Name: Charizza G.

Adriano Sec: FM2A Summary of American Period: The PhilippineAmerican War , also known as the Philippine War of Independence was an armed conflict between a group of Filipino revolutionaries and the United States which arose from the struggle of the First Philippine Republic to gain independence following annexation by the United States. The Philippine-American war began in February 1899 and Aguinaldo led a new revolt, this time against US rule. Filipinos turned to guerilla warfare when defeated on the battlefield and their defeat became a mammoth project for the United States. This war cost far more money and took far more lives than the Spanish-American war. On the night of February 4 1899, while most Filipino officers were still in Malolos, Private Robert W. Grayson of the Nebraska Volunteers shot and killed a Filipino soldier who was crossing the San Juan Del Monte Bridge in Metro Manila. Some 126,000 American soldiers would be committed to the conflict, 4,234 American and 16,000 Filipino soldiers, part of a nationwide guerilla movement of indeterminate numbers, died. Estimates on civilian deaths during the war range between 250,000 and 1,000,000, largely because of famine and disease. Thus, began a war when Filipino troops opened fire on the Americans in revenge. Aguinaldo declared it his duty to preserve the honor of the Filipino army which had been unfairly attacked. Thus, began the war between the two former allies. The Americans captured the Manila waterworks, Pandacan, Marikina, Pateros, Guadalupe and Pasig. Gen. Antonio Luna, a European trained officer and Aguinaldos most capable military commander, attacked Manila on February 22, 1899. Lunas group went to Tondo and advanced as far as Azcarraga Street. He instructed the Filipino loyalist in the city to burn the American base. While the firefighting was taking place, the Filipinos cut the hoses of the fireman and

began killing and fighting Americans and the Americans fought back and forced the Filipinos to retreat. The American groups led by General Arthur Mc Arthur began their offensive and move towards Malolos, the revolutionary capital, and their objective was to capture it. Malolos was captured on March 31, 1899. After Malolos fell on the hands of the Americans, Emilio Aguinaldo transferred the capital of the Republic to San Fernando Pampanga. Gen. MacArthur continued his travel. The battle of Bagbag River was fought on April 26, the battle of Calumpit on May 4. Pampanga was taken despite its brave defense by General Luna. Aguinaldo and his government escaped, however, establishing a new capital at San Isidro, Nueva Ecija. Antonio Luna was murdered in June. The Filipino cause suffered a number of defeats. With his best best commander dead and as American forces pushed into northern Luzon, Aguinaldo dissolved the regular army in November 1899 and ordered the organization of decentralized guerilla commands in each several military zones. The attempts of Pedro Paterno to negotiate a peace ended in failure because Otis insisted on unconditional surrender. The general population, caught between Americans and rebels, suffered significantly.