Wind and Snow Loads

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope
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Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4 Matthias Oppe Christian Mller
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This worked example explains the procedure of determination of loads on a portal frame building. Two types of actions are considered: wind actions and snow actions.
5,988 7,30
,00 72
Created on Tuesday, May 10, 2011 This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Use of this document is subject to the terms and conditions of the Access Steel Licence Agreement
7,2
[m] 30,00
Basic data Total length : Spacing: Bay width : Height (max): Roof slope: b = 72,00 m s = 7,20 m d = 30,00 m h = 7,30 m
= 5,0
Height above ground: h = 7,30 m
= 5
leads to: h = 7,30 15 tan 5 = 5,988 m
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1 Wind loads
Basic values Determination of basic wind velocity: vb Where: vb cdir cseason vb,0 = cdir cseason vb,0 basic wind velocity directional factor seasonal factor fundamental value of the basic wind velocity EN 1991-1-4 4.2
Fundamental value of the basic wind velocity (see European windmap):

vb,0
= 26 m/s (for Aachen - Germany) z0 = 0,05 m z > zmin EN 1991-1-4 4.3.2 Table 4.1
Terrain category II
vb = cdir cseason vb,0 = 26 m/s
For simplification the directional factor cdir and the seasonal factor cseason are in general equal to 1,0. Basic velocity pressure
qb =
where:
1 2 air v b 2
air = 1,25 kg/m (air density)

qb =
EN 1991-1-4 4.5 eq. 4.10
1 1,25 26 2 = 422,5 N/m 2
Peak pressure
1 q p (z) = [1 + 7l v (z)] v m (z) 2 2

Calculation of vm(z) vm(z) mean wind velocity vm(z) = cr(z) co(z) vb
EN 1991-1-4 4.5, eq. 4.8
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Where: co(z) cr(z)
is the orography factor is the roughness factor

for z min z z max
z c r (z) = k r ln z 0
c r (z) = c r ( z min )
for z z min
Where: z0 kr
is the roughness length is the terrain factor, depending on the roughness length z0 calculated using
z k r = 0,19 0 z 0,II
0 , 07
Where: zmin zmax
z0,II = 0,05 (terrain category II)
is the minimum height is to be taken as 200 m
EN 1991-1-4 4.3.2 Table 4.1
Calculation of Iv(z) Iv(z) turbulence intensity
Iv =
kI c o ( z ) ln( z / z 0 )
for z min z z max for z < z min
EN 1991-1-4 4.4 eq. 4.7
I v = I v ( z min ) Where: kI z so: = 7,30 m
is the turbulence factor recommended value for kI is 1,0
zmin < z < zmax

1 7kI 2 2 qp (z) = 1 + 2 vb (k r ln( z / z0 ) ) co ( z ) ln( z / z0 ) wind profile
squared gust factor basic pressure
Corrigendum
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1 7 2 qp (7 ,30) = 1 + 2 1,25 26 ln (7 ,30 / 0,05)

0 ,07 0 ,05 0,19 ln (7 ,30 / 0,05) 0 ,05 2
7 2 3 = 1 + 422,5 0,947 10 = 0,911 kN/m ln(7 ,30 / 0,05)

Wind pressure on surfaces (pressure coefficients for internal frame)
EN 1991-1-4 7.2
A positive wind load stands for pressure whereas a negative wind load indicates suction on the surface. This definition applies for the external wind action as well as for the internal wind action.
External pressure coefficients
The wind pressure acting on the external surfaces, we should be obtained from the following expression: EN 1991-1-4 we = qp(ze) cpe 5.2 eq. 5.1 where: ze cpe is the reference height for the external pressure is the pressure coefficient for the external pressure depending on the size of the loaded area A. = cpe,10 because the loaded area A for the structure is larger than 10 m EN 1991-1-4 7.2 Table 7.1
a) vertical walls for D: E:

h 7,30 = = 0,24 0,25 d 30,00
cpe = 0,7 cpe = - 0,3
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b) duopitch roofs with = 5,0,
= 0 (wind direction)
e = min (b; 2h) = min (72,00; 14,60) = 14,60 m
1) upwind face
EN 1991-1-4 7.2 Table 7.4a
G: H: I: J:
cpe = - 1,2 cpe = - 0,6 cpe = - 0,6 cpe = 0,2 / - 0,6 cpe = - 0,6 (see Table 7.4a , Note 1)
2) downwind face
External pressure coefficients cpe (for zone D, E, G, H, I and J):

G: c pe = -1,2 H: c pe = -0,6 J: c pe = -0,6 I: c pe = -0,6
D: c pe = 0,7
E: c pe = -0,3
Internal pressure coefficient
The wind pressure acting on the internal surfaces of a structure, wi should be obtained from the following expression wi = qp(zi) cpi where: zi cpi is the reference height for the internal pressure is the pressure coefficient for the internal pressure
EN 1991-1-4 5.2 eq.5.2
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The internal pressure coefficient depends on the size and distribution of the openings in the building envelope. Within this example it is not possible to estimate the permeability and opening ratio of the building. So cpi should be taken as the more onerous of + 0,2 and 0,3. In this case cpi is unfavorable when cpi is taken to + 0,2.
Wind loads
EN 1991-1-4 7.2.9 (6) Note 2
The wind loadings per unit length w (in kN/m) for an internal frame are calculated using the influence width (spacing) s = 7,20 m: w = (cpe + cpi) qp s Internal and external pressures are considered to act at the same time. The worst combination of external and internal pressures are to be considered for every combination of possible openings and other leakage paths.
EN 1991-1-4 7.2.9
Characteristic values for wind loading in [kN/m] for an internal frame: - zones D, E, G, H, I and J
G: w = 9,18 H: w = 5,25 J: w = 5,25 I: w = 5,25
D: w = 4,59
E: w = 3,28
e/10 = 1,46
1,46 30,00 [m]
7,30
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2 Snow loads
General
Snow loads on the roof should be determined as follows: s = i ce cz sk where: i ce ct sk is the roof shape coefficient is the exposure coefficient, usually taken as 1,0 is the thermal coefficient, set to 1,0 for normal situations is the characteristic value of ground snow load for the relevant altitude EN 1991-1-3 5.2.2 eq.5.1
Roof shape coefficient

Shape coefficients are needed for an adjustment of the ground snow load to a snow load on the roof taking into account effects caused by non-drifted and drifted snow load arrangements. The roof shape coefficient depends on the roof angle.
0 30
1 = 0,8
EN 1991-1-3 5.3 Table 5.1
Snow load on the ground
The characteristic value depends on the climatic region. For a site in Aachen (Germany) the following expression is relevant:
A 2 s k = (0 , 264 z 0, 002 ) 1 + kN/ m 256
EN 1991-1-3 Annex C Table C1
Where: z A
is the zone number (depending on the snow load on sea level), here: z = 2 is the altitude above sea level, here A = 175 m
175 2 s k = (0,264 2 0,002 ) 1 + = 0,772 kN/m 256
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Snow load on the roof
s = 0,8 1,0 1,0 0,772 = 0,618 kN/m spacing = 7,20 m for an internal frame: s = 0,618 7,20 = 4,45 kN/m
s = 4,45 kN/m
7,30
30,00
[m]

Wind and Snow Loads

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Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope

Document Ref: Title

Eurocode Ref Made by Checked by

June 2005 June 2005

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope

Height above ground: h = 7,30 m

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope

Document Ref: Title

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June 2005 June 2005

Fundamental value of the basic wind velocity (see European windmap):

vb = cdir cseason vb,0 = 26 m/s

air = 1,25 kg/m (air density)

EN 1991-1-4 4.5 eq. 4.10

1 1,25 26 2 = 422,5 N/m 2

1 q p (z) = [1 + 7l v (z)] v m (z) 2 2

EN 1991-1-4 4.5, eq. 4.8

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope

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Where: co(z) cr(z)

is the orography factor is the roughness factor

Where: zmin zmax

z0,II = 0,05 (terrain category II)

is the minimum height is to be taken as 200 m

EN 1991-1-4 4.3.2 Table 4.1

Calculation of Iv(z) Iv(z) turbulence intensity

for z min z z max for z < z min

EN 1991-1-4 4.4 eq. 4.7

I v = I v ( z min ) Where: kI z so: = 7,30 m

is the turbulence factor recommended value for kI is 1,0

zmin < z < zmax

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope

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1 7 2 qp (7 ,30) = 1 + 2 1,25 26 ln (7 ,30 / 0,05)

7 2 3 = 1 + 422,5 0,947 10 = 0,911 kN/m ln(7 ,30 / 0,05)

External pressure coefficients

a) vertical walls for D: E:

cpe = 0,7 cpe = - 0,3

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope

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b) duopitch roofs with = 5,0,

EN 1991-1-4 7.2 Table 7.4a

External pressure coefficients cpe (for zone D, E, G, H, I and J):

Internal pressure coefficient

EN 1991-1-4 5.2 eq.5.2

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope

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EN 1991-1-4 7.2.9 (6) Note 2

1,46 30,00 [m]

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope

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Roof shape coefficient

EN 1991-1-3 5.3 Table 5.1