EQUATION OF A CIRCLE

Learning Area: Curriculum Year: Proponent/Writer: School and Address: Least Learned Skill: I. Mathematics III Third Year Jayson O. Daguro ODonnell High School Annex Sta. Juliana, Capas, Tarlac Finding the equation of a circle.

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The Olympic Flag

The Olympic flag, as we see it today, was a first used in the 1920 games held in Antwerp, Belgium. The five colors of the rings or circles are the colors that can be found in most flags of the world; although, some believe that each color represents one continent. The interlinking of these five rings signifies the assembly of the athletes of the world. The white background symbolizes peace and unity throughout the duration of the games. When and where will be the next Olympic Games after the succesfully done in China last August 8, 2008? What is the ultimate goal of the Olympics? This card tells us more about concepts and finding the equation of a circle. Come and explore the beauty of the circle.

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ACTIVITY CARD

Lets review what we already know about circles. A circle is a locus (set) of points in a plane equidistant from a fixed point. A circle is a set of points equidistant from a fix point C(h, k) called center. The fixed distance r from the center to any point on the circle is called radius. The standard equation of a circle with C (h, k) and radius r is as follows: (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2 Circle whose center is at the origin Equation: x + y
2 2 = 2

Circle whose center is at (h, k) Called the center-radius form

r xample: Circle with Equation: (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2 Example: Circle with center (2, -5), radius 3. (x 2)2 + (y + 5)2 = 9 Graph: Center at (2, -5), radius 3
1 5 4 -2 3 -3 2 -4 1 --5 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 2 3 4

center (0, 0), radius 4. x2 + y2 = 16 Graph: Center at (0, 0), radius 4

6

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6

6 -6 -7 -8 -9

Now, if we multiply out the above example (x 2)2 + (y + 5)2 = 9, we will get:

(x 2)2 + (y + 5)2 = 9 (x - 4x + 4) + (y + 10y + 24) = 9 x2 - 4x + 4 + y2 + 10y + 24 = 9 x + y 4x + 10y + 20 = 0

2 2 2 2

When we multiply out, we obtain the standard form of the equation of a circle. Notice that in standard form we can clearly see that the equation of a circle has both x2 and y2 terms have the same coeeficient (ussually 1).

Ax2 + By2 + Cx + Dy + E = 0

Standard form of a circle

When the equation of a circle appears in standard form, it is often beneficial to convert the equation to center-radius form to easily read the center corrdinates and the radius. Examples: 1. Convert x2 + y2 4x 6y + 8 = 0 into center-radius form.

This conversion requires use of technique of completing the square.

x2 + y2 4x 6y + 8 = 0 x 4x + y 6y = 8 x 4x + ___ + y 6y + ___ = 8+___+___ x 4x + 4 + y 6y + 9 = 8+ 4 + 9 (x 2) + (y 3) = 5
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

 Start by grouping the x related to terms together and the y related terms together. Take any numnerical constant (plain numbers) to the right side.  Set up spaces to receive your values for creating perfect square trinomials. Balance both sides.  Find the missing value by taking have of the middle term and squaring. This value is always positive.  Rewrite in factored form.

You can now read that the center of the circle is at (2, 3) and the radius is

2. How do the coordinates of the center of a circle relate to C and D when the equation of a circle is in the standard form:

x2 + y2 + Cx + Dy + E = 0? Lets make some observations. Re-examine our previous equations in standard form and centered-radius form. Do you see a relationship between the center coordinates and C and D? Standard Form x2 + y2 4x + 10y + 20 = 0 C = -4, D = 10 x + y 4x + 6y + 8 = 0 C = -4, D = -6
2 2

Center-Radius Form (x 2)2 + (y + 5)2 = 9 Center (2, - 5) (x 2)2 + (y 3)2 = 5 Center (2, 3)

It appears that the values of C and D are -2 times the coordinates of the center respectively. Why is this occuring? When (x 2)2 + (y 3)2 = 5 is expanded, (x 2)2 becomes x2 4x + 4, where the center terms coefficient doubles the value of -2. Rememebr that while the equation deals with (x 2)2, the actual xcoordinate of the center of this circle is +2.

(x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2 has center at (h, k)

3. Write the equation of the circlewhose diamter has endpoints (4, -1) and (-6, 7).

14 12 10 8 6 4 Wn below it is -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2

Find the center using the midpoint formula.

 

 =

 = (-1, 3)

Find the radius using the distance formula. 

=
2 -2 4 6 8 10 12

=
The equation of the circle is: (x + 1)2 + (y 3)2 = 41

-4 -6 -8

4. Writethe equation of the circle shown below if it is shifted 3 units to the right and 4 units up.

6 5 4 3 2 1 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 2 3 4 5 6

A shift of 3 units to the right and 4 units up places the center at the point (3, 4). The radius of the circle can be seen from the graph to be 5 units. Equation: (x 1)2 + (y 4)2 = 25

5. Convert 2x2 + 2y2 + 6x 8y + 12 = 0 into center radius form.

Whoa!!! This equation looks different. Are you sure this is a circle? In this equation, both the x and y terms appear in squared form and their coefficients (the number in front of them) are the same. Yes we have a circle here! We will, however, have to deal with the coefficients of 2 before we can complete the square.

2x2 + 2y2 + 6x 8y + 12 = 0

2x2 + 6x + 2y2 8y + 12 = 0 x + 3x + y 4y + 6 = 0 x2 + 3x + ___ + y2 4y + ___ = -6 + ___ + ___ x + 3x + /4 + y 4y + 4 = -6 + /4 + 4 (x + /2) + (y 2) =

3 2 2 2 9 2 9 2 2

 Group the terms.  Divide each term by 2.  Get ready to create perfect squares.  Take half of the middle term and square it.  Factor and write in center-radius form.

III.

ASSESMENT CARD

BE Challenge try more examples Eaxample 1: Find the equation of a circle whose center is at (2, -4) and radius 5.

Example 2: Find the equation of a circle that has a diameter whose endpoints A(-1, 2) and B(3, 2).

Example 3: Find the center and radius of the circle whith equation x2 4x + y2 6y + 9 = 0.

Solutions:
Eaxample 1: Given: (h, k) = (2, -4) and r = 5 (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2 (x 2)2 + (y (-4))2 = 52 Equation of the circle: (x 2)2 + (y + 4)2 = 25 Susbtitute (h, k) and r in the standard equation:

Example 2: The center of the circle is the midpoint of the line segment making the diameter AB. x-coordinate of C = (-1 + 3)/2 = 1 y-coordinate of C = (2 + 2)/2 = 2 The radius is the half the distance between A and B. r = {(1/2) [(3 (-1)]2 + [2 2]2}1/2 r = (1/2)(42+ + 02)1/2 r=2 The coordinate of C and the radius are used in the standard equation of the circle to onyain the equation: (x 1)2 + (y 2)2 = 22

Equation of the circle: Example 3:

(x 1)2 + (y 2)2 = 4

In order to find the center and the radius of the circle, we, first rewrite the given equation into the standard form as given above in the definition. Put all terms with x and x2 together and all terms with y and y2 together using parentheses. (x2 4x) + (y2 6y) + 9 = 0 We now complete the square within each parenthesis: (x2 4x + 4) + (y2 6y + 9) = -9 + 4 + 9 Simplify and write in standard form. (x 2)2 + (y 3)2 = 4 (x 2)2 + (y 3)2 = 22 We now compare this equation and the standard equation to obtain Center at C(h, k) = C(2, 3) and r = 2 IV. ENRICHMENT CARD

Mathched Exercises 1: Find the equation of a circle whose cener is at (2, -4) and radius 3.

Mathched Exercises 2: Find the equation of a circle that has a diameter with the endpoints given by A(0, -2) and B(0, 2).

Mathched Exercises 3: Find the center and radius of the circle with equation x2 2x + y2 8y + 1 = 0.

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REFERENCE CARD A circle is the set of points from a fixed-point C(h, k) called center. The fixed distance r from the center to any point on the circle is called radius. The standard equation of a circle with center C(h, k) and radius r is as follows: (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2

 GEOMETRY IN THE REAL WORLD (Explorations and Applications) by Karl Friedrich and Jose D. Romero, pp. 288 291.

 e-MATH GEOMETRY by Orlando A. Oronce, pp. 445 448.

ANSWERS KEY:

Mathched Exercises 1: Find the equation of a circle whose cener is at (2, -4) and radius 3. Equation of the circle: (x 2)2 + (y + 4)2 = 9

Mathched Exercises 2: Find the equation of a circle that has a diameter with the endpoints given by A(0, -2) and B(0, 2). Center at (0, 0)and r = 2 Equation of the circle: x2 + y2 = 4

Mathched Exercises 3: Find the center and radius of the circle with equation x2 2x + y2 8y + 1 = 0. Write the given equation in standard form by completing the squares. x2 2x + y2 8y + 1 = 0. x2 2x + 1 + y2 8y + 16 = -1 + 1 + 16 (x 1)2 + (y 4)2 = 16 (x 1)2 + (y 4)2 = 42

Center is at (1, 4) and r = 4