Additional Mathematics

Project Work 2
Name : Siti Zaharah binti mohamad hanapi I/C Num. : 940711-14-5098 School : SMK SERI GOMBAK Date : 06/10/2011

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION OF ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK2/2011

The aims of carrying out this project work are to enable students to: a) Apply mathematics to everyday situations and appreciate the importance and the beauty of mathematics in everyday lives b) Improve problem-solving skills, thinking skills , reasoning and mathematical communication c) Develop positive attitude and personalities and intrinsic mathematical values such as accuracy , confidence and systematic reasoning d) Stimulate learning environment that enhances effective learning inquiry-base and teamwork e) Develop mathematical knowledge in a way which increase students interest and confidence.

Introduction.
There are a lot of things around us related to circles or parts of a circle. A circle is a simple shape of Euclidean geometry consisting of those points in a plane which is the same distance from a given point called the center. The common distance of the points of a circle from its center is called its radius. Circles are simple closed curves which divide the plane into two regions, an interior and an exterior. In everyday use, the term "circle" may be used interchangeably to refer to either the boundary of the figure (known as the perimeter) or to the whole figure including its interior. However, in strict technical usage, "circle" refers to the perimeter while the interior of the circle is called a disk. The circumference of a circle is the perimeter of the circle (especially when referring to its length). A circle is a special ellipse in which the two foci are coincident. Circles are conic sections attained when a right circular cone is intersected with a plane perpendicular to the axis of the cone. The circle has been known since before the beginning of recorded history. It is the basis for the wheel, which, with related inventions such as gears, makes much of modern civilization possible. In mathematics, the study of the circle has helped inspire the development of geometry and calculus. Circles had been used in daily lives to help people in their living.

Definition
Pi, has the value of 3.14159265. In Euclidean plane geometry, is defined as the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter.

=c/d

The ratio is constant, regardless of a circle's size. For example, if a circle has twice the diameter of another circle it will also have twice the circumference, C, preserving the ratio. Alternatively can be also defined as the ratio of a circle's area (A) tothe area of a square whose side is equal to the radius.

History
Pi or is a mathematical constant whose value is the r a t i o o f a n y c i r c l e s circumference to its diameter in Euclidean space; this is the same value as the ratio of a circles area to the square of its radius. It is approximately equal to 3.14159 in the usual decimal notation. is one of the most important mathematical and physical constants: many formulae from mathematics, science, and engineering involve . is an irrational number, which means that its value cannot be expressed exactly as a fraction m/n, where and are i n t e g e r s . C o n s e q u e n t l y , i t s d e c i m a l representation never ends or repeats. It is also a transcendental number, which means that no finite sequence of algebraic operations on integers (powers, roots, sums, etc.) an be equal to its value; proving this was a late achievement in mathematical history and a significant result of 19th century German mathematics. Throughout the history of m a t h e m a t i c s , t h e r e h a s b e e n m u c h e f f o r t t o d e t e r m i n e m o r e a c c u r a t e l y a n d t o understand its nature; fascination with the number has even carried over into non-mathematical culture. The Greek letter , often spelled out pi in text, was adopted for the number from t h e G r e e k w o r d f o r p e r i m e t e r " " , f i r s t b y W i l l i a m J o n e s i n 1 7 0 7 , a n d popularized by Leonhard Euler in 1737. The constant is occasionally also referred to as the circular constant, Archimedes' constant (not to be confused with an Archimedes number), or Rudolphs number (from a German mathematician w h o s e e f f o r t s t o calculate more of its digits became famous). The name of the Greek letter is pi, and this spelling is c o m m o n l y u s e d i n typographical contexts when the Greek letter is not available, or its usage could be problematic. It is not normally capitalized () even at the beginning of a sentence. When referring to this constant, the symbol is always pronounced like "pie" in English, which is the conventional English pronunciation of the Greek letter. In Greek, the name of this letter is pronounced /pi/. The constant is named "" because "" is the first letter of the Greek words (periphery) and (perimeter), probably referring to its use in the formula to find the circumference, or perimeter, of a circle. is Unicode character U+03C0 ("Greek small letter pi").

PART I
Uses of Mathematics in Cake Baking and Decorating: Measurement of Ingredients Calculation of Price and Estimated Cost Estimation of Dimensions Cake decorating is one of the sugar arts requiring mathematics that uses icing or frosting and other edible decorative elements to make otherwise plain cakes more visually interesting. Alternatively, cakes can be moulded and sculpted to resemble three-dimensional persons, places and things. In many areas of the world, decorated cakes are often a focal point of a special celebration such as a birthday, graduation, bridal shower, wedding, or anniversary. Calculation of Baking Times Modification of Recipe according to scale

PART II
1) 1 kg = 3800 cm3 h = 7 cm 5 kg = 3800 x 5 = 19000 cm3 V = r2h 19000 = 3.142 x r2 x 7 r2 = __19000__ 3.142 x 7 2 r = 863.872 r = 29.392 cm d = 2r d = 58.783 cm 2) Maximum dimensions of cake: d = 60.0 cm h = 45.0 cm a)

b) i) h < 7 cm , h > 45 cm This is because any heights lower than 7 cm will result in the diameter of the cake being too big to fit into the baking oven while any heights higher than 45 cm will cause the cake being too tall to fit into the baking oven ii) I would suggest the dimensions of the cake to be 29 cm in height and approximately 29 cm in diameter. This is because a cake with these dimensions is more symmetrical and easier to decorate. c) i) V = r2h V = 19000 cm3 r=
d

/2
d

19000 = 3.142 x ( /2)2 x h d2 = ____19000___ 4 3.142 x (d2/4) 2 d = __76000__ 3.142 x h

3)
a) h = 29 cm r = 14.44 cm

To calculate volume of cream used, the cream is symbolized as the larger cylinder and the cake is symbolized as the smaller cylinder.

V cream = 3.142 x 15.442 x 30 19000 = 22471 19000 = 3471 cm3

b)

i) Square shaped cake

ii) Triangle shaped cake

iii) Trapezium shaped cake

All estimations in the values are based on the assumption that the layer of cream is uniformly thick at 1 cm

c) Based on the values I have obtained, the round shaped cake requires the least amount of fresh cream (3471 cm3)

PART III
Method 1: By comparing values of height against volume of cream used :

According to the table above: The minimum volume of cream used is 3303.66 cm3, when h = 18cm. When h = 18cm, r = 18.3 cm

Method 2: Using differentiation Assuming that the surface area of the cake is proportionate to the amount of fresh cream needed to decorate the cake.* Formula for surface area = r2 + 2rh h = _19000_ 3.142r2

Surface area in contact with cream = r2 + 2r (19000 / 3.142r2) =r2 + (38000/r) The values, when plotted into a graph will from a minimum value that can be obtained through differentiation. dy = 0 dx dy = 2r (38000/r2) dx 0 = 2r (38000/r2)

0 = 6.284r3 38000 38000 = 6.284r3 6047.104 = r3 18.22 = r When r = 18.22 cm, h = 18.22 cm The dimensions of the cake that requires the minimum amount of fresh cream to decorate is approximately 18.2 cm in height and 18.2 cm in radius. I would bake a cake of such dimensions because the cake would not be too large for the cutting or eating of said cake, and it would not be too big to bake in a conventional oven. * The above conjecture is proven by the following When r = 10, ~ The total surface area of the cake is 4114.2 cm2 ~ The amount of fresh cream needed to decorate the cake is 4381.2 cm3 ~ The ratio of total surface area of cake to amount of fresh cream needed is 0.94 When r = 20, ~ The total surface area of the cake is 3156.8 cm2 ~ The amount of fresh cream needed to decorate the cake is 3308.5 cm3 ~ The ratio of total surface area of cake to amount of fresh cream needed is 0.94 Therefore, the above conjecture is proven to be true.

FURTHER EXPLORATION
a) Volume of cake 1 = r2h = 3.142 x 31 x 31 x 6 = 18116.772 cm3 Volume of cake 2 = r2h = 3.142 x (0.9 x 31)2 x 6 = 3.142 x (27.9)2 x 6 = 14676.585 cm3

Volume of cake 3 = r2h = 3.142 x (0.9 x 0.9 x 31)2 x 6 = 3.142 x (25.11)2 x 6 = 11886.414 cm3

Volume of cake 4 = r2h = 3.142 x (0.9 x 0.9 x 0.9 x 31)2 x 6 = 3.142 x (22.599)2 x 6 = 9627.995 cm3

The values 118116.772, 14676.585, 11886.414, 9627.995 form a number pattern. The pattern formed is a geometrical progression.

This is proven by the fact that there is a common ratio between subsequent numbers, r = 0.81.

a)

Verification of answer
If n = 4

Total volume of 4 cakes = 18116.772 cm + 14676.585 cm + 11886.414 cm + 9627.995 cm = 54307.766 cm

3 3 3 3

Total mass of cakes = 14.29 kg If n = 5 Total volume of 5 cakes = 18116.772 cm3 + 14676.585 cm3 + 11886.414 cm3 + 9627.995 cm3 + 7798.676 cm3 = 62106.442 cm3 Total mass of cakes = 16.34 kg Total mass of cakes must not exceed 15 kg. Therefore, maximum number of cakes needed to be made = 4

Reflection
In the process of conducting this project, I have learnt that perseverance pays off, especially when you obtain a just reward for all your hard work. For me, succeeding in completing this project work has been reward enough. I have also learnt that mathematics is used everywhere in daily life, from the most simple things like baking and decorating a cake, to designing and building monuments.