The Fundamental Technical Knowledge of Passive Components

for Windows version

http://www.ty-top.com

- Chapter 1-

Capacitor

Impedance Characteristics of Capacitor

Impedance equivalent circuit with capacitor is the same as the RLC series model. Elements in Capacitor
Impedance

Changes in Frequency
Impedance

Changes in Element
ESR: Increase

ESR

ESR is constant
Impedance

Frequency

Frequency

ESL

Impedance

ESL: Decrease
Frequency

ESL increases
Impedance

Frequency

Capacitance

Impedance

Cap. : Increase
Frequency

Frequency

Capacitance decreases

What happens to the impedance level when connected in series?

Impedance Characteristics of Capacitor

Impedance for series connection

100

Impedance with different elements

100

10
[] Impedance

Impedance depends on capacitance

Impedance depends on ESL

10
[] Impedance

Cap. : Increase

0.1

0.1

0.01

Resonance Point
0.01 0.1 1

Impedance depends on ESR

10 100

0.01

0.001 0.001

[MHz] Frequency

0.001 0.001

Resonance Point Cap. : Increase, ESL: Increase

0.01 0.1 1 Frequency [MHz]

ESL: Decrease ESR: Decrease

10 100

At resonance point, no impedance for Capacitor & ESL (Impedance for ESR only) The frequency at resonance point depends on Capacitor & ESL

Impedance characteristics vary depended on each element.

Impedance Characteristics of Capacitor

ESR varies depended on frequency

Impedance,ESR Freq.-Temperature Characteristic 1000 R Z

Frequency characteristics for different type of capacitors

100
Ta47FESR Ta47FZ NEO 47FESR NEO 47FZ SPCAP 47F ESR SPCAP 47F Z MLCC47FESR JM432BJ476MMESR MLCC47FZ JM432BJ476MMZ SDK47FESR SDK47FZ

100

10

Impedance,ESR[]

10

ESR[] Impedance

0.1

0.1

0.01

0.01

0.001 0.1 1 10 100 1000 Frequency[KHz] 10000 100000

0.001 1 10 [kHz] Frequency 100 1000 10000 100000

RLC Series Model ESR independent from frequency

RLC varies depended on capacitors material, structure and case size Frequency characteristic varies depended on the type of capacitor, especially on ESR.

ESR actually varies.

Reliabilities of Multi-Layered Ceramic Capacitor

1. Operational condition comparison chart for Circuit
Polarity De-rating MLCC
No Yes Yes
Layout

Leaded

Al Capacitor
Whats Electrolytic Capacitor?
Al foil Al foil Al foil
Electrolytic paper

Ripple CU. Solvent Heat Limitation Resistance Resistance

Loading Test
<Surface mounted> Vertical style

Al foil

Operational
limitation for rated voltage (7050%level)

Have margin capacity for ripple current Less reliable associated from self heating

Limitation for reflow molding and degrading advancement

Liquid solution flooding except block structure MLCC

Electrolytic paper Dielectric AlO ) 2 3

Da La Ca Dk Ck Lx

Electrolysis solution

Ta Cap. Al Cap.
Application Problems

Al capacitor: decreasing in capacitance from electrolysis loss Ta capacitor: diffusion of Ag, short circuit from degrading of insulating layer

Ra

Rk

Horizontal style

Polarity exam
When mounting

Leaded

Ta Capacitor

Ca, Ck: positive/negative pole cap. Da,Dk: rectification from negative poles oxidization coating La,Lk: Inductance for +,- leads R: resistance of electrolsis solution and paper Ra,Rk: Inside resistance of forward direction from +,-poles oxidization coating <Surface mounted>

Reverse voltage
Consideration

Dielectric

Ta O 2

MnO 2
Graphite

Ceramic Capacitor
Dielectric Barium Titanate
Breakdown Voltage (V) 500 400 300 200 100 0 Ta Capacitor

Tantal

Argentum paste Solder La Da Ca Lx

Ra

Breakdown voltage level comparison: rated voltage 10V MLCC

Electrode: Ni

Forward direction

Backward direction

uF

212F475 4.7uF

316 uF

212 uF

316 2.2uF

Characteristics Comparison for the Different Type of Capacitors Frequency Characteristics

100
Ta47FESR Ta47FZ NEO 47FESR NEO 47FZ SPCAP 47F ESR SPCAP 47F Z MLCC47FESR JM432BJ476MMESR MLCC47FZ JM432BJ476MMZ SDK47FESR SDK47FZ

10

ESR varies greatly depended on each type of capacitors.

Al>Ta>Functional Ta>Functional Al>ML

ESR[] Impedance

0.1

0.01

The lower ESR becomes, the lower the impedance for high frequency gets.
1 10 100 1000 Frequency [kHz] 10000 100000

0.001

Al>Ta>Functional Ta>Functional Al>ML

MLCC has superior frequency characteristics.

The most competitive merit

Characteristics Comparison for the Different Type of Capacitors Ripple Current Characteristics
Heat
Temperature rise (degree)

Ripple current characteristics for the different type of capacitors

Temperature rise characteristic due to ripple current
100
M LCC47uF F Tant.Cap47uF F POSCAP100uF POSCAPF

Electrical energy is converted to heat when current goes through resistance.

10

Capacitor
Ripple current ESR

Heat
ESL
Capacitor

0.1 0 0.5 1
A Ripple current(Arms)

1.5

2.5

3.5

Given the same amount of calorific power, ripple current goes through MLCC the most because of its low ESR.
Operational recommendation of heat release value for MLCC is within 10. There is no limitation of allowed ripple current for MLCC.

Electrical energy is converted to heat when ripple current (AC) goes through capacitor. (DC does not go through it)

Heat shortens capacitors durability.

Operational recommendation of heat release value for electrolytic capacitor is within 5. Allowed ripple current is regulated by makers.

The Basic Knowledge of Circuits

The Functions of Bypass (decoupling) Capacitor

The Role of Bypass Capacitor
Noise + Load current Load Current

Necessary Characteristics for Bypass Capacitor It has low impedance.

(low prevention of an electric current)

Power supply line

Noise Current To connect the noise current to the earth (grounding)

IC

It electrifies an electric current well. It efficiently grounds the noise current. It effectively decreases the noise current.

The principle of operation for Bypass Capacitor

DC does not go through the capacitor (Impedance:)

Noise: more
Low Impedance

Noise: less
High Impedance

DC is supplied directly to IC
AC (noise) does go through the capacitor AC (noise) is grounded

Impedance
Noise effect of decreasing

Low
More effective

High Less effective

Noise Suppression Stabilize IC operation

The Functions of Bypass (decoupling) Capacitor

Selection Criteria for Capacitor
Impedance,ESR Freq.-Temperature Characteristic 1000

Replacement of Ta capacitor by Bypass Capacitor

Change product name 100 to MLCC + capacitance 10
Impedance( 1 Impedance Comparison
F Ta10uF F Ta47uF LMK212F475ZG LMK316F106ZL LMK212BJ225KG EMK325BJ106KN

100

Increasing in noise suppression effectiveness

R Z

Impedance,ESR[]

10

Decreasing in noise suppression effectiveness

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.1

10

100

1000 Frequency(kHz

10000

100000

0.01

0.001 0.1 1

10

Maximum level for noise suppression effectiveness

100 1000 Frequency[KHz] 10000

When the frequency is over 10kHz, the impedance of MLCC is lower than that of Ta capacitor.

100000

Several kinds of Noise Frequencies

Effectiveness of reduction in high frequency noise for MLCC is more superior than that of Ta capacitor. It enables to replace Ta capacitor with a smaller value of MLCC.

Select a Capacitor based on noise frequency needs to be eliminated

The Functions of Backup Capacitor

Load current to IC
Load current doesnt stay constant.
Power line for high-speed load changing The current cant flow Large load current is to IC quickly enough. quickly needed.

Load current: small

IC

Load current: large

IC

Line voltage

IC

Line voltage

IC

Operating at low-speed

Operating at high-speed

High-speed load change

When ICs operational speed changes rapidly, large load current is quickly needed.
Load current Low-speed operation High-speed operation

Line voltage cant be maintained, therefore voltage is dropped.

Circuit voltage, Load current

Low-speed operation

High-speed operation

Voltage dropped

IC

Line voltage

Minimum required operational voltage for IC

Time Line voltage decreases below the required operational voltage for IC.

Time

The IC stops its operation.

The Functions of Backup Capacitor

The Role of Backup Capacitor
Electric current delays
Making up for electric current shortage

Capacitors actual (considering equivalent circuit) This is a simplified version, so disregard ESL

Voltage dropped

ESR
IC
Maintaining Line voltage

Voltage dropped by electric current Voltage dropped by discharge current

IC
Capacitor

Line voltage dropped

Line voltage
Low-speed operation

Line voltage, needed load current, Discharge current from Capacitor

High-speed operation

Voltage fluctuation occurs when capacitor charging

Voltage dropped by ESR Voltage dropped by electric discharge

Line voltage

Minimum required operational voltage for IC

Voltage risen by capacitor charging

Voltage risen by ESR

Time

Keeping the minimum required operational voltage for IC

Maintaining stable operation

Capacitor and ESR decide the amount of voltage dropped

The Functions of Backup Capacitor

Experimental circuit
Power Supply Voltage= 5V

To oscilloscope Load resistance R=5 2SK2684

Experimental result for Capacitance and ESR

LMK432BJ226MM Ripple Voltage of LMK432BJ226MM

R = 1 Current probe

F Ripple Voltage of 100uF Ta Cap

ESR Voltage fluctuation by ESR

Pulse generator 1945 (NF) MLCC 47F7 Switching frequency = 1000KHz

VDiv

Voltage fluctuation by capacitance

ESR comparison
10

SDiv

VDiv

Rating Capacitor

SDiv

MLCC 22uF Ta Cap 100uF

High Value Low ESR

The fluctuation band of line becomes narrower. Merits of MLCC

0.1

0.01

0.001 0.1 1 10 100 1000 Frequency (KHz) 10000 100000

It enables to replace Ta capacitor with a smaller value of MLCC. The effectiveness of MLCCs voltage fluctuation depressing effect is greater than that of Ta capacitor.

Application Examples for Backup Capacitor

10uF
MLCC LMK325BJ106MN F
JMK316BJ106ML(10uF)

22uF
LMK432BJ226MM( F

47uF
JMK432BJ476MM F

100uF
JMK550BJ107MM F

JMK325BJ226MM(22uF)

JMK432BJ476MM(47uF)

JMK550BJ107MM(100uF)

5VDiv

VDiv

SDiv

SDiv

VDiv

5VDiv

SDiv

SDiv

Ta Cap

Ta Cap 10uF F

Ta Cap 22uF

Ta Cap 47uF

Ta Cap 100uF

VDiv

5VDiv

SDiv

VDiv

SDiv

SDiv

VDiv

SDiv

OS-CON OS-

OS-CON 10uF

OS F

OSF

OS-CON 22uF

OS F

OS-CON 47uF

OS F

OS-CON 100uF

VDiv

VDiv

VDiv

SDiv

SDiv

SDiv

VDiv

SDiv

The Basic Knowledge of Power Supply Circuit

Series Regulator (3 Terminal Regulator)

Circuit operation (water gate model)

Controlling element (transistor) Input voltage

Load current fluctuation

Controlling element (transistor) Input voltage

Output voltage

Output voltage

Load current

Load current

Producing output voltage by lowering certain amount of input voltage

Controlling water gate to keep the water level constant

Step-down power supply

Controlling load current with transistor Output voltage stays constant.

Series Regulator (3 Terminal Regulator)

Circuit structure Input voltage > Output voltage
Regulator IC

Effects of input capacitor Add alternate current to input voltage purposely to measure input current amount with or without input capacitor

Input Capacitor

Output Capacitor

IC

IC

Consisting of IC, input and output capacitors.

Function of input capacitor

Noise + Load current Noise current
Connecting the line noise to the ground.

Load current
Input VoltageVin

Without capacitors
2000 1000 0 -1000 -2000 -1 0 1

With capacitors (MLCC)

2000 1000 0 -1000 -2000 -1 0 1

IC

Vertical: mV

Horizontal: u sec

Same as the function of Bypass Capacitor

Input voltage is stabilized as input capacitor is connected.

Series Regulator (3 Terminal Regulator)

Function of output capacitor
Unable to supply current immediately

Effects of output capacitor

Measuring the voltage fluctuation when load change is occurred with/without output capacitor.
Load Current Iout
200 150 100 50 0 -10 -5 0 5 10

Cover the current shortage

IC

Voltage dropped Line voltage

IC

Keeping line voltage

IC

IC

Output fluctuation Vout

Supply current to control voltage fluctuation for rapid load change

Without capacitors
1000 0 -1000 -2000 -2 -1 0 1 2

With capacitors (MLCC)

1000 0 -1000 -2000 -10 -5 0 5 10

Same as the function of Backup Capacitor

Output voltage is stabilized as output capacitor is connected.

Step-Down Converter
Transistor for switching power supply has only ON or OFF signal. Switching operation Controlling output voltage by switching Turn-on cycle Time to be ON Output voltage Load current Turn-on cycle Time to be ON Constant Changes Constant Constant

Circuit operation (water gate model) Producing output voltage by lowering input voltage with transistor
Controlling element (transistor)

Input voltage

PWM method PFM method Switching frequency

Control

Input voltage

Controlling element (transistor) Output voltage

Turn-on cycle of the switch

Control

Load current

ON

ON

ON
Time

ON

ON

ON

PWM

PFM

Time

Step-Down Converter
Circuit structure Choke coil FET1
Control IC

Operation of input capacitor

Ripple current Ripple current flows into input capacitor. heat
Heat generated by ESR

heat

FET2
Input capacitor

FET (2)

Necessary characteristics of input capacitor Output capacitor

High tolerance for ripple current Example: Permissible ripple current of a capacitor is 1A. Ripple current: 6A

Input side current Input current

6
capacitors
1A 1A

1A

1A

1A

1A

FET1 ON

FET1 ON

FET1 ON Time Example: Permissible ripple current of a capacitor is 2A. Ripple current: 6A

Reduced

Large amount of alternating current (ripple current) flows.

3
2A 2A 2A

capacitors

Step-Down Converter
Points of output voltage to remember
Keeping higher voltage than the lowest operating voltage of load IC.

Output side operation

Choke coil

Ripple voltage
Output capacitor Voltage Voltage
Input voltage The lowest operating voltage

Rated output voltage Keep the band of ripple voltage within the rated value.

ON

ON

ON

Output voltage

Rapid load voltage fluctuation

Time Input voltage is controlled by an on-off switching. Time It is smoothed with a choke coil and an output capacitor.
The lowest operating voltage

Rated output voltage

Control voltage drop by rapid load voltage fluctuation

Ripple voltage is included.

Step-Down Converter
Factor for determining voltage drop by rapid load voltage fluctuation Factor for determining ripple voltage
Repeating an on-off switching signal
Charge and discharge are repeated with output capacitor. Voltage is fluctuated by current flowing in and out.

Operation at rapid load change

Same as Backup Capacitor

Necessary characteristics for capacitor when rapid load fluctuation occurred High capacitance
Supply capacitor of high electronic charge ESR
Capacity

Ripple voltage When charging

Charging Current Voltage rise Charging

When discharging
Discharging current

Repeat

ESR

Voltage drop Discharging Voltage drop

Low ESR
Reducing voltage drop when supplying electronic charge

Capacity
Voltage rise

High Value MLCC

Suitable

High capacitance and low ESR reduce ripple voltage.

Charge Pump (Boost)

Operation of charge pump (image) Charging 2 capacitors separately
Charging Charging

Circuitry of charge pump (example: double boost)

In Out

C1

C2

Input capacitor

IC

Output capacitor

Output capacitor (smoothing capacitor)

Capacitors for charging Required characteristics of capacitor

C1
Connect

V 2V V

Load

C2

Charging capacitor and output capacitor Lowering voltage fluctuation occurred by charging/discharging Backup Capacitor Same as step-down output capacitor

Connecting charged capacitors

Output double amount of voltage than input Smoothing with output capacitor (Switching) Output voltage is determined by the number of capacitors connected. (integral multiple)

High capacitance and low ESR are required.

Summary

Comparison of Various Input Capacitors

Vertical mV, Horizontal sec

Measuring the noise absorption and the output voltage fluctuation by adding sine wave on input line
Z1 Regulator

Without Capacitor
2000 1000 0 -1000

Input fluctuation Vin

100

Output fluctuation Vout

50 0

-50 -100
-1 0 1

Vs:1Vrms 7.5V

Vs Z2

Vin

IC

Vout

-2000

-1

Input fluctuation of 1Vrms

Output fluctuation of 35Vrms

Vertical mV, Horizontal sec

IC used:NJM78L05(JRC) Capacitor used:LMK212BJ105KG, Ta1uF, A11uF

Input capacitor inserted

Z2 Vin = Vs Z1 + Z 2

500

Vin With Capacitor Al Cap Ta Cap Al1 1 MLCC 1 500 500

250 0 -250 -500

(Z1:Line impedance)

250 0 -250

250 0 -250 -500

-1 0 1

Capacitor (Z2) has low impedance. Effect of noise suppression: large

-500 -1 0 1

-1

Constant IC input voltage

10000 1000 100 1F) Frequency Characteristics

MLCC is excellent in noise suppression (low impedance).

Vertical mV, Horizontal sec

With Capacitor Vout

20 10 0

Al Cap Al1

20 10 0 -10 -20

Ta Cap 1

20 10 0 -10 -20

1 MLCC

ZESR[]

10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 1 10 100 1000 Freq.[kHz] 10000 100000

MLR MLZ TaR TaZ AlR AlZ

-10 -20 -1 0 1

-1

-1

Output fluctuation becomes smaller as IC input voltage stays constant.

MLCC has lower impedance than that of Ta for a wide range of frequency.

MLCC is suitable for input capacitor.

Summary Operation Analysis of Output Capacitor

200
IoutmA Load Current

Vout Fluctuation VmV

Observation of output voltage fluctuation

Iout
Regulator IC

Load Current Waveform

Vout Fluctuation

2000 0 -2000 -4000 -10

150 100 50 0 -10 -5 0 5 sec Time 10

Without Capacitor Ta 4.7uF Ta4.7F JMK212B475KG JMK212B475KG

Vout

-5 0 5 sec Time

10

Waveform observation: Iout, Vout (Observing by the type of output capacitors)

IC used: R1112N331B (Ricoh) Input Cap: LMK212BJ225KG Input V: 5V Switching frequency: 100Hz Load current: 150mA
TaESR- Frequency Characteristics Comparison 1000 100 ESR[] 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 1 10 100 1000 Freq.[kHz] 10000 100000
50 0 -50 -100 -150 -10

Vout Fluctuation V

Ta4.7F
50 0 -50 -100 -150

JMK212BJ475KG

-5

10

-10

-5

10

Variable ESR: Large ESR

Variable ESR: Small ESR

JMK212BJ475KG Ta4.7F

ESRLarge

ESRSmall

Vertical mV, Horizontal sec

Using output capacitor with low ESR reduces the output voltage drop when load fluctuation occurred.

MLCC with low ESR is well-suitable for output capacitor.

Development Method Direction for ML Lineups and Proposals

Market demand
Circuit segment
Capacitor application segment
Focusing on impedance and ESR characteristics

Required performance
It is for circuit noise suppression and often used in digital circuits. Low Impedance, Low ESR MLCC with Y5V characteristic and 0.1-10uF is best suited It may also be used for a circuit with large load change (CPU), stability of power line and protection of IC. Low ESR, Low ESL, Low Impedance MLCC with characteristics of Y5V,X5R,X7R and 0.1-10uF is best suited. It is for in/output of power supply circuit and more used as the miniaturization of equipment. Real capacitance, Low ESR, Low ESL, Low Impedance Rated Voltage and Reliability MLCC with characteristics of X5R, X7R and 1- tens of uF is best suited. It is for amplifier, arithmetic, modem and filter circuits. Stability of capacitance temperature and bias is important. Temperature compensating dielectric type MLCC is best suited. (CFCAP, TC type multilayer)

Digital circuit Analog circuit

Decoupling Backup Smoothing

Amplifier Arithmetic
Oscillation

Modem Digital Power supply

High pressure
Logic High frequency Power supply Audio Others

Filter Coupling Time constant, Resonance

Focusing on the stability of real capacitance, temperature and bias

Proposal for Bypass Capacitor

Replacement proposal for high capacitance Ta or Al electrolysis with ML 0.1uF Common Case Example
Ta or Electrolysis

22F0.1F Impedance Characteristics

10000

Impedance []

1000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001

1 10

220.1 Electrolytic cap 22uF + MLCC 0.1uF 22 Electrolytic cap 22uF 0.1 MLCC 0.1uF

Multilayer 0.1uF

[] Frequency

100

1000

10000 100000

Impedance for high frequency decreases. High frequency characteristic is advanced. Impedance Characteristics
Impedance []

Replaced only by a single High Value MLCC

High Value MLCC

10000 1000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Electrolytic cap 22uF + MLCC 0.1uF MLCC 4.7uF F F MLCC 10uF

Replaced only by a single MLCC

Frequency []

Wider low impedance range compared with parallel use.

Ta cap & Al cap replacement guideline to MLCC X7R, X5R

Tantalum Cap. Value 470uF 20uF
100

Tantalum Cap. Repla cement Guideline to

X7R, X5R
Part Number (Case Size Cap)

1000

JMK432BJ107MU (1812 100uF) LMK316BJ476ML (1206 47uF) JMK212BJ226MG (0805 22uF) JMK107BJ106MA (0603 10uF) LMK107BJ475MA (0603 4.7uF) JMK105BJ225MV (0402 2.2uF) JMK105BJ105MV (0402 1.0uF) LMK105BJ474MV (0402 0.47uF) LMK107BJ225MA (0603 2.2uF) LMK316BJ226ML (1206 22uF) EMK325BJ226MM (1210 22uF) GMK316BJ106ML (1206 10uF) TMK212BJ475MG (0805 4.7uF) TMK212BJ225MD (0805 2.2uF) GMK107BJ105A (0603 1.0uF) TMK107BJ474MA (0603 0.47uF)

100uF 47uF 2 uF

Capacitance (uF)

EMK212BJ106MG (0805 10uF)

10

10uF 4.7uF 2.2uF

GMK316BJ225ML (1206 2.2uF) UMK325BJ105MA (1210 1.0uF) UMK212BJ474MG (0805 0.47uF)

1.0uF 6.3V 10V 16V Rated Voltage V) ( 25V 50V

Note: Suggested capacitance value of MLCC may be changed depending on the frequency level of noise.

Note: As derating is not required for MLCCs,use the actual voltage of the circuit when selecting MLCC for replacement.

It requires as much as 1/5 to 1/20 of Al capacitors capacitance to replace.

Ta cap & Al cap replacement guideline to MLCC Y5V

Tantalum Cap. Value
1000

Tantalum Cap. Replacement Guideline to

Y5V
Part Number (Case Size Cap)

470uF 220uF Capacitance (uF)

100

100uF 47uF 22uF

JMK325 F476ZN (1210 47uF) LMK316 F226ZL (1206 22uF) LMK212 F106ZG (0805 10uF) LMK212 F475ZG (0805 4.7uF) EMK107 F225ZA (0603 2.2uF) JMK105 F105ZV (0402 1.0uF) EMK107 F105ZA (0603 1.0uF) GMK316 F106ZL (1206 10uF) GMK316 F475ZG (1206 4.7uF) TMK212F225ZG (0805 2.2uF) UMK325 F475ZH (1210 4.7uF) UMK316 F225ZG (1206 2.2uF)

10

10uF 4.7uF 2.2uF

UMK212 F105ZG (0805 1.0uF)

1.0uF 6.3V 10V 16V Rated Voltage (V) 25V 50V

Note: Suggested capacitance value of MLCC may be changed depending on the frequency level of noise.

Note: As derating is not required for MLCCs,use the actual voltage of he circuit when selecting MLCC for replacement.

MLCC requires as much as 1/5 to 1/20 of Al capacitors capacitance to replace.

Low ESR Electrolytic cap. replacement guideline to MLCC X7R, X5R

Low ESR Electrolytic Cap. Value
1000 Part Number (Case Size Cap)

Low ESR Electrolytic Cap. Replacement Guideline to

X7R, X5R

470uF 220uF
100

JMK432BJ107MU (1812 100uF) LMK316BJ476ML (1206 47uF) JMK212BJ226MG (0805 22uF) JMK107BJ106MA (0603 10uF) LMK107BJ475MA (0603 4.7uF) JMK105BJ225MV (0402 2.2uF) JMK105BJ105MV (0402 1.0uF) LMK107BJ225MA (0603 2.2uF) LMK316BJ226ML (1206 22uF) EMK325BJ226MM (1210 22uF) GMK316BJ106ML (1206 10uF) TMK212BJ475MG (0805 4.7uF) TMK212BJ225MD (0805 2.2uF) GMK107BJ105A (0603 1.0uF) GMK316BJ225ML (1206 2.2uF) UMK325BJ105MA (1210 1.0uF)

100uF 47uF 22uF

Capacitance (uF)

EMK212BJ106MG (0805 10uF)

10

10uF 4.7uF 2.2uF

1.0uF 6.3V 10V 16V Rated Voltage (V) 25V 50V

Note: Suggested capacitance value of MLCC may be changed depending on the frequency level of noise.

Note: As derating is not required for MLCCs,use the actual voltage of the circuit when selecting MLCC for replacement.

- Chapter 2-

Inductor

Impedance of Inductor and Capacitor Inductive Reactance & Capacitive Reactance

Ohms lawAlternate voltageImpedanceAlternate current

Impedance of pure inductor: inductive reactance: it increases as frequency increases.
Inductance L
Alternate power supply

Impedance

According to the Ohms law, the impedance of pure inductor is proportional to frequency and inductance.

Inductance: High Inductance: Medium

Inductance: Low

Frequency : Voltage magnitude : VO V=V0exp(j)

V=Ldi/dt Solving for V: V0=j2fL Impedance is equal to:Z=XL=2fL

Frequency

Impedance of pure capacitor: capacitive reactance: it decreases as frequency decreases.

Frequency :
Voltage magnitude : VO

Impedance

=V0exp(j)

According to the Ohms law, the impedance of pure capacitor is inversely proportional to frequency and capacitance. V=1/Cidt Solving for V: V0 = 1/(2fC) Impedance is equal to: Z = Xc = 1/(2fC)

Capacitance: Medium

Capacitance: Low

Alternate power supply

Capacitance: High

Capacitance :C

Frequency

Usage of Inductor and Capacitor: Low-pass Filter and High-pass Filter

Impedance of inductor: It increases as frequency increases. Impedance of capacitor: It decreases as frequency increases.
Typical characteristic of low-pass filter
IN GND
In case of high frequency, inductors high Z: blocked capacitors low Z: dropping to the ground

Typical characteristic of high-pass filter

IN
In case of low frequency, inductors low Z: dropping to the ground capacitors high Z: blocked

OUT

OUT

GND

In case of low frequency, inductors low Z: passing-through capacitors high Z: passing-through instead of dropping to the ground

In case of high frequency, inductors high Z: passing-through instead of dropping to the ground capacitors low Z: passing-through

Gain Gain

Gain

Frequency

Frequency

Series CircuitSeries Resonance and Parallel CircuitParallel Resonance of Inductor and Capacitor

Impedance of inductor: It increases as frequency increases. Impedance of capacitor: It decreases as frequency increases.
Series circuit of pure inductor and capacitor: Series resonance
Series circuit: Basically addition

Parallel circuit of pure Inductor and capacitor: Parallel resonance

Parallel circuit: Basically an electric current flows in lower impedance.
Capacitors impedance
Impedance

Capacitor impedance
Impedance

At resonant frequency: zero

Impedance of parallel circuit

Inductors impedance Frequency

Impedance of series circuit

At resonant frequency:

Inductors impedance Frequency

Application of Inductor and Capacitor Band-pass Filter and Trap Filter

Impedance of series circuit: Lowest at frequency resonance point Impedance of parallel circuit: Highest at frequency resonance point
Typical characteristic of trap filter
IN OUT
Series circuit: low Z at resonant frequency: dropping to the ground

Typical characteristic of band-pass filter

IN OUT
Parallel circuit: high Z at resonant frequency: passing-through instead of dropping to the ground

GND

GND

Gain

Gain

Frequency

Frequency

Real Characteristics of Inductor Self-Resonance Point Characteristic

Typical impedance characteristic of existing inductor ~similar to the typical impedance characteristic of LCR parallel circuit~

Multilayer inductor

Ex) Stray capacitance existed between internal and external electrode

Impedance

Wound chip inductor

Frequency
Ex) Stray capacitance existed between winding wires

Inductor for the low frequency side, capacitor for the high frequency side and at resonance point, impedance is limited.

Application Ex. using Self-Resonance Characteristic of Inductor Trapping Formulation by Low-pass Filter
Inductor A: impedance characteristic Inductor B: impedance characteristic

Example of Low-pass filter

IN GND OUT
Impedance

Impedance

It has a sharp peak point at a resonance frequency.

Frequency

Same inductance as inductor A, but its impedance is lower than that of As. Frequency

Filter characteristic of pure inductor

Inductor A in use

Inductor B in use
Trap-less

Trapping resulted from the sharp peak point

Frequency

Gain

Gain

Transmitting characteristic deformed

Frequency

Frequency

This self-resonance characteristic is proactively implemented for a filter circuit application, and therefore this unique characteristic needs to be considered for both replacement and downsizing applications.

Real Characteristics of Inductor Lost Elements and Q Characteristic Inductors Q factor

Impedance of pure inductor: Inductive reactance Resistance elements
(Summation of loss)

ML inductor

Wound chip inductor

R Print internal electrode on sheet made of core material Wind up wire around core

XL

Inductive reactance Resistance elements

Core materials: Hysterisis loss, Eddy current loss, dielectric material loss and more Internal electrode: DCR, resistance loss in high frequency zone originated from skin effect and more Pure inductor has no loss at all.

Q factor is an approximation value which expresses how close an inductor is to be a pure inductor. The larger the Q factor an inductor has, the purer the inductor becomes on circuit.

Q Factor and Filter Characteristics of Inductor Example of How the Difference in Q Factor Influences Trap-Filter Characteristic TrapCharacteristic

Example of trap filter

Series resonance of inductor and capacitor

Inductor A: Q factor characteristic

Inductor B: Q factor characteristic

IN

OUT
Q

Low Q factor

GND
Frequency

Filter characteristic example of pure inductor

Frequency

Inductor A in use

Inductor B in use

Gain

Gain

Not enough trap

Frequency

Frequency

Frequency

In case of resonance circuit with capacitors, generally inductors Q factor characteristic has huge influence on the circuit.

Q-Value and Matching Characteristics Example of How the Difference in Q-value Influences Matching Characteristic

Example of matching circuit

Matching for amplifier and antenna

Inductor A: Q factor characteristic

Inductor A: Q factor characteristic

Frequency

Low Q factor

Frequency

Example of matching design with pure inductor

With the inductor, impedance is matched at the center of the chart.

Inductor A in use

Inductor B in use
Shifted off the center of the chart

Fit the design

Amplifiers characteristic: starting point

In case of matching circuit, generally inductors Q factor characteristic has huge influence on the circuit.

Coffee Break Q Factor of Inductor and Tan of Capacitor

Q factor of inductor
inductors loss elements
Impedance of pure inductor: inductive reactance
Resistance elements
(summation of loss)

Tan of capacitor
capacitors loss elements
Impedance of pure capacitor: Capacitance reactance
Resistance elements
(summation of loss)

XL

Xc
Resistance elements

Inductive reactance
Resistance elements

Tan

Capacitance reactance

Q factor is an approximation value which expresses how close an inductor is to be a pure inductor. The larger the Q factor an inductor has, the purer the inductor becomes on circuit.

Tan is a value which explains how far a capacitor is from being a pure capacitor. The smaller the tan a capacitor has, the purer the capacitor becomes on circuit.

Real Characteristics of Inductor Example of DC Bias Characteristic

Example of inductors DC bias characteristic Example of impedance characteristic
Impedance gets lowered as inductance is dropped by magnetic saturation. An inductor which has a strong characteristic against DC bias can maintain high impedance level (vice versa). Generally, an inductor is selected based on a margin level for both required inductance and impedance under operational circumstances.
Frequency

Impedance

Example of an inductor which has a strong characteristic against DC bias Example of an inductor which has a weak characteristic against DC bias DC Bias Current

Impedance

In case of magnetic-material core which has the magnetic saturation characteristic, inductance is lowered by increasing in DC bias current.

Frequency

Impedance

Example of the Influence on Inductors DC Bias Characteristic in use of Power Supply Choke
Example of power supply choke circuit Capacitor: Bypass to the ground
ON/OFF noise
Load fluctuation

Inductor A: Impedance characteristic A strong characteristic against DC bias and maintain high impedance

Inductor B: Impedance characteristic A weak characteristic against DC bias and unable to keep high impedance

Impedance increased by high frequency

Impedance

IC

Inductor: Blocked by impedance Bypass improved

Bypass characteristic of capacitor only

Frequency

Impedance

Frequency

Inductor A in use
Improved bypass characteristic at high frequency range

Inductor B in use
Inferior bypass characteristic

In case of power supply choke application, it should take full advantage of impedance characteristic in terms of designing of bypass circuit. Since impedance characteristic is degraded by DC bias, it should be paid attention to see if the required value left under operational circumstances comparing with self-resonance characteristic.

Example of the Influence on Inductors DC Bias Characteristic of Power Supply Switching Circuit Application

Example of step-up power supply circuit

Inductance: L
Impedance

General relationship between DC bias characteristic and Is

As DC bias current increases, the inductance starts decreasing. DC Bias
Current (Is) flows into IC

DC Input Vin

DC Output Vout

Vs

Is

While Vs turned on, Is flows to IC and then voltage is raised by inductor. When Vs being off, it is added onto the input DC and then Output DC is up-converted. When Vs is being on, Vin = LdIs/dt, solving for this Is = Vin / Lt
Is gradually increases as Vs turned on, it increases rapidly with small inductance . It is important to know of the tolerance current when selecting an inductor for the power supply circuit.

current

Switching IC broken down

DC bias current passes at some point, inductance drops suddenly. When DC bias current passes the tolerance current, (for the worst case scenario) the switching IC is broken down.

VsON
s Vs and

OFF

ON

OFF

ON

Is

Time

Is increases as times goes on. Is increases even faster with small inductance.

Time

Switching interval is shortened by high frequency power supply IC, and therefore large inductance is no longer needed for IC. Addition to this, flat DC bias characteristic isnt ideal for all kinds of circuit. It would be better to match a specific DC bias characteristic with IC and power supply demand.

Coffee Break The Charging and Discharging Mechanisms of Capacitor

Charging mechanism
Increasing electric charge Voltage raised

+Q -Q Capacitor

Electric current Battery

Apply voltage to a capacitor, electronic charge is built up in the inside of capacitor. On the other hand, when both sides of external electrodes are short-circuited, the capacitor discharges the built-up electronic charge. The quantity of electronic charge is proportional to voltage. (In case with inductor, an electronic current creates magnetic flux. The quantity of magnetic flux is proportional to electronic current.) Capacitors capacitance is the constant of proportion between the quantity of electronic charge and voltage. (In case with inductor, inductance is the constant of proportion from magnetic flux and electronic current. A time-varying electric charge or discharge induces electric current. In case with inductor, a time-varying magnetic flux induces electric voltage.

Discharging mechanism
Decreasing electric charge Voltage dropped

+Q -Q Capacitor

Electric current

A time-varying electric charge induces electric current.

-I = dQ/dt
Capacitance is the constant of proportion derived from the relationship between the quantity of electric charge and voltage.

Q = CV
The relationship among voltage, electric current and capacitance

-V = 1/cidt or I = CdV/dt
The equivalent relationship for inductor

-V = Ldi/dt

- Chapter 3 -

Electro-Magnetic Compatibility (EMC)

The Different Types of Noise

Contents

Countermeasure components
Mainly ML Ferrite Chip Beads BK series, Rectangular Ferrite Chip Beads (High Current) FB series M type. Resistors and capacitors may also be used. Mainly Surface Mount High Current Inductors NP series, Wound Chip Inductors LB series and such ferrite components and capacitors for DCDC, etc. Mainly capacitors

Radiation noise

It leaks out as an electromagnetic wave. The sources are signal line and power line. There are restrictions in countries. (VCCI, FCC, CISPR, EN, etc.) It runs through DC power line, i.e. switching noise, etc. The sources are DC-DC power supply converter, etc.

Conduction noise (noise

terminal voltage)

Ripple voltage (current) Electrostatic Surge noise

A fluctuation by voltage drop occurred when IC operates. It becomes a problem at power line with high power consumption for CPU, etc. A discharge phenomenon, which is caused by friction charge. It causes element destruction and malfunctions. Instantaneous high voltage and current. It is occurred by natural phenomenon (eg. thunderstorm), inserting and removing a cable, etc.

Mainly Chip Varistors and Diodes. Capacitors and Beads may also be used. Spark Gaps and Varistors. Beads and Resistors for low voltage.

Standards of Radiation Electric Field

Global Standard: CISPR

Japan: VCC class2

(Consumer Equipment)

U.S.A.: FCC part15 Europe: EN55022 Other countries: Setting regulation based on CISPR

Regulation of the frequency band is between 30MHz to 1000MHz for VCCI. Others are referred on the next page.

EMI Regulation Example for High Frequency Band (Tightening Regulation for GHz band noise)

1. CISPR 11 Group 2 Class B (1999 industry, chemistry, medical)

For equipment with embedded frequency of 400MHz and above Regulated frequency: 1-2.4GHz band Standard: 70dBuV/m and below (3m electric field intensity)

2. CISPR 22 CIS/G/210/CD (2001 IT equipment)

For equipment with embedded frequency of 200MHz and above Regulated frequency: 1-2.7GHz band Standard: Average of 50dBuV/m and below, Max 70dBuV/m and below (3m electric field intensity)

3. FCC Part 15 (IT equipment)

Measurement up to 2GHz is required for an operation between 108 to 500MHz band. Measurement up to 5GHz is required for an operation between 500 to 1000MHz band.

Mechanism of Radiation Noise 1

Digital waveform
Measurement system: Oscilloscope

Spectrum
Measurement system: Spectrum Analyzer Noise standard restricts the noise received with an antenna.
Noise (voltage, current)

Fourier transform
Voltage (current) Time

Time axis is transformed to frequency.

Frequency

Digital wave is formed by various frequencies.

Voltage (current)
Spectrum Analyzer
pe co s illo

Frequency Time

sc

Mechanism of Radiation Noise 2

Electric field Magnetic field Electric and magnetic fields Electric occur with alternate current. field Current Magnetic field

Flux occurs only with direct current.

Current

Flux

voltage 0V 0A

Voltage current 0V 0A

Current

Radiated from digital wave

Noise Clock Noise

Digital signal

Vcc
Leakage of high frequency

Vcc

IC

IC

Mechanism of Radiation Noise 3

Magnetic Magnetic Magnetic Magnetic field field field field Electric Electric Electric Electric field field field field

Antenna

RF signal source

Spectrum Analyzer

Radiation electromagnetic field measurement (open site, anechoic chamber) Direct wave

Antenna

EUT
Reflected wave

Noise standard restricts the received noise value.

Spectrum Analyzer

Mechanism of Radiation Noise 4

Ringing occurring
Voltage Voltage Time Traveling wave Noise Frequency

Spectrum changes with waveform distortion.

Time

Level changes
Noise Frequency

Cause: mismatching of transmission line

Standing wave =traveling wave+reflected wave Reflected wave

Because harmonics of a digital signal make a standing wave, the emission of the signal increases as noise.

Transmission line pattern

Mismatching of impedance

Fin.
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