Didik Suprayogo
Bahan Bacaan: Connellan, 2002. Efficient Irrigation: A Reference Manual for Turf and Landscape, Burnley College, University of Melbourne, Sumber Gambar: Irrigation Australia
(A) Jumlah air yang diterapkan adalah sesuai kebutuhan tanaman dan kondisi tanah (B) Waktu aplikasi air sesuai dengan kebutuhan tanaman dan kondisi cuaca (C) Air diterapkan secara seragam dan efektif (D) Air diterapkan pada zona akar tanaman tanpa kehilangan akibat limpasan permukaan, drainase dalam, kurang efektifnya cakupan irrigasi dan penyebab lainnya.
Irrigasi yang baik adalah aplikasi air irrigasi yang efisien dengan jumlah air yang tepat dengan pemberian air pada tanaman pada waktu yang tepat dan di tempat yang tepat.
Hujan Evapotranspirasi
Irigasi
LP Infiltrasi
Drainase
CropWat
Crop water use, Consumptive use , and Evapo-transpiration (ETm) are the terms that are interchangeably used to describe water consumed by crops. Water requirements depend mainly on the nature and stage of growth of crop and environmental conditions. Crops will transpire water at the maximum rate when soil water is at field capacity. Transpiration rate does not decrease significantly until the soil moisture falls below 50% of field capacity.
ETm = kc * ETo
ETo = Reference Evapotranspirasi kc = Koefisien Tanaman ETo = c [W*Rn + (1-W)*f(U)*(ea-ed) Penman Methods
(ea-ed) = selisih kelembaban udara (kelembaban jenuh kelembaban aktual) = ed = ea*RH/100 f(U) = fungsi kecepatan angin f(U) = 0.27 (1+U/100) Rn = total radiasi bersih =0.75Rs-Rn1; Rs radiasi gelombang pendek, Rnl = radiasi gelombang panjang, sebagai fungsi temperatur; f(T) =kelembaban, lama penyinaran, W = faktor pemberat tempartur dan tinggi tempat c = faktor penentu dari rasio Uday/Unight, untuk RHmax dan untuk Rs.
ETo = c (W*Rs) (Radiation Method)
kc
Crop coefficient is dynamic in nature and varies with crop characteristics, dates of planting, stage of growth , height, soil and canopy cover, albedos etc. For practical reasons, four stages of crop growthare assumed: 1.Initial Stage (10% g. cover) 2. Crop Development Stage (10-80%, 3. Mid-season Stage (.80%-rippening) 4. Late-season Stage (rippening harvest)
Tanaman Initial Padi Jagung sweet Kedelai Kacang Tanah Kacang Hijau Ubi Jalar Ubi kayu Talas bentul Semangka Kangkungd Tomat Cabe Kubis bunga Bawang Mer Kacang Panj 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.7 1.1 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 C develop 1.1 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.65
WATER STAGES Late season 0.95 1.0 0.70 0.75 0.9 Harvest 0.95 0.95 0.40 0.55 0.85 Rata-rata 1.05 0.8 0.75 0.75 0.85
Mid season
Tanaman Initial Kubis Tembakau Tebu Kenaf JarakPagar Kopi Kaka0 0.4 0.3 0.4 C develop 0.7 0.7 0.7
WATER STAGES Late season 0.9 0.9 0.75 Harvest 0.8 0.75 0.5 Rata-rata 0.7 0.85 0.85
Mid season
For Irrigation Scheduling you will need the data listed above and 4. Soil Type information 5. Scheduling Criteria
Irrigation schedulling
I.Supply right quantity of water at right time through an appropriate application method to satisfy crop water requirements. II.Serves the objective of high yield of good quality, attaining high WUE, without any damage to soil productivity and applying water at reasonable cost.Irrigation Scheduling
Sprinklers and sprays spaced too far apart Poor sprinkler precipitation distribution profile Unfavourable environmental operating conditions - wind Incorrect operating pressure Incorrect nozzle size Poor pipe and valve sizing - excessive pressure and flow variation in system Sprinkler head or equipment not functioning effectively.
MENGEVALUASI KINERJA IRIGASI: (1) THE AVERAGE PRECIPITATION RATE AND (2) THE EVENNESS OR UNIFORMITY OF THE APPLICATION.
Vavg - average volume in test cans (mL) T - test run time in minutes Ac - area of can in mm2
UNIFORMITY COEFFICIENTS
Distribution Uniformity (DU) Coefficient:
DU (%) = (M25 x 100)/ M where: M - average value of all catch can readings. M25 - average of lowest 25% of readings , minimum DU of 75%.
UNIFORMITY COEFFICIENTS
Scheduling Coefficient (SC):
Scheduling Coefficient (SC) = (Average of all can readings)/(Selected can/s readings (Dry area)) SC25% = (1/DU) Eg. If DU is 75%, then SC25% = = (1/0.75) = 1.33
PERSIAPAN AUDIT
Background Information: (a) an accurate record of the system, the
site and the vegetation; (b) quality irrigation management program (accurate details of equipment); (c) Details of the water supply and control equipment (pump or water meter, controller, master valves, etc); (d) The soil water properties for each irrigated zone need to be determined. The key properties are infiltration rate and available water holding capacity
Site Test Conditions - Weather and Hydraulics Preliminary Check Of System: (a) Malfunctioning
valves, (b) Sunken sprinkler heads, (c) Incorrect or nonrotation of sprinkler heads, (d) Tilted heads, (e) Plugged nozzles, (f) Broken casings and missing parts, (g) Distorted spray distribution, (h) Incorrect nozzles installed, (i) Leaking pipes, valves, fittings, equipment, broken seals, (j) ncorrect operating pressure - high, low
PELAKSANAAN AUDIT
Audit Test Equipment ; (a) Setting Out The Cans, (b) Pressure Testing: (1) Checking the outlets (sprinklers and sprays) are operating at correct (optimum) pressure. (2) The pressure variation along the lateral Is it acceptable? (3) The pressure variation between stations and outlets in different parts of the system. (4) The amount of pressure loss due to friction in the system. (5) The pressure loss across valves, filters and special fittings.
frequent irrigation audits in a variety of situations. Also has the necessary tools for more in-depth sprinkler hydraulic analysis. Kit includes: Mobile Equipment Cart Oakfield Model 'B' Soil Probe 30 - Catch Can (Premium) 30 - Catch Can Stand (Stainless Steel) 100' Fiberglass Tape Measure 50 Marking Flags POC Pressure Gauge Rotor Head Pressure Gauge Spray Head Pressure Gauge Stop Watch Anemometer
Premium Audit Kits Premium Audit Kit B "you already have a soil probe" Click to Enlarge This kit includes all the tools in the Premium Audit Kit A, without the soil probe. This kit is for performing frequent irrigation audits in a variety of situations. Also has the necessary tools for more in-depth sprinkler hydraulic analysis. Kit includes: Mobile Equipment Cart 30 - Catch Can (Premium) 30 - Catch Can Stand (Stainless Steel) 100' Fiberglass Tape Measure 50 - Marking Flags POC Pressure Gauge Rotor Head Pressure Gauge Spray Head Pressure Gauge Stop Watch Anemometer
TUGAS MEMAHAMI & MENGINTERPRETASI THE RAPID APPRAISAL PROCEDURE BY FAO (1999)
INTERNAL INDICATORS
The internal indicators assess quantitatively the internal processes (the inputs [resources used] and the outputs [services to downstream users]) of an irrigation project. Internal indicators are related to operational procedures, the management and institutional setup, hardware of the system, water delivery service, etc. These indicators are necessary in order to have a comprehensive understanding of the processes that influence water delivery service and the overall performance of a system. Thus, they provide insight into what could or should be done in order to improve water delivery service and overall performance (the external indicators).
EXTERNAL INDICATORS
The external indicators compare the inputs and outputs of an irrigation system in order to describe overall performance. These indicators are expressions of various forms of efficiency, e.g. water-use efficiency, crop yield, and budget. They do not provide any detail on what internal processes lead to these outputs and what should be done in order to improve performance. However, they could be used for comparing the performance of different irrigation projects both nationally and internationally. Once these external indicators have been computed, they can be used as a benchmark for monitoring the impacts of modernization on improvements in overall performance.
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