Homework 6 Solutions

Math 53 Summer 2010

August 8, 2010
Exercise 16.1 #36. (a) Sketch the vector eld F(x, y) = i + xj and then sketch some ow lines. What shape do these ow lines appear to have? (b) If parametric equations of the ow lines are x = x(t), y = y(t), what dierential equations do these functions satisfy? Deduce dy that dx = x. (c) If a particle starts at the origin in the velocity eld given by F, nd an equation of the path it follows. Solution. (a) See Figure 1. The ow lines appear to be parabolas. (b) Flow lines satisfy x (t) i + y (t) j = F(x(t), y(t)) = i + x(t) j, and matching components we see that x (t) = 1 and y (t) = x(t). (c) The fundamental theorem of calculus gives x(t) x(0) = x (s) = 1 give x(t) = t. Similarly,
t t t t 0

x (s) ds, so x(0) = 0 and

y(t) y(0) =

y (s) ds =
0 0

x(s) ds =
0

1 s ds = t2 , 2

1 so y(0) = 0 implies y(t) = 2 t2 . So the ow line passing through the origin has parametric 1 2 equations x(t) = t, y(t) = 2 t . Eliminating t gives the Cartesian equation y = 1 x2 . 2

Exercise 16.2 #8. Evaluate C sin x dx + cos y dy, C consists of the top half of the circle x2 + y 2 = 1 from (1, 0) to (1, 0) and the line segment from (1, 0) to (2, 3). Solution. Let C1 be the circular portion of C and C2 the line segment. Then sin x dx + cos y dy =
C C1

sin x dx + cos y dy +
C2

sin x dx + cos y dy.

12 y 8

0 -4 -2 0 2 x 4

Figure 1: The eld F together with several ow lines.

We parametrize C1 : r1 (t) = cos t i + sin t j, 0 t C2 : r2 (t) = (1 t) i + 3t j, 0 t 1. Then r1 (t) = sin t i + cos t j r2 (t) = i + 3j.

We nd sin x dx + cos y dy =
C1 C1

sin x dx +
C1

cos y dy

=
0

sin(cos t)( sin t) dt +

0

cos(sin t) cos t dt

= [ cos(cos t)]t= + [sin(sin t)]t= t=0 t=0 = ( cos(1) + cos 1) + (0 0) =0 sin x dx + cos y dy =
C2 C2 1

sin x dx +
C2

cos y dy
1

=
0

sin(1 t)(1) dt +
2

cos 3t(3) dt
0

=
1

sin u du + [sin 3t]t=1 t=0

= [ cos u]u=2 + sin 3 u=1 = cos 1 cos 2 + sin 3. Adding, we have

C

sin x dx + cos y dy = cos 1 cos 2 + sin 3. xyz 2 ds, where C is the line segment from (1, 5, 0) to

Exercise 16.2 #10. Evaluate (1, 6, 4).

Solution. Parametrize the line segment: r(t) = (1 t) 1, 5, 0 + t 1, 6, 4 = 1 + 2t, 5 + t, 4t , Then r (t) = 2, 1, 4 and |r (t)| = 22 + 12 + 42 = 21, and
1

0 t 1.

xyz ds =
C 0

(1 + 2t)(5 + t)(4t)2 ( 21) dt

1

= 16 21
0

(5 + 9t + 2t2 )t2 dt
1 0

= 16 21

2t4 + 9t3 5t2 dt

t=1 t=0

2 9 5 = 16 21 t5 + t4 t3 5 4 3 2 9 5 + = 16 21 5 4 3 236 21 = . 15 3

Exercise 16.2 #20. Evaluate C F dr, where F(x, y, z) = (x + y) i + (y z) j + z 2 k and C is given by r(t) = t2 i + t3 j + t2 k, 0 t 1. Solution. We nd r (t) = 2t i + 3t2 j + 2t k, so
1 C

F dr = =

0 1 0 1

t2 + t3 , t3 t2 , t4 2t, 3t2 , 2t dt 2t3 + 2t4 + 3t5 3t4 + 2t5 dt 2t3 t4 + 5t5 dt

t=1 t=0

=
0

1 5 1 = t4 t5 + t6 2 5 6 1 1 5 = + 2 5 6 17 = . 15

Exercise 16.3 #12. Find a function f such that F = f and use it to evaluate C F dr, where F(x, y) = x2 i + y 2 j and C is the arc of the parabola y = 2x2 from (1, 2) to (2, 8). Solution. If F = f , then fx = x2 fy = y 2. f = 1 x3 + g (y) 1 3 . f = 1 y 3 + g2 (x) 3

We must nd a function f which is compatible with both of the above; one choice is f (x, y) = 1 (x3 + y 3 ). Then, by the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus for Line Integrals, 3 1 F dr = f (2, 8) f (1, 2) = (23 + 83 (1)3 23 ) = 171. 3 C

Exercise 16.3 #20. Show that the line integral is independent of path and evaluate the integral:
C

(1 yex ) dx + ex dy,

where C is any path from (0, 1) to (1, 2). 4

Solution. The vector eld P, Q = 1 yex , ex is dened on all of R2 (which is simply connected) so we could simply compute Qx Py , nd that it is zero, and conclude that P, Q is conservative, hence independent of path, but since we need to evaluate the integral anyway it is easier to nd f (x, y) with f = P, Q . We therefore seek f (x, y) satisfying fx = 1 yex fy = ex .

The rst equation implies f (x, y) = x + yex + g(y) for some function g(y); dierentiating we nd fy = ex + g (y). Comparing with the second equation we learn g (y) = 0 and g must be constant. Since adding a constant will not change f , we set g(y) = 0. Thus f (x, y) = x + yex , and the fundamental theorem of calculus for line integrals gives (1 yex ) dx + ex dy = f (1, 2) f (0, 1) = (1 + 2e1 ) (1) = 2e1 .

Exercise 16.3 #26. Let F = are not closed and satisfy

f , where f (x, y) = sin(x 2y). Find curves C1 and C2 that and

C2

C1

F dr = 0

F dr = 1.

Solution. Since F is conservative with potential function f , we have for any curve C F dr = f (nal point of C) f (initial point of C).

So we may recast the problem as nding C1 and C2 so that f (nal point of C1 ) f (initial point of C1 ) = 0 f (nal point of C2 ) f (initial point of C2 ) = 1. Noting that f (0, 0) = f (, 0) = 0 and f (/2, 0) = 1, we can let C1 (respectively C2 ) be any curve (say the line segment, just to be concrete) from (0, 0) to (, 0) (respectively from (0, 0) to (/2, 0)).
i+x Exercise 16.3 #30. Let F(x, y) = y +y2 j . (a) Show Qx Py = 0. (b) Show that x2 is not independent of path. Does this contradict Theorem 6? C

F dr

Solution. (a) We simply calculate the partial derivatives: Qx = Py = x 2 + y2 x y 2 + y2 x (1)(x2 + y 2) x(2x) y 2 x2 = 2 (x2 + y 2 )2 (x + y 2)2 x (1)(x2 + y 2) + y(2y) y 2 x2 = = 2 , (x2 + y 2)2 (x + y 2 )2 y = 5

and note that Qx Py = 0. (b) To show that the line integral is not independent of path we show an example of a closed curve C along which the line integral of F is nonzero. Notice that F is dened everywhere except the origin (0, 0). If C is a curve which does not enclose the origin, we are doomed to fail in this endeavor: for a curve C which does not enclose the origin we can surround C with a simply connected region D on which F is dened everywhere, and our theorems tell us that Qx Py = 0 implies F is conservative on D. So we try a curve C which does not enclose the origin; the simplest example that comes to mind is the unit circle, oriented counterclockwise, which we parametrize as usual with r(t) = cos t i + sin t j for 0 t 2. Then
2 C

F dr = =

0 2

sin t i + cos t j ( sin t i + cos t j) dt cos2 t + sin2 t sin2 t + cos2 t dt

= 2 = 0. This does not contradict Theorem 6 because the vector eld in this example is dened on a region (R2 minus the origin) which is not simply connected, and we cannot use Qx Py = 0 to conclude that F is conservative.