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11. People and other things Andrew Carnegie A major industrialist, business, entrepreneur, and philanthropist that was known for the Carnegie steel company. JD Rockefeller The founder of the standard oil company and philanthropist that was the worlds richest man for a period of time during the early 1900s. JP Morgan American financier that merged numerous to make companies like General Electric and the United States Steel Corporation. Alexander Graham Bell A scientist, inventor, and engineer who is credited with making the 1st telephone. Charles Darwin An English naturalist that established the theory of evolution and natural selection. Fredrick Jackson Turner An American historian during the 1900s who wrote The Significance of the Frontier in American History. Mark Twain An American writer who wrote The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Teddy Roosevelt President elected in 1900 who was known for the Panama Canal and his time as a rough rider. Helen Hunt Jackson An American writer who became an activist of Native Americans and how they were mistreated. Uriah Stephens A U.S. labor leader who helped find the Knights of Labor, an early labor union. Grace Abbott An American social worker who advanced work in child welfare. Jane Addams The first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize as a result of her finding the Hull House and other advancements. Rachel Avery Woman who advocated feminist values and womans suffrage. Ray Standard Baker American journalist who was known covering the Pullman Strike and Coxeys Army. Sara Baker She made advances in public health and known for commenting on urban situations in New York. Madeline Breckinridge Leader of the woman suffrage movement during the late 1800s and into the 1900s. William J. Bryan Leader that was known for his silver speech and his part in the Scopes-Monkey Trial. Eugene Debs American socialist leader that was put in jail during McCarthys rule as a senator. John Dewey American philosopher that influenced education and social reform. W.E.B. Dubois Early 1900s leader that wanted immediate social equality between blacks and whites. Crystal Eastman A leader in the fight for womens right to vote and co-editor of The Liberator. Charlotte Gilman A feminist known as a role model for later generations. Mary Jones Co-founder of the Industrial Workers of the World which was a labor union. John Kellogg He ran a sanitarium which advocated holistic methods. Florence Kelley A social reformer that worked against sweatshops and was for a minimum wage and eight hour workdays. Robert Lafollette A republican and progressive that was against the dominance of corporations in the government. Ida Wells An African American leader in the civil rights movement and she documented lynching in the US. Carry Nation A temperance movement that advocated prohibition prior to the prohibition time. Woodrow Wilson Progressive president known for his Federal Reserve Act, Federal Trade Commission Act, Clayton Antitrust Act, Federal Farm Loan Act, and income tax. James Madison Hanford A railroad executive that Los Alamos City in California that quickly grew after movement to the area. Trinity Site The site of the first nuclear weapons test of the atomic bomb. Manhattan Project The effort to make the first atomic bomb during World War II and contributed to the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings. The St Louis German ocean liner that was notable for trying to find homes for over 900 Jewish refugees. Rosie the Riveter Symbol of women in the workforce during World War II. Zoot Suits Trousers that were popularized by Italian-Americans, Mexican-Americans, and African-Americans during the 1930s and 40s. Berlin Airlift Organized by the allies to carry supplies to the people in West Berlin. Operation Vittles A small documentary film about the Berlin Airlift. Ho Chi Minh A Vietnamese Marxist revolutionary that led the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War. Chiang Kai-Shek Political and military leader that led the nationalist party and fought the Communist Party of China. Freedom Riders Civil rights activists that rode interstate buses into the segregated southern US. James Meredith A civil rights movement figure that was the 1st student at the University of Mississippi. Bull Connor Commissioner of public safety during the civil rights movement in Birmingham, Alabama. Julia Lathrop-was an American social reformer in the area of education, social policy, and children's welfare. She was also the first woman ever to head a United States federal bureau. Benjamin Lindsay- was an American judge and social reformer based in Denver, Colorado during the Progressive Era Samuel Gompers-was a labor union leader and a key figure in the American labor movement. Gompers founded the American Federation of Labor. Amos Pinchot-He never held public office but managed to exert considerable influence in reformist circles and did much to keep progressive ideas alive in the 1920s. Gifford Pinchot-Pinchot is known for reforming the management and development of forests in the United States and for advocating the conservation of the nation's reserves. Jacob Riis-He is known for using his photographic and journalistic talents to help the impoverished in New York City Margaret Robins-Robins helped organize women into unions, educate women workers, and advocate for progressive legislation. Teddy Roosevelt-He is noted for his energetic personality, range of interests and achievements, leadership of the Progressive Movement Howard Russell-considered to have been one of the first modern war correspondents, Margaret Sanders- was an American sex educator, birth control activist and the founder of the American Birth Control League. Rose Schneiderman-was a prominent United States labor union leader and socialist of the first part of the twentieth century. Upton Sinclair-his book exposed conditions in the U.S. meat packing industry, causing a public uproar that contributed in part to the passage a few months later of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act. Lincoln Steffens-was an American journalist, lecturer, and political philosopher, and one of the most famous practitioners of the journalistic style called muckraking. Ida Tarbell-She was known as one of the leading "muckrakers" of the progressive era Booker T Washington-advocate for the educational and economic improvement of African Americans. Louis Brandeis-a progressive reformer who became the first Jewish male Supreme Court judge. Julia Howe-was a prominent American abolitionist, social activist, and poet, most famous as the author of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic". Carrie Catt-as a women's suffrage leader who campaigned for the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution William Howard Taft-progressive president who succeeded Roosevelt. He busted twice as much trusts as Roosevelt. Woodrow Wilson-democratic president who served two terms. He was the last progressive reform president who also got the US involved in WWI Huerta-was a Mexican dictator who was able to able to overthrow the Mexican president by a military coup. Pershing-was a general officer in the United States Army who led the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I Pancho Villa-Mexican revolutionary leader who appealed to the Mexican masses. He led a raid into the U.S. which resulted in the U.S. sending in soldiers to hunt him. Carranza- was one of the leaders of the Mexican Revolution. He ultimately became President of Mexico following the overthrow of the dictatorial Huerta regime in the summer of 1914 The Big Four-op Allied leaders who met at the Paris Peace Conference in January 1919, following the end of World War I Lenin-creator of the Soviet Communist Party, leader of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, and founder of the USSR.

Stalin-was one of the premiers of the USSR and ruled the country with an iron hand. His death led to the normalization of relations between the US and USSR through the Geneva Conference. Khrushchev-led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War and eased relations with the US through the Geneva Conference Hoover-Elected in 1928 and was the last pro-business president of the 1920s.He was the first president to deal with the Depression. Palmer-initiated raids which were attempts to arrest and deport radical leftists, especially anarchists, from the United States. Wobblies- is an international union. At its peak in 1923, the organization claimed some 100,000 members in good standing, and could marshal the support of perhaps 300,000 workers. Muckrakers-The term is closely associated with a number of important writers who emerged in the 1890s through the 1930s who worked to expose corruption to the public. Upton Sinclair-his book exposed conditions in the U.S. meat packing industry, causing a public uproar that contributed in part to the passage a few months later of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act. Dorothea Lange-was an influential American documentaryphotographer and photojournalist, best known the pictures she took during the Depression The Joad Family-this refers to the main character of a book written by John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath. Steamboat Willie-is an animated short released on November 18, 1928. It was the third Mickey Mouse cartoon to be produced and the first to be released. Rosenburgs-these were nuclear scientists who gave away secrets to the Russian on how the build the A-Bomb H-Bomb-developed first by the United States and later by the USSR. Jackie Robinson- was the first black Major League Baseball (MLB) player of the modern era Linda Brown-was the best known of the African-American children represented in the consolidated US Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education, (1954) that challenged the constitutionality of segregation in the public schools. Emmett Till-was an African-American boy who was murdered in Mississippi at the age of 14 after reportedly flirting with a white woman. This sparked outrage in all of America. George Wallace-he ran for U.S. president four times, running officially as a Democrat three times and in the American Independent Party once. Kent State-a shooting of unarmed college students by members of the Ohio National Guard happened here which triggered outrage Warren G. Harding: President from 1921 until his death in 1923. Harding ushered in a decade of Republican dominance in the U.S. He accommodated the needs of big business and scaled back government involvement in social programs. After his death, Hardings administration was found to be rife with corruption. Andrew Mellon: an American banker, industrialist, philanthropist, art collector and Secretary of the Treasury from March 4, 1921 until February 12, 1932. Albert Fall: a United States Senator from New Mexico and the Secretary of the Interior under President Warren G. Harding, infamous for his involvement in the Teapot Dome scandal. Forbes: an American publishing and media company. Its flagship publication, the Forbes magazine, is published biweekly. Marcus Garvey : was a Jamaican publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, and orator who was a staunch proponent of the Black Nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements, to which end he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League Lindbergh: an American aviator, author, inventor, explorer, and social activist. Babe Ruth: an American Major League baseball player from 19141935. Ruth originally broke into the major leagues with the Boston Red Sox as a starting pitcher, but after he was sold to the New York Yankees in 1919, he converted to a full-time right fielder and subsequently became one of the league's most prolific hitters Jack Dempsey: an American boxer who held the world heavyweight title from 1919 to 1926. Dempsey's aggressive style and exceptional punching power made him one of the most popular boxers in history. Flapper: A central stereotype of the Jazz Age. The flapper was a flamboyant, liberated, pleasure-seeking young woman seen more in media portrayals than in reality. The archetypal flapper look was tomboyish and fashionable: short bobbed hair; knee-length, fringed skirts; long, draping necklaces; and rolled stockings. Clara Bow: an American actress born and raised in Prospect Heights, Brooklyn, who rose to stardom in the silent film era of the 1920s. Her high spirits and acting artistry made her the quintessential flapper and the film It brought her global fame. Langston Hughes: an American poet, novelist, playwright, and columnist. He was one of the earliest innovators of the new literary art form jazz poetry. Hughes is best-known for his work during the Harlem Renaissance. FDR: the 32nd President of the United States (19331945) and a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war. Eleanor Roosevelt: the First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. She supported the New Deal policies of her husband, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and became an advocate for civil rights. Eugene Debs: was an American union leader, one of the founding members of the International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and several times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States. Sacco and Vanzetti: anarchists who were convicted of murdering two men during a 1920 armed robbery in South Braintree, Massachusetts. After a controversial trial and a series of appeals, the two Italian immigrants were executed on August 23, 1927. Charlie Chaplin: an English comic actor, film director and composer best-known for his work during the silent film era. He became one of the most famous film stars in the world before the end of World War I. F. Scott Fitzgerald: an American author of novels and short stories, whose works are the paradigm writings of the Jazz Age, a term he coined himself. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest American writers of the 20th century. Fitzgerald is considered a member of the "Lost Generation" of the 1920s. Frank Lloyd Wright: an American architect, interior designer, writer and educator, who designed more than 1,000 projects, which resulted in more than 500 completed works. Wright promoted organic architecture was a leader of the Prairie School movement of architecture, and developed the concept of the Usonian home. Huey Long: nicknamed The Kingfish, served as the 40th Governor of Louisiana from 19281932 and as a U.S. Senator from 1932 to 1935. A Democrat, he was noted for his radical populist policies. Dr. Francis Townsend: an American physician who was best known for his revolving old-age pension proposal during the Great Depression. Known as the "Townsend Plan," this proposal influenced the establishment of the Roosevelt administration's Social Security system. Harry Hopkins: one of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's closest advisers. He was one of the architects of the New Deal, especially the relief programs of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which he directed and built into the largest employer in the country. In World War II he was Roosevelt's chief diplomatic advisor and troubleshooter and was a key policy maker in the $50 billion Lend Lease program that sent aid to the allies. Einstein: a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of general relativity, affecting a revolution in physics. For this achievement, Einstein is often regarded as the father of modern physics Walt Disney: an American film producer, director, screenwriter, voice actor, animator, entrepreneur, entertainer, international icon, and philanthropist. Disney is famous for his influence in the field of entertainment during the 20th century. John Steinbeck: an American writer. He is widely known for the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Grapes of Wrath (1939) and East of Eden (1952) and the novella Of Mice and Men (1937). Okie: a term dating from as early as 1907, originally denoting a resident or native of Oklahoma. George Marshall: an American military leader, Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of State, and the third Secretary of Defense. Once noted as the "organizer of victory" by Winston Churchill for his leadership of the Allied victory in World War II, Marshall served as the United States Army Chief of Staff during the war and as the chief military adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt Harry Truman: the 33rd President of the United States (19451953). As President Franklin D. Roosevelt's third vice-president and the 34th Vice President of the United States (1945)

Alger Hiss: an American lawyer, government official, author, and lecturer. He was involved in the establishment of the United Nations both as a U.S. State Department and UN official. Hiss was accused of being a Soviet spy in 1948 and convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950. Strom Thurmond: an American politician who served as a United States Senator. He also ran for the Presidency of the United States in 1948 as the segregationist States Rights Democratic Party candidate, receiving 2.4% of the popular vote and 39 electoral votes. Bloody Shirt: "waving the bloody shirt" refers to the practice of politicians referencing the blood of martyrs or heroes to criticize opponents. Knights of Labor: the largest and one of the most important American labor organizations of the 1880s. Its most important leader was Terence Powderly. The Knights promoted the social and cultural uplift of the workingman, rejected Socialism and radicalism, demanded the eight-hour day, and promoted the producers ethic of republicanism. CORE: a U.S. civil rights organization that originally played a pivotal role for African-Americans in the Civil Rights Movement. Membership in CORE is still stated to be open to "anyone who believes that 'all people are created equal' and is willing to work towards the ultimate goal of true equality throughout the world." SCLC: an American civil rights organization. SCLC was closely associated with its first president, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The SCLC had a large role in the American Civil Rights Movement. NOW: the largest feminist organization in the United States. It was founded in 1966 and has a membership of 500,000 contributing members. The organization consists of 550 chapters in all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. Henry Ford: a prominent American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry. American Dream: a national ethos of the United States in which freedom includes a promise of the possibility of prosperity and success. Counterculture: a sociological term used to describe the values and norms of behavior of a cultural group, or subculture, that run counter to those of the social mainstream of the day, the cultural equivalent of political opposition. I Love Lucy: the most-watched show in the United States in four of its six seasons Rock and Roll: a genre of popular music that originated and evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s, primarily from a combination of the blues, country music, jazz, and gospel music. Woodstock: a music festival, billed as "An Aquarian Exposition: 3 Days of Peace & Music". Berkeley: a teaching and research university established in 1868 and located in Berkeley, California. Hawks/doves: a 1980 album by Neil Young. Its two sides were recorded in different circumstances, side one being culled from sessions dating from approximately 1974 through 1977, and side two from sessions specifically for the album in early 1980. Eisenhower: President from 1953 to 1961. Was supreme commander during WWII. Campaigned against communism, Korea, and corruption, and won against Taft. Churchill: Leader of Britain during WWII. Made the term iron wall during the cold war. Thurgood Marshall: First black Justice to serve in the supreme court. Won brown vs board of education. JFK: The lively and popular president of the US during the cold war. Witnessed the Cuban missile crisis, Bay of Pigs, and was eventually assassinated. John Foster Dulles: Secretary of state under Eisenhower who supported an aggressive stance towards communism worldwide. Castro: Cuban revolutionary who eventually overthrew the US backed govt in Cuba and became dictator. Nixon: President who was known for his competency in diplomacy, but not much else. He pulled the US out of Vietnam, opened China, and dealt with OPEC. He was forced to resign in the Watergate scandal. HUAC: House Un-American Activities Committee, devoted to eliminating communism in the US govt. Unrelated to McCarthy. Joseph McCarthy: Senator who falsely accused hundreds of communism during an era of the red scare. Eventually failed when he accused the US military of housing communists. LBJ: VP who succeeded JFK and called for escalation in Vietnam. Malcolm X: Black power Muslim guy who wanted equality with the whites at all cost, including violence. Martin Luther King Jr.: Black social rights leader. Took lead during the Montgomery bus boycott. Robert McNamara: Secretary of Defense under JFK and Johnson. Played a big role in pushing through escalation in Vietnam. Gen. Westmoreland: Supreme commander in Vietnam. Humphrey: served under President Lyndon B. Johnson as the 38th Vice President of the United States. Humphrey twice served as a United States Senator from Minnesota, and served as Democratic Majority Whip. George Wallace: the most influential loser. Ran for presidency 4 times and lost all. Rosa Parks: Black woman whose arrest started the M. boycott. Gloria Steinem: Woman activist/journalist. Jimmy Carter: President who emphasized human rights and diplomacy. He initiated many govt. agencies and reform groups. George Bush: There were two. The more recent one was unpopular due to his fight against terrorism, recession and whatnot. Ronald Reagan: President and ex-actor. He was very popular. Star wars program. Bill Clinton: New Democrat President. He was very popular, but he was later impeached in the Lewinsky Scandal. Gerald Ford: Succeeded Nixon upon resignation. Pushed for dtente. George Patton: An Outspoken American General during WWII. Douglas Macarthur: an American general and field marshal of the Philippine Army. He was a Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II. Jonas Salk: Made the first polio vaccine. Cesar Chaves: Founded the Nation Farmers Association. He was a civil rights activist. Eldridge Cleaver: Leader of the black panthers. He was a rapist, murderer, and writer. Colin Powell: General and secretary of state under Bush. Coordinated operation desert storm. CIA: Central Intelligence Agency. Conducted Coups, spied on other nations, etc etc. KGB: It was the national security agency of the Soviet Union from 1954 until 1991, and its premier internal security, intelligence, and secret police organization during that time. FBI: Federal Bureau of Intelligence. Investigators and whatnot. Norman Schwarzkopf: General during the Persian gulf war. Black Panthers: Black power movement that used violence, among other unethical methods, to achieve their goals in civil rights. Rodney King: known for being beaten by police, thus demonstrating police brutality. Peace Corps: US govt. volunteer program that delivers aid internationally to people in need. Space Race: under JFK, after sputnik, the US and its allies entered the space race, eventually sending a man to the moon. Warren Commission: group established to investigate the assassination of JFK. Medicare/Medicaid: Welfare system for the elderly/handicapped/poor. Elizabeth Eckford: one of the little rock nine. Her case led to the case brown vs board of edu. The Pill: contraceptives were made legal in 1960. ERA: the mean of earned runs given up by a pitcher per nine innings pitched. It is determined by dividing the number of earned runs allowed by the number of innings pitched and multiplying by nine. Detente: Diplomacy aimed at easing international tensions.