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The history and philosophy of science (HPS) is an academic discipline that encompasses the philosophy of science and the

history of science. Although many scholars in the field are trained primarily as either historians or as philosophers, there are degree-granting departments of HPS at several prominent universities (see below). Goals:There are many goals of science teaching. By using the following simple criteria, most goals can be summarized into a few categories.

Goals should be comprehensive enough to include the generally accepted aims and objectives of science teaching.

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Goals should be understandable for other teachers, administrators, and parents. Goals should be neutral, that is, free of bias and not oriented toward any particular view of science teaching. Goals should be few in number. Goals should differentiate concepts and abilities. Goals should be easily applicable to instructional and learning objectives.

Goals:Using the aforementioned criteria, we can identify the following categories of goals for science education: scientific knowledge, scientific methods, social issues, personal needs, and career awareness. Many objectives can be deduced from these goals, but keep in mind that at any time all of the goals are not equally important. Still, they have been the goals underlying science curriculum and instruction.

1.

Scientific knowledge. There is a body of knowledge concerning biological, physical, and earth systems. For over 200 years, our science education programs have aimed toward informing students of these natural systems. This goal has been, and will continue to be, of significant importance for science teachers. Stated formally, this goal is: Science education should develop fundamental understandings of natural systems.

2.

Scientific methods. A second goal has centered on the abilities and understandings of the methods of scientific investigation. Descriptions of the goal have changed; for example, the termsinquiry and discovery have been used to describe the scientific methods goal. The goal can be stated as: Science education should develop a fundamental understanding of, and ability to use, the methods of scientific inquiry.

3.

Societal issues. Science education exists in society and should contribute to the maintenance and aspirations of the culture. This goal is especially important when there are social challenges directly related to science. This goal is: Science education should prepare citizens to make responsible decisions concerning science-related social issues.

4.

Personal needs. All individuals have needs related to their own biological/psychological systems. Briefly stated, this goal is:Science education should contribute to an understanding and fulfillment of personal needs, thus contributing to personal development.

5.

Career awareness. Scientific research, development, and application continue through the work of individuals within science and technology and through the support of those not directly involved in scientific work. Therefore, one important goal has been: Science education should inform students about careers in the sciences.

Branches of Earth Science Geology Branch of earth science. The study of the origin, history, and structure of the Earth and the processes that shape the Earth Volcanologist Geologist who studies volcanoes. Seismologist Geologist who studies earthquakes. Paleontologist Geologist who studies fossils. Oceanography Branch of Earth Science. The study of the sea (meaning oceans, bays, and seas). Physical Oceanographer Studies physical features of waves and currents on weather patterns and aquatic life. Biological Oceanographer Studies the plants and animals that live in the ocean. Geological Oceangraphers Studies and explores the ocean floor. Chemical Oceanographers Studies the amounts and distrubutions of natural and human-made chemicals in the ocean. Meterology Studies the Earth's atmosphere as it relates to weather and climate. Astronomy Studies of the universe. Environmental Science Special branch of earth science. The study of how humans interact with the environment Ecology Special branch of earth science. Study the relationships between organisms and their surroundings. Ecologist Studies a community of organisms and their nonliving environment. Geochemistry Special branch of earth science. Study of geology and chemistry. Geochemist Studies the chemistry of rocks, minerals, and soil. Physical Geographers Educated in geology, biology, and physics. They study the surface features of the earth. Cartography Cartography is a special branch of earth science. Cartographers make maps *the earth is different because the weather there is natural unlike the other planets were its freezing cold or boiling hot and is the only place that you can live and not die easily dev:Facts about paleontology: development of Earth sciences,as discussed in Earth sciences: Paleontology and stratigraphy: During the 17th century the guiding principles of paleontology and historical geology began to emerge in the work of a few individuals. Nicolaus Steno, a Danish scientist and theologian, presented carefully reasoned arguments favouring the organic origin of what are now called fossils. Also, he elucidated three principles that made possible the reconstruction of certain kinds of geologic events... Related Topics

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biochronology biologyStudy of living things and their vital processes . The field deals with all the physicochemical aspects of life. As a result of the modern tendency to unify scientific knowledge and investigation, however, there has been an overlapping of the field of biology with other scientific disciplines....

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geochronology (Earth science)Field of scientific investigation concerned with determining the age and history of the Earths rocks and rock assemblages. Such time determinations are made and the record of past geologic events is deciphered by studying the distribution and succession of rock strata, as well as the...

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historyThe discipline that studies the chronological record of events (as affecting a nation or people), based on a critical examination of source materials and usually presenting an explanation of their causes. invertebrate paleontology life (biology)Living matter and, as such, matter that shows certain attributes that include responsiveness, growth, metabolism , energy transformation, and reproduction . Although a noun, as with other defined entities, the word life might be better cast as a verb to reflect its essential status as a process....

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micropaleontology (geology) paleontology (science)Scientific study of life of the geologic past that involves the analysis of plant and animal fossils, including those of microscopic size, preserved in rocks. It is concerned with all aspects of the biology of ancient life forms: their shape and structure, evolutionary patterns, taxonomic...

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