Design and Fabrication of Ramjet Using CFD

Husein S. Bhinderwala
K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering, B. E. Mechanical, 0715060

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the final year project, PHASE-I has been satisfactorily completed by Husein S.Bhinderwala on the topic Design and Fabrication of Ramjet using CFD under the able guidance of Prof.Prashant Jain. The information given in this report is true to my best knowledge and any material utilized in this report has been given appropriate citations. The details of the author are as follows: Roll No:.0715060 Class:. B.E MECH,A3

__________ (Guide) Prof. Prashant Jain

__________ (H.O.D) Prof. B.M.Pradhan

_________ Principal

OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

In today s world, military superiority and strategic dominance is dictated by the country which has the most advanced weaponry and technologies at its behest. At the forefront of these technologies are total air dominance features such as missiles and advanced fifth generation fighter modules. Pioneering these features is the use of Ramjets and Scramjets which provides with seamless propulsion at higher Mach speeds. The author undertakes this project because it has all the major principles of Aerospace and Mechanical applied in a very sophisticated manner. The principles of Aerothermodynamics, Structures, Cryogenics, Fluid Mechanics, Heat Exchange and Cooling are applied at various milestones through the project. The aim is also to create an interest in the field of Aerospace engineering which is a major subsidy of mechanical engineering. This project is intended to offer the author an introduction to the study of ramjet and scramjet propulsion, including careful definitions of terms and a unified description of the processes and characteristics of the ramjet and scramjet engine. This project reviews the major knowledge base that has been accumulated through years of theoretical and experimental research on topics relevant to ramjet and scramjet propulsion. Later in the project, various innovative technological ideas or proposals have been put forth that need great extent of research and experimentation to follow up on. Lastly, the author has performed a series of calculations using NASA s EngineSim software on a predetermined ramjet model and citations of data from various wind tunnel tests from references.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Finding literature related to Ramjet design has been next to impossible because such data is highly classified among military ranks and not usually found in books or the internet. Although the basic principles regarding the operation of a Ramjet are explicitly mentioned in books by various foreign authors, also patents regarding Ramjets dating back to 1980 s are available now since the ruling government declassifies data more than 20years old. In the early 1900's some of the original ideas concerning ramjet propulsion were first developed in Europe. Thrust is produced by passing the hot exhaust from the combustion of a fuel through a nozzle. The nozzle accelerates the flow, and the reaction to this acceleration produces thrust. To maintain the flow through the nozzle, the combustion must occur at a pressure that is higher than the pressure at the nozzle exit. In a ramjet, the high pressure is produced by "ramming" external air into the combustor using the forward speed of the vehicle. The external air that is brought into the propulsion system becomes the working fluid, much like a turbojet engine. In a turbojet engine, the high pressure in the combustor is generated by a piece of machinery called a compressor. But there are no compressors in a ramjet. Therefore, ramjets are lighter and simpler than a turbojet. Ramjets produce thrust only when the vehicle is already moving; ramjets cannot produce thrust when the engine is stationary or static.

METHODOLOGY ADOPTED
The crux of the design process is creating a satisfactory solution to a need. The need may be to improve an existing situation or to eliminate a problem. In any case, it is what engineering is all about using knowledge and know how to achieve a desired outcome. Lee Harrisberger EngineersmanshipThe Doing of Engineering Design Engineering projects involve creative problem solving, but they are not hypothesis testing. Each engineering design project should have a goal which can fit the following model statement: The design and construction of an (engineered product) for (target user) to do (some useful function). Where can you get project ideas? You may get suggestions from teachers, advisors, or mentors. Be sure to use the web to find assistance (http://stemed.unm.edu; www.sciencebuddies.com, www.societyforscience.org, www.madsci.org). Quality entries from previous fairs are good sources of ideas and best practices. Some high school technology curricula address the engineering design process (www.engineering-ed.org, www.gearsid.org) and many college and professional engineering societies have on-line resources. You will use the engineering design process to create your project. This process is typical of those used by practicing engineers: the definition of terms and the number of steps may vary, but these are the essential steps. Your very first step is to start a project notebook in which you will record every step of your process and the results of your design efforts. The process is iterative, meaning the designer will often repeat steps until he or she is confident the design will meet the identified needs. NOTE: the terms product, invention, project, design, and solution are often used interchangeably in fair guidelines, rules, etc.

The Engineering Design Process: 1) Identify a need; express as a goal 2) Establish design criteria/constraints 3) Evaluate alternative designs 4) Build a prototype of best design 5) Test and evaluate the prototype using the design criteria 6) Analyze test results, make design changes, and retest 7) Communicate the design 1. Identify a Need The need (also called the problem you are solving or the engineering goal) is frequently identified by customers the users of the product. The customer could be a retail consumer or the next team in a product development. Customers may express needs by describing a product ( I need a car. ) or as a functional requirement ( I need a way to get to school. ). The need should be described in a simple statement that includes what you are designing (the product), who it is for (customer), what need it satisfies (problem to solve), and how it improves upon previous designs (easier to use, less expensive, more efficient, safer, etc.). 2. Establish Design Criteria & Constraints Design criteria are requirements you specify that will be used to make decisions about how to build and evaluate the product. Criteria are derived from needs expressed by customers. Criteria define the product s physical and functional characteristics. Some examples of criteria are shape, size, weight, speed, ruggedness, and ease of manufacture. Constraints are factors that limit the engineer s flexibility. Some typical constraints are cost, time, and knowledge; legal issues; natural factors such as topography, climate, raw materials; and where the product will be used. Good designs will meet important design criteria within the limits fixed by the constraints. Good designs are also economical to make and use because cost is always a design constraint!

3. Evaluate Alternative Designs Your research into possible solutions will reveal what has been done to satisfy similar needs. You ll discover where knowledge and science limit your solutions, how previous solutions may be improved, and what different approaches may meet design objectives. You should consider atleast two or three alternative designs and consider using available technology, modifying current designs, or inventing new solutions. Superior work will demonstrate tradeoff analyses such as comparing the strength vs. cost of various bridge building materials. It s important to document in your project notebook how you chose and evaluated alternative designs. Can you defend your choices to the judges? STOP! You must obtain approval from your teacher before you build the prototype. Many engineering design projects will require PRIOR APPROVAL FROM THE SCIENTIFIC REVIEW COMMITTEE (SRC), particularly if you will involve humans in particular types of product testing that involve more than minimal risk to the product testers. 4. Build a Prototype of Best Design Use your alternative analyses to choose the design that best meets criteria considering the constraints, then build a prototype. A prototype is the first full scale and usually functional form of a new type or design. 5. Test and Evaluate the Prototype Against Important Design Criteria to Show How Well the Product Meets the Need You should develop a test plan describing what you will test, how you will test, and how you ll perform analysis. You must test your prototype under actual or simulated operating conditions. Customers are usually involved in product testing so be sure you have SRC approval if people are involved. 6. Analyze Test Results, Make Design Changes, and Retest Testing will disclose some deficiencies in your design. Sometimes the testing fails completely and sends the designer back to the drawing board. Make corrections and retest OR prepare an analysis of what went wrong and how you will fix it. As always, document your analyses, fixes, and retests in your notebook.

7. Communicate the Design The designer s real product is the description of a design from which others will build the product. Use your notebook and the fair/expo exhibit to communicate the design to your customer and the judges. Your product description will be conveyed in drawings, photos, materials lists, assembly instructions, test plans, and results. Consider listing lessons learned so future designers need not repeat any of your frustrations. You ll have clear instructions on how to produce your design, along with production cost estimates. 8. Prepare Your Project Exhibit Be sure you are familiar with the ISEF Display and Safety Rules for the current fair year. Your local, regional, and state fairs/expos may have additional rules with which you need to be familiar as well. 9. Prepare and Bring Your Abstracts Remember to bring 10-15 copies of your abstract with you to have on your display. Judges like to take copies of student abstracts as they are reviewing and evaluating projects to be scored. Members of the public are also sometimes interested in picking up copies of your abstract as they come through during Public Open Houses.
Scientific Process  State your question.  Do background research.  Formulate your hypothesis. Identify variables.  Design experiment. Establish procedures.  Test your hypothesis by doing an experiment.  Present results. Engineering Process  Define a need.  Do background research.  Establish design criteria.  Prepare preliminary designs.  Test and redesign as necessary.  Present Results.

PROGRESS SO FAR
In this semester, I have gained a wide knowledge base on a variety of topics which will leverage me to successfully complete my project. Also I have learned the basics and some implementations of Computational Fluid Dynamics. I have also presented a paper at the NCTIME 2010 held at Nashik on the topic Computational Fluid Dynamic Solutions Of Hypersonic Viscous Flow. I have also done a series of test on a c-d nozzle using CFD which are as shown below: