Transmission Techniques

Geometric interpretation of modulated signals Baseband transmission Ultrawideband pulse transmission Carrier modulated systems (BPSK, QPSK, Offset QPSK and MSK) Transmission in bandlimited channels Fading channel performance Diversity
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General Criteria for Modulation Technique Selection

Detection efficiency Bandwidth efficiency Sensitivity to nonlinearities Filtering and ISI CCI and ACI performance Sensitivity to frequency and phase uncertainties Complexity
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Transmission System Classification

Baseband systems: signal transmitted without modulating with a carrier. Systems with carriers: RF bandwidth usually much smaller than carrier frequency Ultrawideband systems: either no carrier but very large bandwidth, or with carrier but bandwidth a large percentage of carrier freq.
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Baseband systems
Used in wired systems, or in infra-red (IR) systems. Employs line coding and pulse coding.

ULTRA-WIDEBAND SYSTEMS
Although FCC defined UWB systems as those which have bandwidths exceeding %25 of their center frequency or 1.5 GHz, whichever is less. In industry, an UWB system is, which uses impulses that have extremely fast rise and fall times in sub-nanosecond range. As a result their bandwidths are from near-DC to several GHz. There is no carrier frequency in this system. 5

UWB PULSE EXAMPLE

[1] T. S. Rappaport et al, , Wireless communications: past events and a future perspective. IEEE Commun. Mag., Vol. 40 Issue: 5 Part: Anniversary May 2002.
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Modulation Techniques of Interest

M-ary PSK (for M=2,4,8 and perhaps 16) M-ary FSK Continuous Phase FSK (MSK,GMSK) M-QAM TCM

Geometric Representation of Signals

Suppose each waveforms represents 2 bits of information.

4 waveforms can be represented as points in 3D using the following basis functions

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

2 Ei ( t ) cos( o t + ) T i = 1,2,..., M 0t T s1 ( t ) =

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Baseband filtered ASK

FSK Waveforms

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Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

2E cos( o t + 2i / M ) T i = 1,2,..., M si ( t ) =

2E cos( i t + ) T i = 1,2,..., M 0t T si ( t ) =

0t T

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Baseband filtered PSK

Amplitude & Phase Shift Keying (APK)

2 Ei ( t ) cos[ ot + i ( t )] T i = 1,2,..., M si ( t ) = 0t T

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Performance of BPSK
Transmitted signal

BER performance of BPSK

If we go through the analysis, we find Pb = Q
Received signal

F GH

2 Eb exp( Eb / N o ) No 4Eb / N o

I JK

where, Q( x ) = 1 erfc( x / 2 ) 2 Eb : energy per bit N o : noise spectral density

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2,4 and 8-PSK constellations

SER of coherent M-PSK

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Why M-PSK ? (M>4)

The last figure clearly demonstrates that as M becomes larger than 4, there is a power efficiency penalty. The question is why do we pay this penalty. The answer is in the next figure.

Bandwidth of M-PSK

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What about QAM in wireless?

We now know that PSK is the most popular modulation for many wireless systems. But M-PSK for M>8 is not used in practice. Clearly as M becomes large, putting the points on a single circuit reduces the distance for a given average power (or energy) as shown next.
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4 different 8-QAM constellations

a b

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Is FSK used in cellular systems?

We know that FSK is a basic digital modulation format. Is it frequently used in cellular systems? If not, why not?

Signal separation in FSK

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Spectrum definitions

Bandlimiting and ISI

When a signal is bandlimited in the frequency domain, it is usually smeared in the time domain. This smearing results in intersymbol interference (ISI). The only way to avoid ISI is to satisfy the 1st Nyquist criterion. For an impulse response this means at sampling instants having only one nonzero sample.
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(a) 3-dB, (b) noise equivalent, (c) null-to-null, (d) 99% power

Bandwidth requirements
For PSK or QAM
B = rs (1 + ) = rb (1 + ) log 2 M

State diagram of QPSK

for FSK
B = Mrs = M rb log 2 M

B: bandwidth in Hz rs : symbol rate in sps rb: bit rate in bps

: roll off factor ( 0 < 1)

M : number of points in the constellation
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Serial to parallel conversion in QPSK

Phase changes in QPSK

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Envelope variations in QPSK

State diagram of filtered QPSK

(square-root raised cosine with roll-off 0.5)

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Offset QPSK

Serial to parallel conversion in OQPSK

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Spectral regrowth in QPSK and OQPSK

/4 QPSK

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GMSK Generation

Gaussian Filter
GMSK filter defined by bandwidth B which is a function of symbol durationT. Let = 1.177 / B, then impulse response is

2 2 hG (t ) = exp 2 t
HG ( f ) = exp( 2 f 2 )
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FG H

IJ K

and the transfer function is

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Bandwidth as a function of BT

BER in AWGN and Rayleigh Fading Channels

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BPSK in Rayleigh Fading

For coherent BPSK 1 Pe 4 Eb / N 0

Objective of Diversity
If diversity is not employed, the resulting efficiency would be very low, as it can be deduced from the comparison of AWGN vs. Rayleigh channel BER. Diversity refers to transmitting and/or receiving the same information via different (preferably independent) ways. Diversity combats fading and improves the BER performance which
directly translates to power savings, increased system capacity.
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Diversity Techniques
Space Diversity
Receive Transmit

Some relevant concepts

Explicit diversity (redundant transmission) Implicit diversity Coherence distance Coherence time Coherence bandwidth

Polarization Diversity Angle Diversity Frequency Diversity Path Diversity Time Diversity
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Diversity Combining Techniques

Selection Combining Equal Gain Combining Maximal Ratio Combining

Selection Combining

Logic

Select
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Equal Gain Combining

Estimate Phase

Maximal Ratio Combining

Estimate Weights & Phase

Phase

+ +
Weights

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Performance with Selection Diversity

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