercase
if(Character.isUpperCase(ch))
upperCaseCount++;
//check if it's a lowercase
if(Character.isLowerCase(ch))
lowerCaseCount++;
//check if it's a white space
if(Character.isWhitespace(ch))
spaceCount++;
//convert it to lowercase
ch = Character.toLowerCase(ch);
//check if it's a vowel
if(ch == 'a' || ch == 'e' || ch == 'i' ||
ch == 'o' || ch == 'u')
vowelCount++;
System.out.println(charCount + " characters counted.");

System.out.println(upperCaseCount +
" uppercase letters counted.");
System.out.println(lowerCaseCount +
" lowercase letters counted.");
System.out.println(vowelCount + " vowels counted.");
System.out.println(charCount - vowelCount +
" consonants counted.");
System.out.println(spaceCount + " spaces counted.");
run
99 characters counted.
4 uppercase letters counted.
95 lowercase letters counted.
37 vowels counted.
62 consonants counted.
4
Java
Array String
123
24 spaces counted.
string " "

for loop string
char ch = string.charAt(i)
index i ch
method class Character
Character.isLetter(ch)
Character.isUpperCase(ch)
Character.isLowerCase(ch)
Character.isWhitespace(ch)
true
true
true
true
( tab)
string

ch = Character.toLowerCase(ch);
if(ch == 'a' || ch == 'e' || ch == 'i' || ch == 'o' || ch == 'u')
vowelCount++;
method class Character class String
string (sub string) string method
indexOf()
//IndexOf.java
import java.io.*;
class IndexOf {
String string = "Learn to write programs in Java doesn't take"
+ " as long as I think it would. But to fully understand"
+ " it is a time consuming task.";
int itCount = 0; //count of it
String it = "it"; //string to seach for
//search for "it"
int index = string.indexOf(it);
while(index >= 0) {
itCount++;
//move to first letter after last "it"
index += it.length();
//look for next "it"
index = string.indexOf(it, index);
}
System.out.println("it appeared " + itCount + " times.");
4
Java
Array String
124
it appeared 3 times.
index "it" string
int index = string.indexOf(it)
while loop
itCount index
"it" index += it.length() method indexOf()
"it"
index = string.indexOf(it, index)
string while loop
indexOf()

0 index
-1 while loop
Method indexOf()
(parameter)
sub string sub string
(index) indexOf()

index
index
indexOf() -1 sub string string
sub string sub string
() sub string
string
//SubString.java
import java.io.*;
class SubString {
String string = "Learning Java";
String str1 = string.substring(0);
String str2 = string.substring(9);
String str3 = string.substring(0, 8);
//the whole string

//string: "Java"
//string: "Learning"
System.out.println("str1 > " + str1);

Java method substring()

substring() parameter substring()
parameter
index sub string parameter

index sub string
4
Java
Array String
125
String str2 = string.substring(9)

index = 9 string 'J'
'a' "Java"
String str3 = string.substring(0, 8)
index = 0 8 'L' ' ' (space)

space sub string "Learning"
sub string string

String sub = "Basic idea about Java".substring(6) "idea about
Java"
String sub = "Basic idea about Java".substring(6, 10) "idea"

4.1 method class String
4.1 method class String
method
length()
indexOf(String)
indexof(String, start index)
lastIndexof(String)
lastIndexof(String, start index)
trim()
substring(start index)
substring(start index, end index)
replace(old char, new char)
charAt(index)
equals(String)
equalsIgnoreCase(String)
startsWith(String)
startsWith(String, start index)
endsWith(String)
String ()
String -1
String
-1
String -1
String
-1
String space
String
String
char char

true String
true String case
true String String
true String String
true String String
class StringBuffer string

class String class StringBuffer
string
StringBuffer string = new StringBuffer("Basic String Operations");
object string class StringBuffer "Basic String
Operations"
string class String
new

4
Java
Array String
126
StringBuffer string = null;

string = new StringBuffer("Just another way to declare");
StringBuffer string = "Just another way to declare";

StringBuffer
string (object
class String ) string class
StringBuffer object class
StringBuffer
//StringBufferTest.java
import java.io.*;
class StringBufferTest {
StringBuffer string = new StringBuffer("fish");
System.out.println("string is " + string);
//append "er" after "fish"
string.append("er");
//append "man" after "fisher" using method insert()

string.insert(string.length(), "man");
StringBufferTest.java object class StringBuffer

StringBuffer string = new StringBuffer("fish")
string
f i
uiui
string string "er" string "fish"
string.append("er")
string
f
string "fisher"
string string "man" string
method insert()
string.insert(string.length(), "man")
4
Java
Array String
127
string
f
insert() parameter 2 1). string

2). string "man" run
string is fish
string is fisher
string is fisherman
object class StringBuffer

string.setLength(6)
string string
System.out.println("string after set length is " + string)

run
string after set length is fisher
string object class StringBuffer
append() insert()
//StringBufferTest1.java
import java.io.*;
class StringBufferTest1 {
StringBuffer string = new StringBuffer();
string.append(2);
//append " fisher" after 2
string.append(" fisher");
//append "men" after "fisher" using method insert()
string.insert(string.length(), "men");
string.append(" with ");
string.append(100);
string.append(" fish.");
4
Java
Array String
128
method append() int

string.append(2) string.append(100) Java

object class StringBuffer
string
string
string
string
string
is
is
is
is
is
2
2
2
2
2
fisher
fishermen
fishermen with
fishermen with 100 fish.
class StringBuffer buffer

object class Java buffer
buffer 16 object
StringBuffer name = new StringBuffer("Chiang Mai");
() 10 Java 26
buffer method capacity()
StringBuffer s = new StringBuffer("Chaing Mai");

System.out.println("Length of " + s + " is " + s.length());
System.out.println("Capacity of " + s + " is " + s.capacity());

Length of Chaing Mai is 10
Capacity of Chaing Mai is 26
method
string (reverse)
//ReverseString.java
import java.io.*;
class ReverseString {
//setting up a constant string
StringBuffer string = new StringBuffer("I love Chaing Mai");
//create an empty string
StringBuffer revStr = new StringBuffer();
revStr.append(string);
//append string to revStr
revStr.reverse();
//reverse it
System.out.println("Reverse of [" + string + "] is ["

+ revStr + "]");
run
Reverse of [I love Chaing Mai] is [iaM gniahC evol I]
4
Java
Array String
129
string "I love Chiang Mai" object

StringBuffer revStr = new StringBuffer() string
revStr method append()
revStr.reverse() reverse revStr
reverse
object string revStr
revStr
StringBuffer revStr = new StringBuffer(string)
Java method object class StringBuffer
1. StringBuffer()
2. StringBuffer(int len) buffer
3. StringBuffer(String str) object class String
method string
string
4.2 method class StringBuffer
4.2 method class StringBuffer
method
capacity()
length()
setLength(new length)
append(value)
insert(index, value)
replace(start index, end index, String)
delete(start index, end index)
deleteCharAt(index)
setCharAt(index, character)
charAt(index)
substring(index)
substring(start index, end index)
toString()
reverse()
StringBuffer
StringBuffer
StringBuffer
StringBuffer
StringBuffer
String

substring String
substring
object String StringBuffer
StringBuffer
array string (Array of Strings)

string object
string array string
array array
method main()
() String [] args args
array of strings array
string array of
strings
//ArrayOfStrings.java
import java.io.*;
4
Java
Array String
130
class ArrayOfStrings {
//declare array of 5 strings
String[] names = new String[5];
//initialize array
names[0] = "Kafe";
names[1] = "River Side";
names[2] = "Good View";
names[3] = "Cottage";
names[4] = "Club G";
String word = names[2].substring(0, 4);
System.out.println("First word from names[2] is " + word);
for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

System.out.println(names[i]);
}
names array of Strings

5
String[] names = new String[5];
array names
names[2]
for loop
run
First word from names[2] is Good
Kafe
River Side
Good View
Cottage
Club G
array of Strings
array array of Strings
array array of
Strings
array String StringBuffer

object class String class StringBuffer
method

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
array
array index
array length
Array array
object string class String

string method length()
String method string
string
class StringBuffer
4
Java
9
9
Array String
131
StringBuffer method string

string class StringBuffer method length() object
StringBufer method capacity()
1. int keyboard 10 array

2. Math.random() 100 array
5 20
3.
array 2 3 x 3 2
int
array Math.random()
1 9
array 2 (Matrix addition) array
array
4. object class String keyboard
string

string

5. array string 10 day/month/year
02/10/00 string
2 October 2000
6. array char 10 reverse

array array
7. StringBuffer string 10 string
string string
char
string
char ()
8. array 20
user keyboard
9. array1 array2 array int 10

array array
array
array
10. String 1

(space) Micha Sapporo String 2 1
1
11. 10
keyboard
12. String 2 keyboard String

String

13. String 2 keyboard String

user user String
String
14.

4
Java
Array String
132
String 112 Newell Street, Walla Walla, WA 99210

String
No.
Street:
City:
State:
Zip:
112
Newell Street
Walla Walla
WA
99210
15.

String String I love Chiang Mai
Mai Chiang love I
class
( class) Java object class String class
StringBuffer class object class
class

o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
class class
constructor
method
overload method
object class
attribute class
nested class
package
Class class
class
class Object-Oriented
Programming (OOP) class (prescription)
( class ) class
class ( ) object
keyboard

start OOP

(
method class String code )
class String
method

object class String
method
object class
class

class

5
Java
Objects Classes
134
Field object
object class field Data member
class variable (identifier)
Method (operation) object class

data member
Field Data member

(reference) object class (
String array

) class
Method method
data member (
method main())
class class Student
class name
Data member
Instance variable
class Student {
String id;
String firstname;
String lastName;
String dateOfBirth;
static int count = 0;
Class variable
Constructor
Student(String iden, String fName,
}
Method
Parameter list
public int getCount() {

return count;
}
//method
5.1 class Student
Class Student
data member method

class data member
class (Class variable Instance variable)
Object class instance class object class
class class
variable instance variable
object object copy class
object object
5
Java
Objects Classes
135
object class Student

object
copy
instance variable
class variable object class

object
class class class object
object class

instance variable object (copy)
object class
variable static 5.2
class Student {
static int count = 0;
String
String
String
String
Object share
count
id;
firstname;
lastName;
dateOfBirth;
0
Joe
id
firstNAme
lastName
dateOfBirth
Joe Jon copy
Jon
id
firstNAme
lastName
dateOfBirth
5.2 class variable instance variable
class variable
object

class count object
instance variable class
object class
object class Student id

class object
class

data
method
execute
execute
object
class class
execute
data
execute
5
Java
Objects Classes
136
Method
5.1 method class Student () method
( )
class class
method
class method instance
method
Class method method object
method main() object class method
main() class method class variable
static
instance method method
instance variable
method class object
instance method
method class
method class
object class . (dot) method
studentA.firstName;
studentB.getAge();

method method Java
error method
class
class class Student

//Student.java - Simple class for student
import java.util.Calendar;
class Student {
String id;
String firstName;
String lastName;
String dateOfBirth;
//student id
//student's first name
//student's last name
//student's date of birth in
//the form: dd/mm/yyyy
static int count = 0; //number of object created
//class constructor to initialize fields to given values
Student(String iden, String fName, String lName, String dOfB) {
id = iden;
firstName = fName;
lastName = lName;
dateOfBirth = dOfB;
count++;
}
//method to return count
public int getCount() {
5
Java
Objects Classes
137
return count;
//method to return student's id

public String getId() {
return id;
}
//method to returnstudent's first name
public String getFirstName() {
return firstName;
}
//method to return student's last name
public String getLastName() {
return lastName;
}
//method to return student's date of birth
public String getDateOfBirth() {
return dateOfBirth;
}
//method to calculate student's age from
//year of birth
public int getAge() {
//retrieve a year
String year = dateOfBirth.substring(6);
//convert it to an int
int birthYear = Integer.parseInt(year);
//get current year from system's calendar

Calendar now = Calendar.getInstance();
int thisYear = now.get(Calendar.YEAR);
//return the difference
return thisYear - birthYear;
//method to display students' info to screen

public void display() {
System.out.print(getId() + " ");
System.out.print(getFirstName() + " ");
System.out.print(getLastName() + " ");
System.out.println("Age: " + getAge());
}
class Student field 5 field id, firstName, lastname, dateOfBirth,

count
instance variable object
class variable object
method 7
method
class method Student
Student(String iden, String fName, String lName, String dOfB) {
id = iden;
firstName = fName;
lastName = lName;
5
Java
Objects Classes
138
dateOfBirth = dOfB;
count++;
Student() method constructor class constructor

object class
field field field ( constructor )
constructor field field ( class variable
count)
parameter list constructor
constructor
constructor Java object
constructor method method
method method
method
method
method parameter ()
method () method
o
o
Method

method
Method

method
method
Parameter ()
void
returnType methodName( arg1, arg2, , argn ) {

// body of method
method (body of method)
5.3 method
method getAge() class Student

method
5
Java
Objects Classes
139


method
Parameter
int
getAge

method getAge() public public

method
method
return method getAge()

Java

return

Java error
compile
method class Student
}

method
Parameter
display

Method display() object class Student

method class Student method
void method method void
return
return ; (semicolon)
void return ; method
display()
5
Java
Objects Classes
140
return ;
method method
method
return

method
method
return
;
method void

parameter list
method parameter list
class Student
//Parameters.java
class Parameters {
double radius = 2.0;
double area = findArea(radius);
}
System.out.println("Area of a circle is : " + area);
public static double findArea(double r) {

return Math.PI * r * r;
}
Parameters.java method class method (

method class method class variable
static ) method
( 2) method findArea() Parameter
double
class Parameters method findArea(()

Java Java execute method findArea() parameter
double 2.0

area 5.4 parameter list
5
Java
Objects Classes
141
class Parameters {
double radius = 2.0;
radius
r
public static double findArea(double r) {

return Math.PI * r * r;
}
area
5.4 parameter method method
parameter list
1) pass-by-value
method 2) pass-by-reference
primitive type Java pass-by-value
5.5
class PassByValue {
int total = 10;
int newTotal = increment(total);
copy
total
total
10
copy total
10
public static int increment(int sum) {

sum += 10;
}
return sum;
sum
copy
total
main()
5.5 pass-by-value
total
method main()

method increment() total
copy total
5
Java
Objects Classes
142
method pass-by-value method

method
pass-by-reference
pass-by-value
//PassByValue.java
class PassByValue {
int total = 10;
System.out.println("Before calling: total is " + total);
System.out.println("Value returns from increment() is " +

increment(total));
System.out.println("After calling: total is " + total);
public static int increment(int sum) {

sum += 10;
return sum;
run
Before calling: total is 10
Value returns from increment() is 20
After calling: total is 10
increment() main() System.out.println("Value returns from
increment() is " + increment(total)); total ( 10)
increment()

sum increment() sum
10 sum 20 main()
20 total
total 10 total
increment() ( sum) total
increment()
//PassByValue2.java
class PassByValue2 {
String myString = "Business Computers";
System.out.println("Before string is: " + myString);
changeString(myString); //calling changeString()
}
System.out.println("After myString is: " + myString);
public static void changeString(String string) {

System.out.print("\tInside changeString(), ");
System.out.println("myString is: " + string);
string = "at Far Eastern College";
5
Java
Objects Classes
143
PassByValue2.java string "Business Computers" string

method changeString() string "at Far
Eastern College" run
Before string is: Business Computers
Inside changeString(), myString is: Business Computers
After myString is: Business Computers
string

changeString()
myString
pass-by-reference
pass-by-reference method
object address
object pass-by-reference
5.6

Circle red = new Circle(5.0);
red
red.change(red, 2.0);
copy red
object
copy
red
red
reference
Circle object
Radius: 5.0
copy made
copy of red
reference
c
copy
red
c.changeRadius(radius)
object
copy red
public Circle change(Circle c, double radius) {
c.changeRadius(radius);
return c;
5.6 pass-by-reference
pass-by-reference 5.6 object class Circle

red radius 5.0 method change() object red
object red radius method change() parameter
Java copy red copy c red c
object object

red copy red ()
method changeRadius() radius code

5
Java
Objects Classes
144
//PassByReference.java
//a Circle class to demonstrate pass-by-reference scheme
class Circle {
private double radius;
//a radius of a circle
//constructor to initialize radius
Circle(double r) {
radius = r;
}
//method to calculate area of a circle
public double area() {
return Math.PI * radius * radius;
}
//a method to change radius of a given circle
public Circle change(Circle c, double radius) {
c.changeRadius(radius); //calling method changeRadius()
return c;
//with a given radius
}
//a method to change a given radius
private void changeRadius(double r) {
radius = r;
}
//a method to return radius

public double getRadius() {
return radius;
}
//a class to test pass-by-reference scheme

class PassByReference {
//create a red circle with a radius of 5.0;
//calculate area of a red circle
double area = red.area();
System.out.println("Radius of red circle is " +
red.getRadius());
System.out.println("Area of red circle is " + area);
//change radius of a red circle

red.change(red, 2.0);
area = red.area();
System.out.println("Radius of red circle now is " +
red.getRadius());
System.out.println("Area of red circle now is " + area);
class class class class Circle class

method
5
Java
Objects Classes
145
class
class object class Circle
pass-by-reference run
Radius of red circle is 5.0
Area of red circle is 78.53981633974483
Radius of red circle now is 2.0
Area of red circle now is 12.566370614359172
radius
radius
method primitive type int
double method method
object method method (
object ) object
method ?
//Swap.java
import java.io.*;
class Values {
int val1;
int val2;
//default constructor
Values() {
val1 = val2 = 0;
}
//assignment constructor
Values(int a, int b) {
val1 = a;
val2 = b;
}
//display val1 and val2

public void show() {
System.out.println("(" + val1 + ", " + val2 + ")");
}
class Swap {
//create two objects from Values
Values obj1 = new Values(10, 20);
Values obj2 = new Values(30, 50);
obj1.show();
obj2.show();
//display values of obj1

//display values of obj2
swap(obj1, obj2); //swap contents of obj1 and obj2

obj1.show();
obj2.show();
5
Java
Objects Classes
146
}
//swapping contents of given objects
private static void swap(Values pointA, Values pointB) {
Values temp = new Values();
temp = pointA;
pointA = pointB;
pointB = temp;
//copy pointA to temp

//copy pointB to pointA
//copy temp to pointB
object swap() 100%

run
(10,
(30,
(10,
(30,
20)
50)
20)
50)
swap() code swap()

code
private static void swap(Values pointA, Values pointB) {
Values temp = new Values();
temp.val1 = pointA.val1;
temp.val2 = pointA.val2;
pointA.val1 = pointB.val1;
pointA.val2 = pointB.val2;
pointB.val1 = temp.val1;
pointB.val2 = temp.val2;
(10,
(30,
(30,
(10,
20)
50)
50)
20)
swap()
object copy object parameter object
swap() object
object swap()

class Student method

method method class Student
object class Student
method
class Student method
//TestStudent.java
5
Java
Objects Classes
147
class TestStudent {
//create two student objects with given info.
Student stu1 = new Student("19757", "Jim", "Jones",
"02/10/1962");
Student stu2 = new Student("20135", "Ray", "Smith",
"12/09/1977");
//display each student's info.
stu1.display();
stu2.display();
//display total number of students
System.out.println("Total number of objects created: " +
stu1.getCount());
//access field in class via object

String date = stu1.dateOfBirth;
System.out.println("Date of birth of stu1 is " + date);
object stu1 stu2 class Student

Student stu1 = new Student("19757", "Jim", "Jones", "02/10/1962")
Student stu2 = new Student("20135", "Ray", "Smith", "12/09/1977")
method display() object
method display() method class Student
return ;
}
method getId() getFirstName() getLastName() method
getAge() System.out.println() method field
object

System.out.println("Total number of objects created: " +
stu1.getCount());
String date = stu1.dateOfBirth;
System.out.println("Date of birth of stu1 is " + date);
object object
stu1
run
19757 Jim Jones Age: 41

20135 Ray Smith Age: 26
Total number of objects created: 2
Date of birth of stu1 is 02/10/1962
5
Java
Objects Classes
148
method class object . (dot)

method

stu1.display();
data member object . (dot)

stu1.dateOfBirth;
method
class

class method getAge() class Student

method getAge()
method class Calendar
//retrieve a year
//convert it to an int
//get current year from system's calendar

//return the difference
field dd/mm/yyyy
method substring() string
int Integer.parseInt()

instance class Calendar
method get()
method (
Windows
)
class Student field method
private public
protected
method class class (
private TestStudent.java
method ?)
5
Java
Objects Classes
149
class (attributes)
class Circle radius
private

?
private

class Circle

1.
2.
3.
4.
(friendly)
private (not too friendly)
public (friendly)
protected (somewhat friendly)

class
class package ( package )

//Access.java
class Dot {
//no access control
String name;
int value;
Dot(String s, int v) {
name = s;
value = v;
}
class Access {
Dot myDot = new Dot("I am a dot.", 10);
//access both name and value fields from class Dot

System.out.println("Name is " + myDot.name);
System.out.println("Value is " + myDot.value);
run
Name is I am a dot.
Value is 10
Access.java
field class Dot
object myDot (
?)
private
private String name;
5
Java
Objects Classes
150
private int value;

compile error
Access.java:20: name has private access in Dot
System.out.println("Name is " + myDot.name);
^
Access.java:21: value has private access in Dot
System.out.println("Value is " + myDot.value);
^
2 errors
private
method ( class Dot) class
Circle
radius class Circle private data member
method radius
public double getRadius() {
return radius;
}
(object) private
method changeRadius() class Circle
private
method
method
class method object
Java compiler error
protected
public object method

method

encapsulation
OOP
private method

method
Constructor
Constructor class constructor

constructor object class
object class Circle

execute
Constructor Circle 5.0 radius class Circle
5.0 address object
red constructor class
Circle
System.out.println("Constructor activated with parameter value of " +
radius);
5
Java
Objects Classes
151
constructor class Circle

Circle(double r) {
radius = r;
System.out.println("Constructor activated with value of " +
radius);
}
object class Circle
class PassByReference {
Circle blue = new Circle(3.5);
}
compile run
Constructor activated with value of 5.0

Constructor activated with value of 3.5
object radius 5.0 3.5
method main()
constructor
class Circle
constructor class
Java parameter constructor
parameter parameter (
signature)
//TestMean.java
class Mean {
private double x, y, z;
//constructor with one value
Mean(double value) {
x = value;
y = 0.0;
z = 0.0;
}
//constructor with two values
Mean(double value1, double value2) {
x = value1;
y = value2;
z = 0.0;
}
//constructor with three values
Mean(double value1, double value2, double value3) {
x = value1;
y = value2;
z = value3;
}
5
Java
Objects Classes
152
public double findMean() {

return (x + y + z) / 3;
}
class Mean constructor parameter constructor

parameter constructor
parameter class
method findMean() class
constructor
class TestMean {
//create objects with diferent parameters
Mean m = new Mean(12.0);
Mean n = new Mean(10.0, 20.0);
Mean p = new Mean(10.0, 20.0, 30.0);
System.out.println("Mean of m is " + m.findMean());

System.out.println("Mean of n is " + n.findMean());
System.out.println("Mean of p is " + p.findMean());
TestMean.java object class Mean parameter

method findMean()
object run
Mean of m is 4.0
Mean of n is 10.0
Mean of p is 20.0
Java constructor
constructor overloading overload constructor
parameter
//TestMean1.java
class Mean {
Mean(double value1, double value2, double value3 {
x = value1;
y = value2;
z = value3;
}
//constructor with three values (different type)
Mean(double value1, int value2, String value3) {
x = value1;
y = (double)value2;
z = Double.parseDouble(value3);
}

return (x + y + z) / 3;
}
5
Java
Objects Classes
153
class Mean constructor parameter

double constructor
parameter double int String
double parameter double constructor
class TestMean1 {
Mean p = new Mean(10.0, 20.0, 30.0);
Mean q = new Mean(10.0, 20, "40.0");

System.out.println("Mean of q is " + q.findMean());
TestMean1.java object p q class Mean

parameter run
Mean of p is 20.0
Mean of q is 23.0333333333333332
constructor Java
overload constructor constructor
constructor
Java
constructor constructor this
//TestMean2.java
class Mean {
//constructor with one value
x = value;
y = 0.0;
z = 0.0;
}
//constructor with two values
//calling constructor with one argument
this(value1);
y = value2;
}
//calling constructor with two arguments
this(value1, value2);
z = value3;
}
5
Java
Objects Classes
154

return (x + y + z) / 3;
}
class TestMean2 {
Mean m = new Mean(12.0);
Mean n = new Mean(10.0, 20.0);
Mean p = new Mean(10.0, 20.0, 30.0);
System.out.println("Mean of m is " + m.findMean());

System.out.println("Mean of n is " + n.findMean());

constructor
constructor
x = value;
y = 0.0;
z = 0.0;
}
//calling constructor with one argument
this(value1);
y = value2;
}
//calling constructor with two arguments
this(value1, value2);
z = value3;
}

constructor
class Mean this() constructor
constructor this(value1) Java
constructor
class Java
constructor parameter object execute
constructor x value1 y z 0.0
y value2 constructor
constructor
constructor parameter 2
z
( TestMean2.java )
constructor
code
5
Java
Objects Classes
155
overload method
constructor method overload constructor
overload method
overload method
overload constructor method
method
//Overload.java
class Ball {
//constructor
Ball() {
x = y = z = 0.0;
}
//display coordinates
System.out.println("(" + x + ", " + y + ", " + z + ")");
}
class Overload {
Ball ball = new Ball();
//create object
display(25);
//display int
display(350.0);
//display double
display("I love overloading."); //display string
display('A');
//display char
display(ball);
//display object
//accept int as a parameter

public static void display(int data) {
System.out.println(data);
}
//accept double as a parameter
public static void display(double data) {
}
//accept string as a parameter
public static void display(String data) {
}
//accept char as a parameter
public static void display(char data) {
}
//accept object as a parameter
public static void display(Ball blue) {
blue.display();
//calling display() from class Ball
}
5
Java
Objects Classes
156
}
Overload.java method display() parameter 5
int double string char object overload constructor method
signature java method
run
25
350.0
I love overloading.
A
(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
overload
method parameter
method Java method
overload
user
method
method

overload method
method overload
class class (nested class)
class class

method class class class
class class Java
class class method
class
//NestedClass.java
class Parent {
Child c = new Child("Galvin");
//create a Child object
Parent(String n) {
name = n;
}
public void showName() {
System.out.println("Parent: " + name);
c.showName(); //calling Child's showName()
}
class Child {
//create a GrandChild object
GrandChild gc = new GrandChild("Jeff");
Child(String n) {
name = n;
}
System.out.println("Child: " + name);
gc.showName(); //calling GrandChild's showName()
5
Java
Objects Classes
157
}
class GrandChild {
GrandChild(String n) {
name = n;
}
System.out.println("GrandChild: " + name);
}
}//class GrandChild
}//class Child
}//class Parent
class NestedClass {
Parent p = new Parent("Rebecca");
p.showName();
NestedClass.java object class Parent class

method showName()
Parent: Rebecca
Child: Galvin
GrandChild: Jeff
class Parent class class Child class Child
class class GrandChild class method showName()
class object class Child class
Parent c method showName() class Child method showName()
class Parent object class GrandChild class Child
method showName() class GrandChild method showName() class Child

execute
Parent.showName() Child.showName() GrandChild.showName()
object class object

class NestedClass {
Parent p = new Parent("Rebecca");
p.showName();
Parent.Child newChild = p.new Child("John");
Parent.Child.GrandChild newGrandChild =
newChild.new GrandChild("Jen");
newChild.showName();
newGrandChild.showName();
5
Java
Objects Classes
158
class NestedClass object class
Parent.Child newChild = p.new Child("John");

object class Child object class Parent p.new
Child("John") object class Parent
object class Child class Parent
Parent.Child newChild = Parent.new Child("John");
compile Java error
object class GrandChild class
run
Parent: Rebecca
Child: Galvin
GrandChild: Jeff
Child: John
GrandChild: Jeff
GrandChild: Jen
object class Child class Parent method
showName()
Child: John
GrandChild: Jeff
object class GrandChild method showName()
GrandChild: Jen
nested class
nested
class nested class class
class class
class

object
class method object class

class Array
Java
class MyArray array Object

class MyArray
//MyArray.java
class MyArray {
Object []arr; //array of objects
int maxSize; //maximum size of array
int count;
//number of items in array
MyArray() {
5
Java
Objects Classes
count = 0;
maxSize = 10;
arr = new Object[maxSize];
159
//no item as yet

//default maximum size
//allocate space for arr
//constructor
MyArray(int size) {
count = 0;
//no item as yet
maxSize = size;
//set maximum size
arr = new Object[maxSize];
//allocate space for arr
}
//method to add item into arr
public void add(Object item) {
//expand capacity if arr is full
//double the size
if(count == maxSize) {
//double arr's size
maxSize *= 2;
//create temporary array
Object []temp = new Object[maxSize];
//copy items into new array: temp
System.arraycopy(arr, 0, temp, 0, arr.length);
//refer arr to temp
arr = temp;
}
arr[count++] = item; //add new object into arr
}
//overload method add to accomodate double
public void add(double item) {
add(String.valueOf(item));
}
//overload method add to accomodate int
public void add(int item) {
}
//return formatted output when user uses System.out.println()

//10 items per line
public String toString() {
//create new buffer to hold data
StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer();
for(int i = 0; i < maxSize; i++) {
//append newline if this line already has 10 items
if(i % 10 == 0)
buffer.append("\n");
//stop appending when there is no item left (null)
if(arr[i] == null)
break;
//append tab + item in arr
buffer.append("\t" + arr[i]);
}
//returning an output String
return new String(buffer + "\n");
}
5
Java
Objects Classes
160
constructor default constructor

array 10
constructor
array array array dynamic array
array
array method add()
public void add(Object item) {
//expand capacity if arr is full
//double the size
if(count == maxSize) {
//double arr's size
maxSize *= 2;
//create temporary array
//copy items into new array: temp
//refer arr to temp
arr = temp;
}
arr[count++] = item; //add new object into arr
}
method add() count ( array) maxSize
()
array array temp array
maxSize *= 2;
array array temp
arr index = 0 temp index 0

(arr.length) arr
array array arr
arr = temp;
overload method add() double
int array

() array
array
overload method class String String.valueOf()
public void add(double item) {
}
String Object add String array

5
Java
Objects Classes
161
//TestMyArray.java
class TestMyArray {
//create array of 10 objects
MyArray array = new MyArray(10);
//add 40 objects into array (randomized)
int count = 0;
while(count < 40) {
int data = (int)(Math.random() * 100 + 1);
array.add(new Integer(data));
++count;
}
System.out.println(array);
//display contents
array.add(45.23);
array.add(88.23);
//add double
array.add(89);
array.add(12);
//add int

9
54
3
1
76
65
91
70
9
76
54 65
3
91
1
70
45.23
20
83
87
27
86
3
72
47
98
36
3
14
12
96
12
51
27
24
7
22
35
63
46
74
41
19
96
95
31
75
11
98
20 86
83 3
87 72
27 47
88.23
98
36
3
14
89
12
96
12
51
12
27
24
7
22
35
63
46
74
41
19
96
95
31
75
11
98
( double
int display )
method toString()

method toString()
System.our.println() String primitive datatype

object class MyArray ?
Object System.out.println() method toString()
Java String primitive datatype Java
method toString() Java method toString() error

method toString()
5
Java
Objects Classes
162

//create new buffer to hold data
for(int i = 0; i < maxSize; i++) {
//append newline if this line already has 10 items
if(i % 10 == 0)
buffer.append("\n");
//stop appending when there is no item left (null)
if(arr[i] == null)
break;
//append tab + item in arr
buffer.append("\t" + arr[i]);
}
//returning an output String
}
method toString() StringBuffer

array (arr[i])
tab (\t)
newline (\n)
buffer method append() 10

append newline buffer array
buffer
null

String ( System.out.println() String)

class

array
Java
Package
Package class method class
Java package java.lang java.io class
package class
package
package class package
package
package

package package class
( comment)
//package Shape
package Shape;
5
Java
Objects Classes
163
public class Rectangle {
}
public class method package

class
package class class
package package Sample Sample
class One class Two package Sample oneMore
package oneMore class Three code
//sample package
package Sample;
public class One {
public One() {
System.out.println("This is class One in Sample package.");
}
}
//sample package
package Sample;
public class Two {
public Two() {
System.out.println("This is class Two in Sample package.");
}
}
//sample package
package Sample.oneMore;
public class Three {
public Three() {
System.out.println("This is class Three in Sample.oneMore
package.");
}
}
compile javac -d e:\bc221Book\source
javac -d e:\bc221Book\source One.java
option -d compile Java
class compile class e:\bc221Book\source
One.java Two.java package Sample class
Three.java package Sample.oneMore class
(directory)
5
Java
Objects Classes
164
Package Sample e:\bc221Book\source
Package oneMore e:\bc221Book\source\Sample
Class

5.7 class file compile option -d
package
class import
//test the package
import Sample.One;
import Sample.Two;
import Sample.oneMore.Three;
class TestPackage {
One object1 = new One();
Two object2 = new Two();
Three object3 = new Three();
}
}
compile TestPackage.java
javac -classpath e:\bc221Book\source TestPackage.java
option classpath
class compile
run
This is class One in Sample package.

This is class Two in Sample package.
This is class Three in Sample.oneMore package.
package Java

sub-directory . (dot) (Sample.oneMore)
public class method
class method package
compile option classpath compile
package Java Java

class package
Java class option d compile
classpath compile
5
Java
Objects Classes
165
set classpath=e:\bc221Book\source
classpath compile classpath
autoexec.bat Windows Windows
classpath
environment variables ( path Java ) package
; classpath
set classpath=e:\bc221Book\source; c:\myOthers\Shape
class object method method

constructor
signature parameter
class nested class package
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
class
class class
class variable static
instance variable object class
method parameter ()
Method static object
class private public protected (

)
class class
package public class method
package
1. class -
object class
2. class
constructor object parameter parameter
method
object
3. class MyArray
object
method object array getCount() method dataAt()

Object obj = arr.dataAt(7);
7 obj
method
4. method parameter
method int double float String "234"
method
5.
overloaded constructor instance
variable class
5
Java
Objects Classes
166
6. class
method
method
7. class dd:mm:yyyy
keyboard Method
12 .. 2546 Monday
12 August 2003
8. class Matrix

9. class user keyboard
dd/mm/yyy
10. class MyString method string

string string string
string
class
class method

class class
class class class
class

o
o
o
o
o
class class (Extended class)

(Inheritance)
polymorphism
abstract class abstract method
interface
class class

code
code
Java class class

( code
)
class class
class class
class class (motor vehicle)
(make) (model) (year) (seats)
method
class MotorVehicle
class
class MotorVehicle
diagram ( class )
MotorVehicle
Car
Compact
Motorcycle
OffRoad
6.1 base-class derived-class
Scooter
Chopper
6
Java
class class
168
class MotorVehicle class parent class ( base class

super class) class class class
MotorVehicle class (children) class class Car class Motorcycle class
class class class Car class Compact
class OffRoad class Motorcycle class Scooter class Chopper class
class
class class MotorVehicle
method class MotorVehicle
//MotorVehicle.java Inheritance
class MotorVehicle {
protected String make;
protected String model;
protected int year;
protected int seats;
//e.g.
//e.g.
//e.g.
//e.g.
Ford, Honda
Taurus, Steed
2001, 2003.
4, 2
//constructor
MotorVehicle(String make, String model, int year, int seats) {
this.make = make;
this.model = model;
this.year = year;
this.seats = seats;
}
public String getMake() {
return make;
}
public String getModel() {
return model;
}
public int getYear() {
return year;
}
public int getSeats() {

return seats;
}
class MotorVehicle protected

class class MotorVehicle class
class constructor
object this class parameter
this.make = make;
this.model = model;
this.year = year;
this.seats = seats;
}
this Java object

this.make = make;
6
Java
class class
169
Java constructor Java make parameter

constructor make class copy object
this parameter list

class (
) method
method class
//Car.java - Derived from MotorVehicle

class Car extends MotorVehicle {
protected int doors;
Car(String make, String model, int year, int seats, int doors) {
super(make, model, year, seats);
this.doors = doors;
}
public int getDoors() {
return doors;
}
//display Car's information as string
//using base class methods
buffer.append(super.getMake() + ", " +
super.getModel() + ", " +
super.getYear() + ", " + " seating: " +
super.getSeats() + ", " + doors + "doors.");
return new String(buffer);
}
}
class Car class MotorVehicle class Car extends MotorVehicle

Java class
class
class Car
method toString()
object class Car
class
MotorVehicle
super.getMake();
Java Java method getMake() class class
super class method getMake()
class Car
class MotorVehicle class object class

Car TestVehicle.java
//TestVehicle.java
class TestVehicle {
//create two cars, ford and honda
6
Java
class class
170
Car ford = new Car("Ford", "Taurus", 2001, 5, 5);

Car honda = new Car("Honda", "City", 2003, 4, 4);
//display informatin about cars

System.out.println(ford);
System.out.println(honda);
run
Ford, Taurus, 2001, seating: 5, 5 doors.
Honda, City, 2003, seating: 4, 4 doors.
protected
protected class
class class ( method protected )
class private class

method
this.doors = doors;
System.out.println("base class: " + super.make);
}
class MotorVehicle make private
private String make;
System.out.println("base class: " + super.make);

constructor class Car class MotorVehicle
super.make Java compile
method getMake()
public
class ( class )
private class
method base class protected
protected class package
method class

class class
class MotorVehicle {
private String make;
private String model;
private int year;
private int seats;
//e.g.
//e.g.
//e.g.
//e.g.
Ford, Honda
Taurus, Steed
2001, 2003
4, 2
//constructor
this.make = make;
this.model = model;
this.year = year;
6
Java
class class
171
this.seats = seats;
protected String getMake() {

return make;
}
protected String getModel() {
return model;
}
protected int getYear() {
return year;
}
protected int getSeats() {

return seats;
}
class Car extends MotorVehicle {

private int doors;
this.doors = doors;
}
protected int getDoors() {
return doors;
}

buffer.append(super.getMake() + ", " +
super.getModel() + ", " +
super.getYear() + ", " + "seating: " +
super.getSeats() + ", " + doors + " doors.");
}
method toString() protected

Java method toString() public
override
override
class Compact class class Compact class
class Car
//Compact.java Derived from Car
class Compact extends Car {
//constructor -using base class (Car) constructor
Compact(String make, String model, int year,
int seats, int doors) {
super(make, model, year, seats, doors);
6
Java
class class
172
}
//override Car's toString() method
//presenting Comapct car's details as string
buffer.append("Compact car: ");
buffer.append(super.toString());
class Compact class

constructor
class Car ( constructor class Car constructor class MotorVehicle)
method toString() class Car "Compact car: "
method append() class StringBuffer
buffer.append("Compact car: ");
buffer.append(super.toString());
run
Compact honda = new Compact("Honda", "City", 2003, 4, 4);
System.out.println(honda);

Compact car: Honda, City, 2003, seating: 4, 4 doors.
run ( object class Car)
method overriding object class
Compact override ( overload overload method
class method
parameter list ) method class
base class
code
override method method class
method class
override method class

object class
derived class method
override Java method
class method class
class Compact override
method override method
toString()
Method
override class

method class public

class

private private
class private

public
class
class
diagram
6
Java
class class
173
Shapes
Polygons
Triangle
Rectangle
Circle
Square
6.2 class shape
diagram Shapes base class

Polygons Circle class Shapes Triangle Rectangle Square
class Polygons
class method what() method
code
//Shapes.java - Base class for all shapes
class Shapes {
//self info.
protected String what() {
return "I am a shape";
}
//Polygons.java Polygon
class Polygons extends Shapes {
//self info.
return "I am a polygon.";
}
}
//Circle.java - sub-class of Shapes
class Circle extends Shapes {
//self info
return "I am a circle.";
}
}
//Triangle.java - sub-class of Polygons
class Triangle extends Polygons {
//self info.
return "I am a triangle.";
}
}
//Square.java - sub-class of Polygons
6
Java
class class
174
class Square extends Polygons {

//self info.
return "I am a square.";
}
}
//Rectangle.java - sub-class of Polygons
class Rectangle extends Polygons {
//self info.
return "I am a rectangle.";
}
}
//TestShapes.java - driver program

class TestShapes {
//creating different shape objects from Shapes
Shapes shape = new Shapes();
Shapes poly = new Polygons();
Shapes sq = new Square();
Shapes cir = new Circle();
//display info. about particular shapes

System.out.println(shape.what());
System.out.println(sq.what());
System.out.println(cir.what());
System.out.println(poly.what());
object class Shapes

constructor class
Shapes sq = new Square();
sq
object
Shapes constructor Square Java
object Square class class Shapes ( Circle
Shapes ) class Shapes method what() class
method class method what()
method what() method
class (overriding)
I
I
I
I
am
am
am
am
a
a
a
a
shape
square.
circle.
polygon.
6
Java
class class
175
Polymorphism (

)
late binding
polymorphism
object
late binding compiler
execute (run ) compile
Polymorphism method class
object class
method object

class Shapes method class ( class )
object

shape shape
Java (declare) method class
(define) class abstract class
Abstract class class
method class
class
//Shapes.java - Base class for all shapes
public abstract class Shapes {
private String iAm;
Shapes(String whatIam) {
iAm = new String(whatIam);
}
//self info.
buffer.append("I am a " + iAm);
}
//dummy method - implementation is done in derived classes

//to calculate a perimeter of a shape
public abstract double perimeter();
class Shapes abstract class method perimeter()

code class
class
Shapes
//Polygons.java Polygon
public abstract class Polygons extends Shapes {
//constructor
Polygons(String type) {
super(type);
}
//self info.
return super.toString();
6
Java
class class
176
//dummy method to be implemented by derived classes

//Triangle.java - sub-class of Polygons

public class Triangle extends Polygons {
private double side1, side2, side3;
//constructor
Triangle(String type, double side1, double side2, double side3) {
super(type);
//calling base-class constructor
this.side1 = side1;
this.side2 = side2;
this.side3 = side3;
}
//self info.
}
//calculating a perimeter of this triangle

public double perimeter() {
return side1 + side2+ side3;
}
//Circle.java - sub-class of Shapes

public class Circle extends Shapes {
//constructor
Circle(String type, double radius) {
super(type);
this.radius = radius;
}
//self info
}
//calculating a perimeter of this circle

return 2.0 * Math.PI * radius;
}
//Square.java - sub-class of Polygons

public class Square extends Polygons {
double side;
//constructor
6
Java
class class
177
Square(String type, double side) {

super(type);
this.side = side;
}
//self info.
}
//calculating a perimeter of this square

return side * 4;
}
class Polygons class Circle class Triangle class Square

method perimeter() class Circle class Triangle class Square
method

class TestShapes {
Shapes cir, tri;
Polygons sq;
//instantiate shapes
sq = new Square("square", 4.0);
cir = new Circle("circle", 2.0);
tri = new Triangle("triangle", 3.0, 4.0, 5.0);

System.out.println(sq + " with a perimeter of: " +
sq.perimeter());
System.out.println(cir + " with a perimeter of: " +
cir.perimeter());
System.out.println(tri + " with a perimeter of: " +
tri.perimeter());
TestShapes.java cir tri class Shapes sq class

Polygons object Java
class Shapes class Polygons class abstract class
object (instantiation) class Circle class Square
class Triangle
object
sq = new Square("square", 4.0);
cir = new Circle("circle", 2.0);
tri = new Triangle("triangle", 3.0, 4.0, 5.0);
object class Shapes
base class class class Polygons base class class Square class
6
Java
class class
178
Triangle object sq cir tri

shape (e.g. a square is a shape, a circle is a shape, a triangle is a shape etc.)
run
I am a square with a perimeter of: 16.0
I am a circle with a perimeter of: 12.566370614359172
I am a triangle with a perimeter of: 12.0
Polymorphism method object
object class

array shape

class TestShapes {
Shapes []shapes = new Shapes[5];
//instantiate 5 shapes
for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
shapes[i] = randomShape();
for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
System.out.print(shapes[i] + " with a perimeter of: ");
System.out.println(shapes[i].perimeter());
}
public static Shapes randomShape() {

switch((int)(Math.random() * 3)) {
default:
case 0: return new Circle("circle", Math.random() * 12.0);
case 1: return new Square("square", Math.random() * 10.5);
case 2: return new Triangle("triangle", 2.5, 4.0, 5.5);
}
}
random method randomShape()

method
random() class Math
run
I
I
I
I
I
am
am
am
am
am
a
a
a
a
a
square with a
triangle with
circle with a
triangle with
circle with a
perimeter of: 15.282560130191253

a perimeter of: 12.0
perimeter of: 0.209235603993188
a perimeter of: 12.0
perimeter of: 7.8292546239806695
object
class method
getClass() method getName() class Class Java object
shapes[0] class
6
Java
class class
179
Class object = shapes[0].getClass();

System.out.println(object.getName());
object class method getSuperclass()
Class shape = object.getSuperclass();
System.out.println(shape.getName());
method class Class
method method
class ( Java)
object
object method object
method

//SquareToCircle.java - Passing and returning object to/from method
class SquareToCircle {
public static void main(String []args) {
Shapes square; //a square object
Shapes circle; //a circle object
//creating a square with side = 3
square = new Square("square", 3.0);
System.out.println(square + " with an area of " +
square.area());
//creating a circle from a square

circle = SqToCir(square);
System.out.println(circle + " with an area of " +
circle.area());
//method to convert a square to a circle

public static Shapes SqToCir(Shapes square) {
//finding a radius from an area of a square
double SqArea = square.area();
double radius = Math.sqrt(SqArea / Math.PI);
//instantiating a circle
Circle circle = new Circle("circle", radius);
return circle;
abstract method area() class Shapes

class Polygons method area() class Square class Circle
class Shapes ( class Polygons )

public abstract class Shapes {
6
Java
class class
180
//code

public abstract double area();
class Circle code method area()

//calculate area of this circle
}
class Square code method area()
//calculate area of this square
return side * side;
}
object square circle square
3.0 square square
method SqToCir() method square circle
object
public static Shapes SqToCir(Shapes square) {
//finding a radius from an area of a square
double SqArea = square.area();
double radius = Math.sqrt(SqArea / Math.PI);
//instantiating a circle
Circle circle = new Circle("circle", radius);
}
return circle;
square

circle
run
I am a square with an area of 9.0
I am a circle with an area of 9.0
base class abstract class
method
class method method perimeter()
method area() shape object
Circle Square

object class
6
Java
class class
181
Interface
polymorphism method class
method class class
polymorphism class class

class interface
Interface abstract method class
interface interface class interface
class

class
class Shapes class Polygons abstract method perimeter() area()
class Shapes
public abstract class Shapes implements Calculate {
private String iAm;
Shapes(String whatIam) {
iAm = new String(whatIam);
}
//self info.
buffer.append("I am a " + iAm);
}
implements Calculate
class Shapes
interface Calculate interface Calculate
interface method

class
//interface for Shapes
public interface Calculate {
double perimeter();
double area();
}
Method interface
class (implement) interface
class
class Triangle method
//calculating an area of this triangle
//using Huron's formula
double s = perimeter() / 2.0;
double area = Math.sqrt((s * (s-side1) * (s-side2) * (s-side3)));
}
return area;
6
Java
class class
182
class Circle method

//calculate area of this circle
}
class Square method
//calculate area of this square
return side * side;
}
code
class TestShapes {
Shapes []shapes = new Shapes[5];
//instantiate 5 shapes
for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
shapes[i] = randomShape();
for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
System.out.print(shapes[i] + " perimeter = ");
System.out.print(f.format(shapes[i].perimeter()));
System.out.println(" area = " +
f.format(shapes[i].area()));
}
public static Shapes randomShape() {

switch((int)(Math.random() * 3)) {
default:
case 0: return new Circle("circle", Math.random() * 12.0);
case 1: return new Square("square", Math.random() * 10.0);
case 2: return new Triangle("triangle", 4.0, 5.0, 6.0);
}
}
I
I
I
I
I
am
am
am
am
am
a
a
a
a
a
triangle perimeter
square perimeter =
circle perimeter =
triangle perimeter
circle perimeter =
= 15.0 area = 9.90

10.32 area = 6066
45.32 area = 163.46
= 15.00 area = 9.92
6.76 area = 3.64
6
Java
class class
183
interface Calculate class

interface Calculate class class class
class Shapes implements Calculate
code
interface Java interface
ActionListener

interface
Interests.java
class
class Account balance class interface BankRate
class Timer class Java
class Interests1
interface BankRate RATE
interface ActionListener
class diagram
Account
GetInterest
BankRate
ActionListener
interface
Timer
6.2 interface
interface BankRate class Account

//interface for bank rate
public interface BankRate {
double RATE = 5.0;
}
//Account.java
public class Account implements BankRate {
private double balance;
//constructor - initializing balance
Account(double balance) {
this.balance = balance;
}
//method to get balance
protected double getBalance() {
return balance;
}
//method to deposit
6
Java
class class
184
protected void deposit(double amount) {

balance += amount;
}
//method to calculate interest
protected double interest() {
return balance * RATE / 100.0;
}
//method to display info. about this account

return "Balance = " + getBalance();
}
class Account method balance

method toString() class Interests1
class interface
//Interests1.java
import
import
import
import
java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
java.awt.event.ActionListener;
javax.swing.JOptionPane;
javax.swing.Timer;
class Interests1 {
//create account with initial balance of 1000
final Account acc = new Account(1000);
//inner class performing interest calculation
//and listening to event from user
//stop performing when user hit stop button in
//the dialog window
class GetInterest implements ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event) {
double ints = acc.interest();
acc.deposit(ints);
System.out.println(acc);
}
}
//create object from class GetInterest
GetInterest intsPeek = new GetInterest();
//set performing time interval to one second
final int DELAY = 1000;
//calling actionPerformed() every 1000 milliseconds
Timer t = new Timer(DELAY, intsPeek);
//start the timer
t.start();
//display dialog window - stop performing and exit

//program when user hit the button
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Stop?");
System.exit(0);
6
Java
class class
185
Interests1.java object acc class Account balance 1000

method main() class GetInterest interface ActionListener Java
(event) user
method actionPerformed() object intsPeek class Timer delay 1
Timer t = new Timer(DELAY, intsPeek);
method start() class Timer t.start()

user OK dialog window
dialog window
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Stop?");
user
OK System.exit(0);
run
Balance
Balance
Balance
Balance
Balance
Balance
Balance
Balance
Balance
Balance
Balance
Balance
Balance
Balance
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
1050.0
1102.5
1157.625
1215.50625
1276.2815624999998
1340.0956406249998
1407.1004226562497
1477.4554437890622
1551.3282159785153
1628.894626777441
1710.3393581163132
1795.8563260221288
1885.649142323235
1979.931599439397
interface Java
Java

method
1. class abstract class method

method class
6
Java
class class
186
2. class interface method class

method
class class class class

override method polymorphism interface
9
9
9
9
9
9
class class
extends class
extends base class parent class sub
class child
abstract class abstract class abstract class
method method class
object abstract class
sub class constructor super class
method private class class
method
class object class
method class
abstract class class method class
interface abstract method inner class
class method interface
abstract class
1. super class
sub class
2. class RumRaisin extends class Icecream

Java
RumRaisin scoop1 = new RumRaisin();
Icecream scoop2 = new Icecream;
scoop2 = scoop1;
scoop1 = scoop2;
scoop2 = new RumRaisin();
scoop1 = new Icecream();
3. diagram class
6
Java
class class
187
4. method clone() array override method clone()

object class Shapes
5. method withdraw() class Account

6. class Shapes class class
Rectangle code class Rectangle
7. class Student sub class

method method toString() class
object class
8. class Employee sub class TempEmployee RegularEmployee

method
TempEmployee
40

(RegularEmployee)
polymorphism

* class Employee abstract class
9. class Shapes sub class
Shapes method object
class object class
object Circle
Square
exception error
compile run

o
o
o
o
exception
exception
throws try
exception
Java exception error

array index
null
error if-else
code error
code error
exception
code code error
code
code
exception
error
error code
compile
exception error
exception
exception exception
user
exception

exception Java (throw) error
code error code
(catch) code error

error exception exception
error
Java
web sit Java
Exception object sub class (class class ) class Throwable
Java class class class Throwable class
class class error class Error class Exception ( 7.1)
7
Java
error (Exceptions)
189
Throwable
Error
Other sub classes
Exception
Other sub classes
7.1 Class Throwable sub classes
Java
catch error class Error
error error () class
ThreadDeath LinkageError VirtualMachineError class
error
error ( error )
exception error
//ThrowException.java
class ThrowException {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
int number = 10;
int divider = 0;
System.out.println("Divide " + number + " by " + divider);

int result = number / divider;
System.out.println("Result is " + result);
throw exception exception

( int 0 error )
error

run
Divide 10 by 0
java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
at ThrowException.main(ThrowException.java:10)
Java error error (ArithmeticException)
int 0

error try
catch
7
Java
error (Exceptions)
190
//TryAndCatchExample1.java
//adopted from Ivor Horton's
class TryAndCatchExample1{
int number1 = 15;
int number2 = 0;
try {
System.out.println("Try to divide by zero in
a try block.");
int result = number1 / number2;
System.out.println("Leaving a try block.");
}
catch(ArithmeticException ex) {
System.out.println("Exception caught in a catch block.");
}
System.out.println("After a try block.");
TryAndCatchExample1.java try catch

int 0 ( throws exception ) number1
15 number2 0
result = number1 / number2;
block try exception block catch
block catch exception ArithmaticException
error run
Try to divide by zero in a try block.
Exception caught in a catch block.
After a try block.
code

block try 2
block catch
block catch
block catch
ex parameter list method catch()
error
block catch
System.out.println(ex.getMessage());
ex.printStackTrace();
method getMessage()

error run
code block catch
Try to divide by zero in a try block.
/ by zero
7
Java
error (Exceptions)
191
at TryAndCatchExample1.main(TryAndCatchExample1.java:11)
After a try block.

error
error
Java try catch

block
block try catch
compile
block
}
System.out.pritnln("In between try and catch blocks.");
compile error
TryAndCatchExample1.java:9: 'try' without 'catch' or 'finally'
try {
^
TryAndCatchExample1.java:15: 'catch' without 'try'
^
2 errors
try catch classic try catch loop
//TryAndCatchExample2.java
//adopted from Ivor Horton's
class TryAndCatchExample2 {
int number = 10;
for(int index = 5; index >= -1; index--)
try {
System.out.println("try block: index = " + index);
int result = number / index;
}
catch(ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Exception caught in
a catch block.");
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
System.out.println("After a try and catch blocks.");
7
Java
error (Exceptions)
192
run
try block: index = 5
Leaving a try block.
/ by zero
at TryAndCatchExample2.main(TryAndCatchExample2.java:11)
try block: index = -1
After a try and catch blocks.
block try index 0
block catch
block try
error (terminate)
code error

code (resumption)
error

class
NumberFormatException error
//NumFormatException.java
class NumFormatException {
int inputNum, sum = 0;
//reading input from argument list

//only those in [0..9]
for(int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
try {
inputNum = Integer.parseInt(args[i]);
sum += inputNum;
}
//ignore input that's not a number
catch(NumberFormatException e) {
e.printStackTrace(System.out);
}
}
System.out.println("Sum is " + sum);
command line argument

( run)
7
Java
error (Exceptions)
193
<enter> catch block

NumberFormatException int

>java NumFormatException 1 2 3 4 p 5 6
java.lang.NumberFormatException: For input string: "p"
at
java.lang.NumberFormatException.forInputString(NumberFormatException.
java:48)
at java.lang.Integer.parseInt(Integer.java:426)
at NumFormatException.main(NumFormatException.java:12)
Sum is 21
block catch error catch block block
catch block catch exception sub class
super class
block
try {
}
catch(Exception e) {
}
..
}
class ArithmeticException class class Exception
error
catch block catch block

error
//MultipleCatches.java
class MultipleCatches {
//force divide by zero at index = 2
int []number = {1, 2, 0, 4};
int num = 12;
//force array index out of bound at index = 4
for(int i = 0; i < number.length + 1; i++) {
try {
num /= number[i];
System.out.println("result = " + num);
}
System.out.println("error message: " +
e.getMessage());
}
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
7
Java
error (Exceptions)
194
System.out.println("error message: " +

e.getMessage());
}
}
System.out.println("After a for loop.");
error index array

index = 2 for loop run

result = 12
result = 6
error message: / by zero
at MultipleCatches.main(MultipleCatches.java:11)
result = 1
error message: 4
java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 4
After a for loop.
error index
array

error
Java block block catch error block catch
block finally
Finally error finally block
catch block finally block

}
System.out.println("error message: " + e.getMessage());
}
finally {
System.out.println("In finally block.");
}
finally block block
7
Java
error (Exceptions)
195
In finally block.
After a for loop.
finally code (
) method main()
//ThrowsWithTry.java
import java.io.*;
class ThrowsWithTry {
String input;
int first, divider;
//keep looping until error occur
while(true) {
System.out.print("Enter a number: ");
//get first number
first = Integer.parseInt(input);
//get second number
System.out.print("Enter a divider: ");
divider = Integer.parseInt(input);
try {
double result = first / divider;
System.out.println("Result = " + result);
}
System.out.println("Exception: " + e.getMessage());
}
ThrowsWithTry.java throws try catch
keyboard int

run
Enter a number: 23
Enter a divider: 5
Result = 4.0
Enter a number: 56
7
Java
error (Exceptions)
196
Enter a divider: 0
Exception: / by zero
at ThrowsWithTry.main(ThrowsWithTry.java:27)
Enter a number: 12
Enter a divider: 3
Result = 4.0
Enter a number: pop
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NumberFormatException: For input
string: "pop"
at
java:48)
at ThrowsWithTry.main(ThrowsWithTry.java:20)
int (
"pop")

code
//ThrowsWithTry1.java
import java.io.*;
class ThrowsWithTry1 {
String input;
int first = 0, divider = 0;
while(true) {
//get first number
first = readInt(input);
//get second number only if first number is valid
if(first != -1) {
divider = readInt(input);
}
//perform division if both numbers are valid
if(first != -1 && divider != -1) {
try {
}
7
Java
error (Exceptions)
197
//method to convert an int from a string

public static int readInt(String in) throws IOException {
try {
int num = Integer.parseInt(in);
return num;
}
System.out.println("Exception caught: " + e.getMessage());
return -1;
}
}
method readInt() string buffer int try

catch error
-1 code while loop

code while loop

if(first != -1) {
divider = readInt(input);
}
if(first != -1 && divider != -1) {
try {
}
}
}

first divider
-1

Enter a number: 23
Enter a divider: 3
Result = 7.0
Enter a number: p
Exception caught: For input string: "p"
Enter a number: 3
Enter a divider: p
Exception caught: For input string: "p"
Enter a number: 32
Enter a divider: 0
7
Java
error (Exceptions)
198
Exception: / by zero
at ThrowsWithTry1.main(ThrowsWithTry.java:34)
Enter a number: -1
Enter a number: Exception caught: null
Enter a number:

-1 ?
<crtl> + c

error

exception
Java exception
error

//TestInputValidation.java
import java.io.*;
class TestInputValidation {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
String input;
int first, divider;
while(true) {
//get first number
first = readInt();
divider = readInt();

try {
//calling method divide()
int result = divide(first,divider);
}
//catching user defined exception
catch(ZeroDivideException e) {
e.printStackTrace(System.err);
}
//method to get an int from the keyboard
7
Java
error (Exceptions)
199
public static int readInt() throws Exception {

String input = null;
int result = 0;
boolean ok = false;

//keep looping until user enter an int
while(!ok) {
try {
result = Integer.parseInt(input);
ok = true;
}
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
}
return result;
//method to divide first number by the second number

public static int divide(int first, int second)
throws ZeroDivideException {
int result;
try {
result = first / second;
}
throw new ZeroDivideException(); //throw new exception
}
return result;
}
}

exception method readInt()

Method

method divide()
parameter 2
method divide() error

ArithmeticException throw exception
throw new ZeroDivideException(); //throw new exception
}
exception code exception
class ZeroDivideException class Exception
class Exception code
class ZeroDivideException
//ZeroDivideException.java
7
Java
error (Exceptions)
200
class ZeroDivideException extends Exception {

ZeroDivideException() {
super("divide by zero"); //call super class' constructor
}
ZeroDivideException(String message) {
super(message);
}
constructor class Exception

error
(divide by zero)
method main() code

try {
//calling method divide()
int result = divide(first,divider);
}
//catching user defined exception
catch(ZeroDivideException e) {
}
method divide() try error catch block
object class ZeroDivideException run

Enter a number: 45
Enter a number: 36
Result = 1
Enter a number: 0
Enter a number: 3
Result = 0
Enter a number: pop
For input string: "pop"
java.lang.NumberFormatException: For input string: "pop"
at
java:48)
at TestInputValidation.readInt(TestInputValidation.java:47)
at TestInputValidation.main(TestInputValidation.java:16)
Enter a number: 3
Enter a number: 0
ZeroDivideException: divide by zero
at TestInputValidation.divide(TestInputValidation.java:64)
Enter a number: null ( <crtl> + c )
java.lang.NumberFormatException: null
7
Java
error (Exceptions)
201
at TestInputValidation.readInt(TestInputValidation.java:47)
Enter a number:
error
loop method main() loop <crtl> + c
error

error
System.err Java

error
//CheckRange.java
class CheckRange {
try {
//getting input from argument list
int first = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
int second = Integer.parseInt(args[1]);
int third = Integer.parseInt(args[2]);
//check if the third input is between first and second
checked(first, second, third);
System.out.println("Number " + third +
" is in the given range");
}
catch(OutOfRangeException e) {
}
//method to validate range

public static void checked(int start, int stop, int num) throws
OutOfRangeException {
if(num < start) {
String errMsg = new String(num + " < " + start);
throw new OutOfRangeException(errMsg, start, stop);
}
if(num > stop) {
String errMsg = new String(num + " > " + stop);
throw new OutOfRangeException(errMsg, start, stop);
}
}
argument list

throw exception
OutOfRangeException
//OutOfRangeException.java
7
Java
error (Exceptions)
202
public class OutOfRangeException extends Exception {

OutOfRangeException() {}
//constructor
OutOfRangeException(String message, int p, int q) {
super(message);
}
super class constructor

code
error
run
>java CheckRange 12 45 569
OutOfRangeException: 569 > 45
at CheckRange.checked(CheckRange.java:31)
at CheckRange.main(CheckRange.java:15);
E:\bc221Book\source>java CheckRange 12 45 2
OutOfRangeException: 2 < 12
at CheckRange.checked(CheckRange.java:27)
at CheckRange.main(CheckRange.java:15)
E:\bc221Book\source>java CheckRange 12 45 15
Number 15 is in the given range
error
error
error error
error run error
Index array

Exception Java

exception Java
exception
error exception error

error
9
9
9
9
9
9
Exception
error
Exception object class Throwable
exception Java
exception method code try block
try block block block
Code exception catch block try block
try block catch block
Finally block try finally block

7
Java
error (Exceptions)
203
1. keyboard int exception

error

2.
3. keyboard
Celsius
(step)
Fahrenheit

>java Temperature 0 100 10
CELSIUS
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
FAHRENHEIT
32.0
50.0
68.0
86.0
104.0
122.0
140.0
158.0
176.0
194.0
212.0
error
(negative number)
error
>java Temperature 0 100 -5
3rd arg < 0 NUMBER = -5
>java Temperature 40 20 5
Ordering Err FIRST = 40 SECOND = 20
>java Temperature 10 40
java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException:
at Temperature.main(Temperature.java:41)
4.
mn m n command line argument
list error
5. class Account
error

method

6. error
stream

o
o
o
o
o
stream
Class Java stream
directory
file file file
text file binary file
Java stream
(input) (output) stream
keyboard 10 byte
keyboard (disk)
scanner light-pen memory-card keyboard disk

(monitor) (printer)
Java
binary streams character streams
stream byte
byte binary data (
) stream
memory memory
streams
memory
character streams (text)
character streams text Java
character streams

17
character stream ASCII '1' '7' 0x310x37 ( 16)
727 stream 0x310x370x370x320x37

Java Unicode stream

character () (local code)
code
(Java localization) Java

local code Unicode Java
Unicode
8
Java
Streams I/O
205

input output
FileInfo.java
//FileInfo.java
import java.io.*;
class FileInfo {
//get path from command-line argument
File path = new File(args[0]);
//display some info. about this file

if(path.exists()) {
System.out.println(path + " does exist.");
System.out.println("Readable
: " +
statusOk(path.canRead()));
System.out.println("Writable
: " +
statusOk(path.canWrite()));
System.out.println("Directory? : " +
statusOk(path.isDirectory()));
System.out.println("File?
: " +
statusOk(path.isFile()));
System.out.println("Hidden?
: " +
statusOk(path.isHidden()));
}
else {
System.out.println(path + " does not exist.");
}
//return "Yes" or "No"

public static String statusOk(boolean yes) {
return yes ? "Yes" : "No";
}
object path class File command-line

argument
e:\bc221Book\source
e:\bc221Book\source
\source
\bc221Book\source\FileInfo.java
absolute path
relative path
absolute path drive relative path
drive directory run
>java FileInfo \bc221Book

\bc221Book does exist.
Readable
: Yes
Writable
: Yes
8
Java
Directory?
File?
Hidden?
Streams I/O
206
: Yes
: No
: No
>java FileInfo \bc221Book\source\FileInfo.java

\bc221Book\source\FileInfo.java does exist.
Readable
: Yes
Writable
: Yes
Directory?
: No
File?
: Yes
Hidden?
: No
>java FileInfo \bc221Book\FileInfo.java
\bc221Book\FileInfo.java does not exist.
run relative path directory file
absolute path
E:\bc221Book\source>java FileInfo e:\bc221Book\source\FileInfo.java
e:\bc221Book\source\FileInfo.java does exist.
Readable
: Yes
Writable
: Yes
Directory?
: No
File?
: Yes
Hidden?
: No
method class File file file
file Java file ( )
file file directory ( folder)
Java method file method
//FileInfo1.java
import java.io.*;
import java.util.Date;
class FileInfo1 {
//explain how to use if no argument is given
if(args.length < 1) {
System.out.println("Usage: FileInfo1 file-name");
System.exit(1);
}
//display information about this file
echoFileInfo(new File(args[0]));
}
private static void echoFileInfo(File file) {
//display if file is a file or a directory
if(file.isFile())
System.out.println("\n" + file + " is a file.");
if(file.isDirectory()) {
String []list = file.list();
System.out.println("\n" + file + " is a directory.");
System.out.println("There are " + list.length +
" items in this directory.");
8
Java
Streams I/O
207
}
//lastModifeid() returns amount of milliseconds the file
//was last modified, e.g. 1045375241775 since
//January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 GMT. We have to create a date
//object from this data.
long lastModified = file.lastModified();
Date dateModified = new Date(lastModified);
//display information about this file
System.out.println(
"Absolute path: " + file.getAbsolutePath() +
"\n Name: " + file.getName() +
"\n Parent: " + file.getParent() +
"\n Path: " + file.getPath() +
"\n Length: " + file.length() +
"\n Last modified: " + dateModified);
FileInfo1.java method 5 (
command-line argument) method
method method lastModified()
lastModified() long

millisecond 1045375241775
class Date
long lastModified = file.lastModified();
Date dateModified = new Date(lastModified);

>java FileInfo1 e:\bc221Book\source
e:\bc221Book\source is a directory.
There are 328 items in this directory.
Absolute path: e:\bc221Book\source
Name: source
Parent: e:\bc221Book
Path: e:\bc221Book\source
Length: 0
Last modified: Wed Feb 26 07:47:48 GMT+07:00 2003
>java FileInfo1 FileInfo1.java
FileInfo1.java is a file.
Absolute path: E:\b221Book\source\FileInfo1.java
Name: FileInfo1.java
Parent: null
Path: FileInfo1.java
Length: 1236
Last modified: Tue Feb 25 14:06:13 GMT+07:00 2003
>java FileInfo1
Usage: FileInfo1 file-name
directory subdirectory
8
Java
Streams I/O
208
//DirListing.java
//adopted from Bruce Eckel's
import java.io.*;
//extract file name from path
//must implements FilenameFilter and override method accept()
//to get files with given information into a list
class DirFilter implements FilenameFilter {
String fileName;
//constructor
DirFilter(String fileName) {
this.fileName = fileName;
}
//this method is called by method list() from class File

//to include a file if it contains a given info
public boolean accept(File path, String name) {
//get only file name
String file = new File(name).getName();
//if in fact the file exists we will get the first index
//of this file, which causes accept() to return true,
//otherwise we will get -1 and returns false
return file.indexOf(fileName) != -1;
}
class DirListing {
//create file object with a default directory
File path = new File(".");
String[] fileList;
//list of files with given criteria
//no argument provided, get all files on this directory
if(args.length == 0)
fileList = path.list();
//information provided, get rid of path and extract files
//with given info.
else
fileList = path.list(new DirFilter(args[0]));
Arrays.sort(fileList);
showDir(fileList);
//sort the list

//display the list
//display files to screen

public static void showDir(String[] list) {
System.out.println(list[i]);
}
}
()
>java DirListing java
8
Java
Streams I/O
209
Access.java
Account.java
Add1To100.java
AddNumbers2.java
ThrowsWithTry.java
ThrowsWithTry1.java
Triangle.java
TryAndCatchExample1.java
TryAndCatchExample2.java
Two.java
UpperLower.java
UpperLower2.java
Variables.java
Vowels.java
ZeroDivideException.java
p.java
>java DirListing te
BankRate.class
BankRate.java
ByteShort.class
ByteShort.java
Calculate.class
Calculate.java
DirListing.java directory
DirListing

"te"
DirListing te
interface FileNameFilter override method accept()
method list() class File method
accept() path
method
list() list
args.length 0
array list
fileList = path.list();
method accept()

fileList = path.list(new DirFilter(args[0]));
args[0] "te" () "te"
path
Calculate.java
Method list() parameter
object class FileNameFilter
method accept()
path

String file = new File(name).getName();
8
Java
Streams I/O
210
method indexOf() class String "te"

indexOf() "te" -1
-1 list() (true = false = )
return file.indexOf(fileName) != -1;
method list() fileList
fileList method sort()
class Arrays

method list() class File code
method accept()
Method list() class File parameter parameter
method parameter parameter object class FileNameFilter

class class override method accept()
run

code method accept()

directory list() accept()

Input streams
Input and Output streams ( )
Java

(standard I/O)

1. character code
Text editor

text file
2. binary data

MS Word

binary file
text file code
//ReadingTextFile.java
import java.io.*;
class ReadingTextFile {
//don't want to deal with error, let Java takes care of it
BufferedReader in;//input buffer
FileReader file; //input file
String str;
//string to store characters read from file
file = new FileReader(args[0]); //open an input file
in = new BufferedReader(file); //store contents in buffer
int lineNo = 1;
8
Java
Streams I/O
211
//keep reading from buffer until null is reached

while((str = in.readLine()) != null) {
System.out.println(lineNo + " " + str);
lineNo++;
}
in.close();
//manually close the file
FileReader() BufferedReader()
str buffer

close() ReadingTextFile.java
1 //ReadingTextFile.java
2
3 import java.io.*;
4
5 class ReadingTextFile {
6
//don't want to deal with error, let Java takes care of it
7
8
BufferedReader in; //input buffer
9
FileReader file;
//input file
10
String str;
//string to store characters read
from file
11
12
file = new FileReader(args[0]); //open an input file
13
in = new BufferedReader(file); //store contents in
buffer
14
15
int lineNo = 1;
16
//keep reading from buffer until null is reached
17
while((str = in.readLine()) != null) {
18
System.out.println(lineNo + " " + str);
19
lineNo++;
20
}
21
in.close();
//manually close the file
22
}
23 }
FileInputStream() read()
//ReadTextFile.java
import java.io.*;
class ReadTextFile {
FileInputStream in;
//file input stream
int ch;
//store each character read
try {
in = new FileInputStream(args[0]);
while((ch = in.read()) != -1) {
System.out.print((char)ch);
}
in.close();
}
8
Java
Streams I/O
212
//file not found

catch(FileNotFoundException e) {
System.err.println("Cannot find: " + args[0]);
System.exit(1);
}
//no argument specified
System.err.println("Usage: ReadTextFile file-name");
System.exit(1);
}
FileInputStream() read() byte

FileInputStream ch
-1 EOF (End Of File)
cast ch
error

run ReadTextFile.java
//ReadTextFile.java
import java.io.*;
class ReadTextFile {
FileInputStream in;
//file input stream
int ch;
//store each character read
try {
in = new FileInputStream(args[0]);
while((ch = in.read()) != -1) {
System.out.print((char)ch);
}
in.close();
}
//file not found
System.exit(1);
}
//no argument specified
System.err.println("Usage: ReadTextFile file-name");
System.exit(1);
}
character streams text

text binary data
Binary file text file
8
Java
Streams I/O
213
TextWithStreamTok.java text

format
String
double int
Notebook
CoffeeMug
PaperCutter
12.00
5.00
12.50
30
40
25
3 StreamTokenizer
keyboard
//TextWithStreamTok.java - Reading text data from a file

import java.io.*;
class TextWithStreamTok {
BufferedReader in = null;
//input buffer
FileReader file = null;
//input file
StreamTokenizer stream = null; //tokens
try {
file = new FileReader(args[0]); //get a file from
argument-list
in = new BufferedReader(file); //storage buffer
//create tokens
stream = new StreamTokenizer(in);
stream.eolIsSignificant(true); //EOL counted but ignored
}
System.err.println("Cannot find file: " + args[0]);
System.exit(1);
}
//arrays to store data only 3 items as example e.g.
//description prices unit
//Coffee-Mug 12.5 30
String[] descs = new String[3];
double[] prices = new double[3];
int[] units = new int[3];
int i = 0, j = 0, k = 0; //arrays' indices
boolean first = true;
//make sure correct data is read
try {
//reading tokens into corresponding arrays
//until EOF is reached
while(stream.nextToken() != StreamTokenizer.TT_EOF) {
//data is a string
if(stream.ttype == StreamTokenizer.TT_WORD) {
descs[i++] = stream.sval;
}
//data is a number (price or unit)
if(stream.ttype == StreamTokenizer.TT_NUMBER) {
//first data in line is price
8
Java
Streams I/O
214
if(first == true) {
prices[j++] = stream.nval;
first = false;
}
//next one is unit price
else {
units[k++] = (int)stream.nval;
first = true;
}
}
//ignore EOL
if(stream.ttype == StreamTokenizer.TT_EOL) {
/* do nothing */
}
}
in.close();
//close the stream

}
//trouble reading file
catch(IOException e) {
System.err.println("Error reading file.");
System.exit(1);
}
//too many items for arrays
System.err.println("Array index out of bound.");
System.exit(1);
}
}
display(descs, prices, units);
//display data
//display data to screen

private static void display(String[] d, double[] p, int[] u) {
double total = 0.00;
for(int i = 0; i < d.length; i++) {
total = p[i] * u[i];
System.out.print(d[i] + "\t" + p[i]);
System.out.println("\t" + u[i] + "\t" + total);
}
}

format

file = new FileReader(args[0]); //get a file from argument-list

in = new BufferedReader(file); //storage buffer
//create tokens
stream = new StreamTokenizer(in);
stream.eolIsSignificant(true); //EOL counted but ignored
token stream string
while(stream.nextToken() != StreamTokenizer.TT_EOF) {
//data is a string
8
Java
Streams I/O
215
if(stream.ttype == StreamTokenizer.TT_WORD) {
descs[i++] = stream.sval;
}
//data is a number (price or unit)
if(stream.ttype == StreamTokenizer.TT_NUMBER) {
//first data in line is price
if(first == true) {
prices[j++] = stream.nval;
first = false;
}
//next one is unit price
else {
units[k++] = (int)stream.nval;
first = true;
}
}
//ignore EOL
if(stream.ttype == StreamTokenizer.TT_EOL) {
/* do nothing */
}
string descs[] double prices[] int

units[]

prices units first
prices[]
units[]
arrays display()
run
>java TextWithStreamTok data.dat
Notebook
12.0
30 360.0
CoffeeMug
5.0
40 200.0
PaperCutter
12.5
25 312.5
data.dat
Notebook 12.0 30
CoffeeMug 5.0 40
PaperCutter 12.5 25

Notebook 12.0 30 CoffeeMug 5.0 40 PaperCutter 12.5 25
nextToken()

(
string
) text file primitive type
text file text
StreamTokenizer

text
//WordCount.java - Using StreamTokenizer to count word
8
Java
Streams I/O
216
import java.io.*;
class WordCount {
//exit if there's no file specified
System.out.println("Usage: WordCount file-name.");
System.exit(1);
}
FileReader inFile = null;
//file stream
StreamTokenizer stream = null; //tokens stream
int count = 0;
//number of words in the file
try {
inFile = new FileReader(args[0]);
stream = new StreamTokenizer(inFile);
count = wordCount(stream);
System.out.println(count + " words counted in " +
args[0]);
}
System.exit(1);
}
finally {
//close the file
if(inFile != null) {
try {
inFile.close();
}
catch(IOException e) { /* do nothing */ }
}
}
//method to count word in the stream

private static int wordCount(StreamTokenizer s)
throws IOException {
int count = 0;
try {
while(s.nextToken() != StreamTokenizer.TT_EOF) {
//count only word
if(s.ttype == StreamTokenizer.TT_WORD)
count++;
}
}
System.err.println("Error reading stream: " + s);
System.exit(1);
}
return count;
}
8
Java
Streams I/O
217
WordCount.java
command-line
argument StreamTokenizer string
string "s13" string
WordCount.java object FileReader
StreamTokenizer BufferedReader
FileReader

BufferedReader

run Windows Xp vbe6.dll 2,498,560

bytes BufferedReader
>java WordCount vbe6.dll
Start: Fri Feb 28 10:08:52 GMT+07:00 2003
279829 words counted in vbe6.dll
Stop: Fri Feb 28 10:08:54 GMT+07:00 2003
>java WordCount vbe6.dll
Start: Fri Feb 28 10:10:35 GMT+07:00 2003
279829 words counted in vbe6.dll
Stop: Fri Feb 28 10:10:36 GMT+07:00 2003
BufferedReader FileReader (
1 ) Date
code
BufferedReader buf = null;
//buffer holding data
try {
System.out.println("Start: " + new Date());
inFile = new FileReader(args[0]);
buf = new BufferedReader(inFile);
stream = new StreamTokenizer(buf);
finally {
//close the file
if(inFile != null) {
try {
inFile.close();
}
}
//close stream
if(buf != null) {
try {
buf.close();
System.out.println("Stop: " + new Date());
}
}
8
Java
Streams I/O
218
finally
finally finally
finally
( finally
)
Java method
method currentTimeMillis()
//ElapsedTime.java
class ElapsedTime {
long startTime, stopTime;
//get starting time
startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
//do some looping
for(int i = 0; i < 100000; i++)
for(int j = 0; j < 100000; j++) ;
//get ending time
stopTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
//calculate elapsed time
double elapsedTime = (double)(stopTime - startTime) / 1000.0;
System.out.print("Elapsed time: ");

System.out.println(elapsedTime + " seconds.");
run
Elapsed time: 85.093 seconds.
ElapsedTime.java currentTimeMillis() loop
loop
text
(delimiter)

"|"

//TokenWithDelimiter.java - Using '|' as delimiter in a text file
import java.io.*;
import java.util.StringTokenizer;
class TokenWithDelimiter {
//data to write to file
String[] items = {"Notebook", "Coffee Mug", "Paper cutter"};
double[] prices = {12.0D, 5.0D, 12.5D};
8
Java
Streams I/O
219
int[] units = {30, 40, 25};

//check to see if a file is provided
System.err.println("Usage: TokenWithDelimeter filename.");
System.exit(1);
}
writeToFile(args[0], items, prices, units);
processData(args[0]);
}
//writing data in arrays to a given file
private static void writeToFile(String fileName, String[] items,
double[] prices, int[] units)
File dataFile = null;
FileWriter fWriter = null;
BufferedWriter buffer = null;
PrintWriter out = null;
try {
dataFile = new File(fileName);
fWriter = new FileWriter(dataFile);
buffer = new BufferedWriter(fWriter);
out = new PrintWriter(buffer);
//printing data to file with '|' in between
for(int i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {
out.print(items[i]);
out.print('|');
out.print(prices[i]);
out.print('|');
out.println(units[i]);
}
}
System.err.println("Error writing to file");
System.exit(1);
}
finally {
if(out != null)
out.close();
}
//reading data from a given file & display to screen

private static void processData(String fileName)
String item; //item read
double price; //price read
int unit;
//unit read
File dataFile = null;
FileReader fReader = null;
BufferedReader buffer = null;
String input = null;
try {
8
Java
Streams I/O
220

fReader = new FileReader(dataFile);
buffer = new BufferedReader(fReader);
//read first line of data
//keep reading until there's no more lines to read
while(input != null) {
//get token from input-line - skip '|'
StringTokenizer token = new
StringTokenizer(input, "|");
item = token.nextToken();
price = Double.parseDouble(token.nextToken());
unit = Integer.parseInt(token.nextToken());
//display to screen
System.out.print(item + "\t" + price + "\t" + unit);
System.out.println("\t" + price * unit);
}
}
System.err.println("Error reading file");
System.exit(1);
}
finally {
if(buffer != null)
buffer.close();
}
'|' class StringTokenizer

arrays print()
println() '|'

fWriter = new FileWriter(dataFile);
buffer = new BufferedWriter(fWriter);
out = new PrintWriter(buffer);
//printing data to file with '|' in between
for(int i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {
out.print(items[i]);
out.print('|');
out.print(prices[i]);
out.print('|');
out.println(units[i]);
}
readLine()
'|'
nextToken()
token
StringTokenizer token = new StringTokenizer(input, "|");
'|' String
double int
8
Java
Streams I/O
221
String

fReader = new FileReader(dataFile);
buffer = new BufferedReader(fReader);
//read first line of data
//keep reading until there's no more lines to read
while(input != null) {
//get token from input-line - skip '|'
StringTokenizer token = new StringTokenizer(input, "|");
item = token.nextToken();
price = Double.parseDouble(token.nextToken());
unit = Integer.parseInt(token.nextToken());
//display to screen
System.out.print(item + "\t" + price + "\t" + unit);
System.out.println("\t" + price * unit);
}
PrintWriter class PrintWriter
print() println()
PrintWriter FileWriter
BufferedWriter ( buffer
)
run
>java TokenWithDelimiter tokens.dat
Notebook
12.0
30
360.0
Coffee Mug
5.0
40
200.0
Paper cutter
12.5
25
312.5
Binary file
binary data

binary data method Java

Method
writeBoolean(boolean)
writeShort(int)
writeInt(int)
writeLong(long)
writeFloat(float)
writeDouble(double)
writeChar(int)
writeChars(String)
writeUTF(String)
Throws
IOException
IOException
IOException
IOException
IOException
IOException
IOException
IOException
IOException
boolean 1 byte
short 2 byte
int 4 byte
long 8 byte
float 4 byte
double 8 byte
char 2 byte
String 2 byte 1
String 1 byte
2 byte String
method
8
Java
Method
readBoolean()
readShort()
readInt()
readLong()
readFloat(0
readDouble()
readChar()
readUTF()
skipBytes(int)
Streams I/O
Throws
EOFException
EOFException
EOFException
EOFException
EOFException
EOFException
EOFException
EOFException
EOFException
222
1 byte boolean
2 byte Short
4 byte int
8 byte long
4 byte float
8 byte double
2 byte char
String UTF
byte
binary data
record 3 record
record
Record

Java record class record
3 field
1. description
2. price
3. unit
//DataFile.java - Sequential Access file

import java.io.*;
class DataFile {
FileOutputStream fout;
//file output stream
DataOutputStream dout;
//data output stream
FileInputStream fin;
//file input stream
DataInputStream din;
//data input stream
//setting up data to be written to a file
String[] desc = {"Coffee Mug", "Bookmark", "Note book"};
double[] prices = {5.00, 2.00, 10.00};
int[] unit = {12, 50, 30};
//variables storing data read from file
String description;
double price, total = 0.00;
int unitPrice;
//open file for writing
try {
fout = new FileOutputStream(args[0]);
dout = new DataOutputStream(fout);
for(int i = 0; i < desc.length; i++) {
dout.writeUTF(desc[i]);
dout.writeDouble(prices[i]);
dout.writeInt(unit[i]);
}
dout.close();
8
Java
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223
}
System.err.println("Cannot open " + args[0]);
return;
}
System.err.println("Usage: DataFile file-name.");
return;
}
//open file for input

try {
fin = new FileInputStream(args[0]);
din = new DataInputStream(fin);
System.out.println("Description\tPrice\tUnit\tTotal");
while(true) {
description = din.readUTF();
price = din.readDouble();
unitPrice = din.readInt();
total = price * unitPrice;
display(description, price, unitPrice, total);
}
}
catch(EOFException e) {
//use this exception to stop the while loop
//and exit the program
System.exit(1);
}
System.err.println("Error reading file: " + e.toString());
System.exit(1);
}
//display a record to screen

public static void display(String d, double p, int u, double t) {
System.out.println(d+"\t"+p+"\t"+u+"\t"+t);
}
DataOutputStream DataInputStream
for loop
}

binary data
while loop infinite loop
error loop

(EOF) code

8
Java
Streams I/O
224

System.out.println("Description\tPrice\tUnit\tTotal");
while(true) {
description = din.readUTF();
price = din.readDouble();
unitPrice = din.readInt();
total = price * unitPrice;
display(description, price, unitPrice, total);
}
run
>java DataFile data.dat
Description
Coffee Mug
Bookmark
Note book
Price
5.0
2.0
10.0
Unit
12
50
30
Total
60.0
100.0
300.0

class extends
class class PrintWritter method output()

override method print() println() class
FormatWriter
DataFile.java
//DataFile.java - Sequential Access file
//-(modified for formatted output)
import java.io.*;
//for pretty printing (formatted - right justified)
class FormatWriter extends PrintWriter {
private int width = 10;
FormatWriter(Writer output) {
super(output);
}
//constructor with specified width
FormatWriter(Writer out, int width) {
super(out);
this.width = width;
}
//set prefer output style
private void output(String str) {
//calculate spaces
int blanks = width - str.length();
//fill with blanks before actual data
for(int i = 0; i < blanks; i++)
super.print(' ');
//print data
super.print(str);
}
8
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225
//our print() and println() methods with different types of data

public void print(String str) {
output(str);
}
public void println(String str) {
output(str);
super.println();
}
public void print(double value) {
output(String.valueOf(value));
}
public void print(int value) {
}
public void println(double value) {

this.print(value);
super.println();
}
class DataFile {
FileOutputStream fout;
//file output stream
DataOutputStream dout;
//data output stream
FileInputStream fin;
//file input stream
DataInputStream din;
//data input stream
//setting up data to be written to a file
String[] desc = {"Coffee Mug", "Bookmark", "Note book"};
double[] prices = {5.00, 2.00, 10.00};
int[] unit = {12, 50, 30};
double[] total = new double[3];
//open file for writing
try {
}
dout.close();
}
System.err.println("Cannot open " + args[0]);
return;
}
System.err.println("Usage: DataFile file-name.");
return;
}
//open file for input
//reuse variables desc, prices, and unit
//calculate total fro each data item
8
Java
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226
try {
boolean endOfFile = false;
//EOF marker
int index = 0;
//array index
while(!endOfFile) {
try {
//store data in arrays before printing
desc[index] = din.readUTF();
prices[index] = din.readDouble();
unit[index] = din.readInt();
total[index] = prices[index] * unit[index];
index++;
}
endOfFile = true; //stop while loop
din.close();
//close the file
}
}
//display data - right justified
display(desc, prices, unit, total);
}
System.err.println("Error reading file: " + e.toString());
System.exit(1);
}

private static void display(String[] d, double[] p,
int[] u, double[] t) {
//create object from FileWriter with width of 12
FormatWriter out = new FormatWriter(
new BufferedWriter(
new FileWriter(FileDescriptor.out)), 12);
//display header
out.print("Description");
out.print("Prices");
out.print("Unit");
out.println("Total");
//display contents of arrays
out.print(d[i]);
out.print(p[i]);
out.print(u[i]);
out.println(t[i]);
}
out.close(); //close the stream
}
class FormatWriter class PrintWriter constructor 2

default constructor constructor class PrintWriter

FormatWriter(Writer out, int width) {

super(out);
8
Java
Streams I/O
227
this.width = width;
width
width 10
2
8 method
output() print()
class PrintWriter
Method output() print() println()
string double int print() println()
public void print(int value) {

}
public void println(double value) {
this.print(value);
super.println();
}
output()

string output()
display() parameter array
class FormatWriter
private static void display(String[] d, double[] p,
int[] u, double[] t) {
//create object from FileWriter with width of 12
FormatWriter out = new FormatWriter(
new BufferedWriter(
new FileWriter(FileDescriptor.out)), 12);
//display header
out.print("Description");
out.print("Prices");
out.print("Unit");
out.println("Total");
//display contents of arrays
out.print(d[i]);
out.print(p[i]);
out.print(u[i]);
out.println(t[i]);
}
out.close(); //close the stream
}
standard output object out
class FileDescriptor ( FileDescriptor in out err
input output error ) object
BufferedWriter buffer
buffer parameter
constructor FormatWriter 12 ( width)

parameter object out

print() println() object
8
Java
Streams I/O
228
main() code array

display()
boolean endOfFile = false;

//EOF marker
int index = 0;
//array index
while(!endOfFile) {
try {
//store data in arrays before printing
desc[index] = din.readUTF();
prices[index] = din.readDouble();
unit[index] = din.readInt();
total[index] = prices[index] * unit[index];
index++;
}
endOfFile = true; //stop while loop
din.close();
//close the file
}
}
//display data - right justified
display(desc, prices, unit, total);
EOF error loop

-1
boolean loop
run
>java DataFile data.dat
Description
Coffee Mug
Bookmark
Note book
Prices
5.0
2.0
10.0
Unit
12.0
50.0
30.0
Total
60.0
100.0
300.0

code

writeUTF() writeChars()
//WriteCharsAndWriteUTF.java - Differences between the to methods
import java.io.*;
class WriteCharsAndWriteUTF {
File f = new File(args[0]);
DataOutputStream out = new DataOutputStream(
new BufferedOutputStream(
new FileOutputStream(f)));
out.writeUTF("If it does not work, blame the computer.");
int utfSize = out.size();
8
Java
Streams I/O
229
out.writeChars("If it does not work, blame the computer.");

int charsSize = out.size() - utfSize;
out.close();
System.out.println("writeUTF() writes " + utfSize +
" bytes.");
System.out.println("writeChars writes " + charsSize +
" bytes.");
run
>java WriteCharsAndWriteUTF difs.dat
writeUTF() writes 42 bytes.
writeChars writes 80 bytes.
string 40 writeUTF() writeChars()
run writeUTF() 1 byte 2 byte
string writeChars() 2 byte
Random-access file
- sequential access

-
Random-access
random-access

operator

random-access file (logical pointer)
- (
) offset Java
seek
(fixed length record) p p * length
record record
(first name)
(last name)
(year of birth)
(salary)
record class
method
record
//RandomAccessFileDemo.java
import java.io.RandomAccessFile;
import java.io.*;
class RandomAccessFileDemo {
//data to be written to a file
8
Java
Streams I/O
230
String[] names = {"John", "Paul", "Stephen", "Hendrix"};

String[] lasts = {"Kawakami", "Collins", "Anderson", "McCoy"};
int[] years = {1965, 1978, 1985, 1972};
double[] pays = {2400.0, 500.0, 5000.0, 9500.0};
//use to randomly select the position in a file
//to write to/read from e.g. random[0] is at the second
//position, random[2] is at the frist position etc.
int []random = {2, 3, 0, 1};
//writing to a file
RandomAccessFile f = new RandomAccessFile("emp.dat", "rw");
try {
for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
Employee emp = new Employee(names[i], lasts[i],
years[i], pays[i]);
emp.write(f, random[i]);
}
}
System.err.println("Error writing file");
System.exit(1);
}
finally {
if(f != null) {
f.close();
}
}
//reading from a file

RandomAccessFile fin = null;
try {
fin = new RandomAccessFile("emp.dat", "r");
Employee em = new Employee();
System.out.println("Number of records = " +
em.size(fin) + "\n");
for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
em.read(fin, random[i]);
System.out.print("Record #" + (i+1) + ": ");
em.show();
}
}
System.exit(1);
}
finally {
if(fin != null)
fin.close();
}
array 4 record
random array random
record
8
Java
Record
Record
Record
Record
2
3
0
Streams I/O
231
(random[0])
(random[1])
(random[2])
(random[3])
object class Employee class

record code
//Employee.java - Simple record for random-access file
import java.io.*;
import java.lang.String;
class Employee {
private String firstName; //15 characters (30 bytes)
private String lastName; //15 characters (30 bytes)
private int year;
//4 bytes
private double salary;
//8 bytes
private static final int RECORD_SIZE = 72;
Employee() {
firstName = "";
lastName = "";
year = 0;
salary = 0.0D;
}
//setting up fields
Employee(String firstName, String lastName,
int year, double salary) {
this.firstName = firstName;
this.lastName = lastName;
this.year = year;
this.salary = salary;
}
//write a record to a file with a given position
public void write(RandomAccessFile file, int position)
try {
//locate a position
file.seek((long)(position * RECORD_SIZE));
//write equal-length strings
writeString(file, firstName, 15);
writeString(file, lastName, 15);
//write int and double
file.writeInt(year);
file.writeDouble(salary);
}
System.exit(1);
}
}
8
Java
Streams I/O
232
//reading a record from a file with a given position

public void read(RandomAccessFile file, int position)
try {
//locate position to read
//reading strings
firstName = readString(file, 15);
lastName = readString(file, 15);
//reading int and double
year = file.readInt();
salary = file.readDouble();
}
System.exit(1);
}
}
//helper method to write a string with specified length
public void writeString(DataOutput out, String s, int len)
for(int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
if(i < s.length())
out.writeChar(s.charAt(i));
else
out.writeChar(0);
}
}
//helper method to read a string
public String readString(DataInput in, int len)
String s = "";
int i = 0;
while(i < len) {
char c = in.readChar();
if(c != 0)
s += c;
i++;
}
return s;
}
//number of records in file
public int size(RandomAccessFile file) throws IOException{
int size = 0;
try {
size = (int)file.length() / RECORD_SIZE;
}
System.exit(1);
}
return size;
}
8
Java
Streams I/O
233

public void show() {
System.out.print(firstName + " ");
System.out.print(lastName + " ");
System.out.print(year + " ");
System.out.println(salary);
}
method class Employee

write(RandomAccessFile, position)
read(RandomAccessFile, position)
writeString(DataOutptu, String, length)
readString(DataInput, length)
size(RandomAccessFile)
record
logical
pointer
record

method writeUTF()
writeChars() ()
record 72 byte
writeChar() 30 byte year salary 4 8
byte
write() field Employee object
seek()
position RECORD_SIZE field 2
15 (30 byte)
field
writeString() byte 0
field 15
//write equal-length strings
writeString(file, firstName, 15);
writeString(file, lastName, 15);
field filed writeInt() writeDouble()
//write int and double

file.writeInt(year);
file.writeDouble(salary);
code writeString()
string string
0
public void writeString(DataOutput out, String s, int len)

for(int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
if(i < s.length())
out.writeChar(s.charAt(i));
else
8
Java
Streams I/O
234
out.writeChar(0);
filed seek()
readString() field readInt() readDouble() field
Code readString() 0 0
string
public String readString(DataInput in, int len) throws IOException {
String s = "";
int i = 0;
while(i < len) {
char c = in.readChar();
if(c != 0)
s += c;
i++;
}
return s;
}
readChar()
0
string s
record
record
public int size(RandomAccessFile file) throws IOException{
int size = 0;
try {
size = (int)file.length() / RECORD_SIZE;
}
System.exit(1);
}
return size;
}
readChar() writeChar() byte
record
random access file field field field
run
Number of records = 4
Record
Record
Record
Record
#1:
#2:
#3:
#4:
John Kawakami 1965 2400.0

Paul Collins 1978 500.0
Stephen Anderson 1985 5000.0
Hendrix McCoy 1972 9500.0
(update)
8
Java
Streams I/O
235
update record
update
record
field update
update
f.seek((long)(recNum 1) * em.recSize());
em.write(f, recNum 1);
record
seek()
method
record method class Employee
public void setFirstName(String name) {
firstName = name;
}
public void setLastName(String name) {
lastName = name;
}
public void setSalary(double pay) {
salary = pay;
}
public int recSize() {
return RECORD_SIZE;
}
public void setYear(int y) {
year = y;
}
update
keyboard
update
System.out.print("Enter record number: ");

buffer = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
str = buffer.readLine();
recNum = Integer.parseInt(str);
System.out.print("Enter first name: ");
emp.setFirstName(buffer.readLine());
System.out.print("Enter last name: ");
emp.setLastName(buffer.readLine());
System.out.print("Enter year of birth: ");
emp.setYear(Integer.parseInt(buffer.readLine()));
System.out.print("Enter salary: ");
emp.setSalary(Double.parseDouble(buffer.readLine()));
code

run
>java Update temp.dat
8
Java
Enter
Enter
Enter
Enter
Enter
236
record number: 1
first name: My name
last name: Is changing
year of birth: 1965
salary: 2500
Record
Record
Record
Record
>java
Enter
Enter
Enter
Enter
Enter
Streams I/O
#1:
#2:
#3:
#4:
My name Is changing 1965 2500.0

John Kawakami 1965 2400.0
John Kowalski 1990 5400.0
Update temp.dat
record number: 3
first name: Jennie
last name: Saiudom
year of birth: 1995
salary: 500
Record
Record
Record
Record
#1:
#2:
#3:
#4:
My name Is changing 1965 2500.0

Jennie Saiudom 1995 500.0
John Kowalski 1990 5400.0
update field record object

class Employee object
update field update update field

//Update.java - Updating Random-access file
import java.io.*;
class Update {
RandomAccessFile f = null;
System.err.println("Usage: Update file-name");
System.exit(1);
}
try {
f = new RandomAccessFile(args[0], "rw");
int recNum = getNewData(f, em); //get new data
updateData(f, recNum, em);
//update record
showData(f, args[0]);
//display records
}
System.err.println("Error processing file");
System.exit(1);
}
8
Java
Streams I/O
237
//get new data from keyboard

private static int getNewData(RandomAccessFile f, Employee emp)
BufferedReader buffer = null;
InputStreamReader iStream = null;
String str = "";
int recNum = 0;
try {
System.out.print("Enter record number: ");
buffer = new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(System.in));
str = buffer.readLine();
recNum = Integer.parseInt(str);
System.out.print("Enter first name: ");
emp.setFirstName(buffer.readLine());
System.out.print("Enter last name: ");
emp.setLastName(buffer.readLine());
System.out.print("Enter year of birth: ");
emp.setYear(Integer.parseInt(buffer.readLine()));
System.out.print("Enter salary: ");
emp.setSalary(Double.parseDouble(buffer.readLine()));
}
System.err.println("Error readin file");
System.exit(1);
}
return recNum; //record number
//update record
private static void updateData(RandomAccessFile f,
int recNum, Employee em)
try {
//locate record
//write the whole record
}
System.exit(1);
}
finally {
if(f != null)
f.close();
}
}
//display all records in this file
private static void showData(RandomAccessFile f, String fName)
try {
f = new RandomAccessFile(fName, "r");
8
Java
Streams I/O
238
int num = em.size(f);

for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
em.read(f, i);
System.out.print("Record #" + (i+1) + ":");
em.show();
}
}
System.exit(1);
}
finally {
if(f != null)
f.close();
}
text file binary file

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
File method ifFile() canRead()
FileReader FileWriter FileInputStream FileOutputStream

DataOutputStream BufferedOutputStream
StreamTokenizer StringTokenizer
text file
delimiter text file
binary file
Random-access file
update random-access file
1.

directory

directory directory
directory
2. copy command-line
3.
int 100
text file 10
4. 3
(
11
)
5. 4
(column)
6.
delimiter
10
8
Java
Streams I/O
239
John Longman+25.0+30.50+48.00
Peter Wang+35.00+50.00+98.00
Mike Kawakami+90.00+80.00+85.00
7.
binary file class Student

keyboard
String 15
String 15
array double 85.0 90.5

()
class Student {
String firstName;
String lastName;
double[] grades;
}
8.
random-access file Student 7
user record
method
record ( keyboard)
9. Update update field salary
10. 6 method

240
Java

1 Unicode characters
dec hex
char
Dec
0
0000 <NUL>
33
1
0001 <SOH> 34
2
0002 <STX>
35
3
0003 <ETX>
36
4
0004 <EOT> 37
5
0005 <ENQ> 38
6
0006 <ACK>
39
7
0007 <BEL>
40
8
0008 <BS>
41
9
0009 <HT>
42
10
000A <LF>
43
11
000B <VT>
44
12
000C <FF>
45
13
000D <CR>
46
14
000E <SO>
47
15
000F <SI>
48
16
0010 <DLE>
49
17
0011 <DC1>
50
18
0012 <DC2>
51
19
0013 <DC3>
52
20
0014 <DC4>
53
21
0015 <NAK> 54
22
0016 <SYN>
55
23
0017 <ETB>
56
24
0018 <CAN> 57
25
0019 <EM>
58
26
001A <SUB>
59
27
001B <ESC>
60
28
001C <FS>
61
29
001D <GS>
62
30
001E <RS>
63
31
001F <US>
64
32
0020 blank
65
128
hex
char
0021 !
0022 "
0023 #
0024 $
0025 %
0026 &
0027 '
0028 (
0029 )
002A *
002B +
002C '
002D 002E .
002F /
0030 0
0031 1
0032 2
0033 3
0034 4
0035 5
0036 6
0037 7
0038 8
0039 9
003A :
003B ;
003C <
003D =
003E >
003F ?
0040 @
0041 A
dec
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
hex
0042
0043
0044
0045
0046
0047
0048
0049
004A
004B
004C
004D
004E
004F
0050
0051
0052
0053
0054
0055
0056
0057
0058
0059
005A
005B
005C
005D
005E
005F
0060
0061
0062
2 Constants
Math.E
Math.PI
Float/Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY
Float/Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY
Float/Double.NaN
Byte/Short/Integer/Long/Float/Double.MAXIMUM_VALUE
Byte/Short/Integer/Long/Float/Double.MINIMUM_VALUE
System.in
System.out
System.err
char
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
[
\
]
^
_
dec
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
hex
0063
0064
0065
0066
0067
0068
0069
006A
006B
006C
006D
006E
006F
0070
0071
0072
0073
0074
0075
0076
0077
0078
0079
007A
007B
007C
007D
007E
007F
0080
char
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
{
|
}
~
<DEL>
a
b
e (natural logarithm)
PI (3.145)
infinity
infinity
(keyboard)
()
error ()
241
Java
byte
short
int
long
float
double
3 Numeric Types
bit
8
0
16
0
32
0
64
0
32
0.0f
64
0.0d
4 Escape Sequences
Escape Sequence
\b
\t
\n
\f
\r
\"
\'
\\
\uxxxx
\xxx
-128
-32768
-2147483648
-9223372036854775808
1.40129846432481707e-45f
4.94065645841246544e-324
127
32767
2147483647
9223372036854775807
3.40282346638528860e+38f
1.79769313486231570e+308
back space
tab
LF ()
FF ()
CR ()
double quote
single quote
back slash
Unicode \u 16
\101
5 Format Syntax
form
0000
314
0314
###0
314
314
##0.0#
3.10
3.1
#,##0
3000
3,000
##0.00%
3.1415
314.15%
\u00A4##0
314
$314
0 digit
# - digit
. -
, -
% - 100 %
\u00A4 locale

Basic Java

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Basic Java

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Java

code compile execute pc

Sun Micro System

3. Java VM Java Virtual Machine

3. directory JDK drive c:\j2sdk1.4.1\bin

2. advanced System Properties

4. System Variables Path

6. ; (semicolon) path install JDK OK

execute code Java JRE

execute byte code

appletviewer execute applet

Java Class File

Java Source File

Java Class File

Java Source File

class HelloWorld Java class code

1.3 compile run

1-3 compile javac

applet web browser

Java program EditPlus

click Fonts Default (edit window) Drop-down menu

set editor output window

Compile Java Source File

install Java c:\j2sdk1.4.1\bin\javac.exe

EditPlus run execute

EditPlus features set

(variable declaration) integer floating-point

(data and variable)

2 byte ( ASCII 1 byte)

2.3 primitive datatype

System.out.println("boolean variable and its initial

float variable and its initial value is 0.0

int one = 1, two = 2, three = one + two;

double area = radius * radius * PI;

int x = 45; //error x is already defined

/* Scope2.java - Showing scope of variables */

/* Scope2v1.java - Showing scope of variables */

/* Scope3.java - Showing scope of variables */

x Java int x = (x = 12) + 8;

System.out.println("Value of local x is " + x);

compile Java x block compiler error

scope scope method, class

1 (class variable) 7 (local variable)

int priceOfBook = 125;

(mathematical evaluation) (relational

and display results of math

method random() run

/* Operators.java - Shows mathematical operators */

and display results of math

//do the doubles

/* Operators1.java - Shows mathematical operators */

System.out.print("b = " + b + " c = " + c);

a = b / c * d; System.out.println("Value of a is " + a);

(vat) price rate

"30 + 45 = " (30 + 45)

sum = sum + count;

value = (count += 1) + (value += 1);

value = (count = count + 1) + (value = value + 1);

System.out.println("number is " + number);

System.out.println("Number of scooters is " + numScooters);

compile Java error

short shortVar = 32767;

System.out.println("byteVar is " + byteVar);

(Floating Point Calculations)