GEOPHYSICS,

VOL.

XXIX,

NO.

4 (AUGUST,

1964)

PP.

517-531,

10 FIGS.

MAGNETIC ARBITRARY

ANOMALIES

DUE

TO

PRISM-SHAPED

BODIES

WITH

POLARIZATIONS

B.

K.

BHATTACHARYYA*

A study is made of magnetic anomalies due to prism-shaped bodies with arbitrary polarization. Expressions of the total field and its first and second derivatives are derived on the assumption of uniform magnetization throughout the body. Formulas for all possible cases in connection with a rectangular prism with vertical sides can be obtained either directly from this paper or by simple extension of the formulas given here. Using the exact expressions given in this paper, the total field and its derivatives are evaluated conveniently and rapidly with the aid of a digital computer. The effect of the dip angle and declination of the polarization vector on the size and shape of the magnetic anomaly is then studied for the case when the earth normal total field vector has a dip angle of 60 and declination s of 0. With an increase in the dip angle of the polarization vector, the negative anomaly occurring on the north of the causative body diminishes in magnitude, whereas the positive and second derivative anomalies increase to maximum values and then decrease. With an increase in declination, this latter trend is repeated with the positive anomaly but the negative and second-derivative anomalies decrease systematically. Both the positive and secondderivative anomalies become more and more symmetrical with respect to the prismatic body with increase in either the inclination or declination of the polarization vector.
INTRODUCTION

In the interpretation of aeromagnetic data, theoretical calculation of total field anomalies for various types of model sources has an important place. For this simple reason, there is no paucity of published papers outlining methods for calculating the total-intensity field for different model sources, e.g., point pole, line of poles, point dipole, and line of dipoles (Henderson and Zietz, 1948; Smellie, 1956) and prism-shaped bodies (Vacquier et al, 1951; Hughson, 1962). Of all these, the paper by Vacquier et al has probably been used most extensively because of the importance of block-type bodies in aeromagnetic interpretation. All the papers mentioned above have assumed the induction in the earth magnetic field s to be responsible for the magnetization of the rock mass. Experimental work on rock magnetism has made it abundantly clear that, contrary to the earlier belief, presence of permanent magnetization is often the rule, rather than the exception, in the rocks of the earth crust. Permanent s m gnetization associates itself with induced maga netization to orient the polarization vector of the rock mass in some arbitrary direction. The direction of this polarization vector influences apprecit Manuscript received by the Editor December 10, 1963. * Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 517

ably the size and shape of the associated magnetic anomaly. The necessity of a study of this influence is being increasingly felt. A few papers on this subject have already been published. In most of these papers the results for specific model sources have been presented, e.g., infinitely long dikes (Hutchison, 1958); point dipole and line of dipoles (Sutton and Mumme, 1937); a point dipole, a horizontal line of dipoles, a thin, dipping sheet, a thick, dipping sheet, and a sloping step (Hall, 1959). The present paper treats only the case of prismshaped bodies with arbitrary polarization. The effect of the dip angle and declination of the polarization vector on the size and shape of the magnetic anomaly has been studied. An expression of the total field in closed form is derived on the assumption of uniform magnetization throughout the body. Without this assumption, analysis of this problem will be practically impossible because of our lack of knowledge of the probable distribution of magnetization in a given rock mass. Expressions in closed form for the first and second vertical derivatives of the total field are also obtained. Though the obtained expressions look cumbersome, it is much faster to evaluate the total field

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518

B. K.

Bhattacharyya

5
z

invariant over the area of observation and lies in the same direction as the earth field. In the s case when a total field measurement will be made, the direction of measurement \vill, therefore, be the same as the earth field vector which is des fined by the direction cosines, 1, m, and ~1. Let N, p, and y be the coordinates of the volume element dcvdfldyin the prism (Figure 1). Let the polarization vector be characterized by the direction cosines L, M, and N. Then the field produced by the volume element dad/3dy is given by

FIG. 1. An elementary volume of the prism anti the

coordinatesystem.

(1)
and its derivatives using these exact expressions rather than using the approximate numerical method as given by Vacquier et al (1951). In two hours with an IBM 1620 computer it is possible to obtain exact values of the total field and its first and second vertical derivatives at about 1,000 points in a horizontal plane above a particular prism with known direction of polarization.
PRISM WITH INFINITE VERTICAL SIDES

where I, is the polarization, ds is an element of length in the direction of the polarization vector, and dt is an element in the direction of the total field of the earth. Let (x, y, z) be the coordinates of the point of observation. Then,

a
at

a
ax

a
ay

a
a2
(2)

-=l-+m--++lz--, Let us consider a prism-shaped body at a depth lzbelow the level of observation, the upper surface of which is a horizontal plane and the vertical sides infinitely extended. The polarization vector is taken to be at an angle 0 with the direction of the earth field. Since the magnitude of the s anomalous field is generally small as compared to the earth total field, the direction of the res sultant of the two field vectors will practically be

a --=,;+A!t;+x;, . as
and Y2 = (a X) + (p y)Z + (y 2) .

(3

(1)

By utilizing equations (2), (3), and (4), (1) may be written as

dF = I,

COS + 0

iiL(a +

x)? + mM(P -

y)"

n~T(y

z)~ +

4cy - x)(/3- y)

a13(a- X)(Y - 2) + CY~~(PY)(Y - z) -

I]~d&&, (3
(6)

where CYST Lm + Ml, = aI3 = Ln + Sl and cy23= MTZ + Sm.

(5) may now be integrated with respect to y and the volume integral reduced to a surface integral:

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Magnetic

Anomalies,

Prism-Shaped

Bodies

519

nhere cos % = 1L + mM + nS cyl = O( x, p1 = p y, a2 = cyl?+ PI, (I2 z)?.

ro? = cY12 p1* + +

We shall now take the plane of observation to be the z=O plane and integrate (7) with respect to LY,. The integrals appearing in (7) are all of standard type and so they pose no serious difficulty. Considerable algebraic and trigonometric manipulations are, however, needed to obtain

/.I., y, 0) = I, (
\vhere _$!(1 2)

.mlvP1,

(8)

-I;p l_) (

After the integration of (8) \vith respect to /3,, the expression of the total anomalous field may finally be written as

where LY,,flu are the upper limits and LYL, the loner limits of (~1and pi, respectively. fin Let 10, Do, be the inclination and declination, respectively, of the earth field and I, D be the s inclination and declination of the polarization vector. In the case when the n: axis is directed north ward and when the direction of polarization is the same as that of the earth field, we have s I = I, = sin 6 I? = .Y = cos 6 m = M = 0, where 6 = OIP Substitution of the above equations in (10) yields I.

F(.t_, 0) Y, I,

= [cos *

tan-l(s)

sin* G.tan-

(_ ) _

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520

B. K. Bhattacharyya

This is exactly the same case as treated by Vacquier et al (1951). When the s-axis is directed northward but the direction of polarization is different from that of the earth field, we have s

1L tan-

(YlPl

w2 + rob + la? > where, in the present case, (~1~= cos I cos lo sin D

al3 = cos 10 sin I + cos I sin 1 cos D,

and CYZZ cos I sin IO sin D. =
VERTICAL DERIVATIVES OF THE TOTAL FIELD

In (10) if we substitute (/z--z) for 11,we obtain the expression of the anomalous field F(s, y, z). Since

a _= a2
and

a -____ c3(h - z)

a2 a? _=___, a22 a(12 - z)?

it is fairly easy to oblain first and second vertical derivatives of the anomalous field at (x, y, 0). After some algebraic and trigonometric manipulations, we obtain at z=O,

.((CL 2hz)ro2 . IL 2

@&/?(3r? - cq?) a2fi,2{ + cxl? - mM --~--~__ k rB(?? _ cyl?)? Y03

(CT12 It2 + 2Y?) + fL.J- -_zP_+ ro3(h2+ CU~)~ Y(cQy31~ ro?h2) +

alhh

(ro2+ h2j2
a12fl12 ro2h2 + Y,,~

(14

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Magnetic

Anomalies,

Prism-Shaped

Bodies

521

It is easy to handle equations (13) and (14) with the help of a digital computer. When the x axis is directed northward and the polarization vector and the earth field vector are in s the same direction, (13) and (11) are reduced to the following equations:

2 sin 6 cos 6 r&o

Plk
PI?)

I I
L[

-I1

!%I

(1.5)

SI

and

2sin6cos6-------rs(r* - pr?)?

Pl

( (a

2h?)ro - a2pr?) - sin?6

a1

Pl

- (or? + 19 + 2ro?) ro3(lz + al?)?

SOME

GENERAL

CONSIDERATIONS

y = (y z = (y -

y0) cos 00 yo) sin 00 +

(.r (.r -

.r) sin 00 2) cos BO.

Equation (10) may be conveniently utilized to obtain the total field for bodies of finite vertical extent. For example, if the prismatic body under consideration has its top at a depth h from the plane of observation and its bottom at a depth w, we have to determine fields due to two bodies of infinite vertical extent, one at a depth lz and the other w, and then subtract the latter from the former in order to evaluate the anomalous field for the given body. Applying the same technique to (13) and (14) we may also obtain the first and second vertical derivatives of the field. In cases where none of the horizontal sides of the body are parallel to either the x- or y-axis but where the sides are perpendicular to each other, the problem can be solved by a rotation and simultaneous translation of the axes and then substituting the new values of R: and y in (lo), (13), and (14). For example, let the center of the prism be (x0, yO) and let the longer side of the body make an angle B0with the n--axis. If we draw a.new coordinate system with the origin at the top of the center of the body and with x and y axis parallel to the sides of the body, the new (CCy coordinates of any point will correspond , ) to the (x, y) coordinates in (to), (13), and (14). To refer the whole system to the (r-y) coordinate system, we have to use the following relations:

Thus, the total field and its first and second vertical derivatives may be calculated with the help of (lo), (13), and (11) for a prism with rectangular sides situated anywhere at any angle with the horizontal axis, provided the top of the prism is kept horizontal.
CONTOUR MAPS OF THE TOTAL FIELD AND ITS

VERTICAL

DERIVATIVES

In order to study the characteristics of the contour maps for the total field and its derivatives, only the prismatic body with infinite vertical dimension is considered in this paper. X11 the coordinates are measured in terms of the spacing which is taken as unity. The center of the prism is taken to be vertically below the origin of the coordinate system chosen. The top of the prism is outlined by dashed heavy lines in all the contour diagrams. The total field is shown by solid light lines and the second derivative by dashed light lines. Due to the necessity of making the diagrams less complicated and keeping the number of diagrams as small as possible, the first-derivative maps have not been presented at all. They are much smoother than the second-derivative maps. It will, however, not be out of place to

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522
NORTH

B. K.

Bhattacharyya

IO

1
0. i

\
i

o*

so0

,
I

,_-I

_.-

_______---

/
/

__A

25

FIG. 2.

Contour diagram of the total field and its vertical secondderivative when D=II,,=O Secondderivatives are shownby dashedlines. a~=Pr= -4; 1~=3.

and I=la=600.

emphasize here the importance of the first-derivative maps for various types of calculation in ,interpretation. For a rectangular prism when a,= -crU and /3 -&, = a study of the different terms in (10) reveals that the coefficients of IL, mM, and nN are even functions of both .Xand y. The coefficient of aI3 is even in y but odd in .Y,whereas the coeff-

cient of cyZ3 even in N but odd in y. The remainis ing term, which is the coefficient of cyr?, an odd is function of both x and y. Thus, it can be shown with the aid of (lo), (13), and (14) that the total field and its vertical derivatives are symmetrical with respect to the y-axis when the polarization vector and the earth field vector are perpendicus lar to the y-axis, i.e., m= M=O. This is also the

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Magnetic

Anomalies,

Prism-Shaped

Bodies

523

case when the x-axis is directed northward and the magnetization of the rock mass is due to induction alone. This explains why all the contour maps published by \-acquier et al (1951) are symmetrical with respect to the y-axis. It should, however, be emphasized that a contour map is, in general, not likely to be symmetrical with respect to any axis whatsoever. In Figure 2 is shown the contour map of the total field and its vertical second derivative when D = Do = 0 and Z = lo = 60. This serves as a rcference and at the same time an ideal map. The total field and its vertical second derivati1.e are drawn in Figures 3, 4, 5, and 6 for D = O ,

Z=Z0=600, and for four values of DC, e.g., Do=@, 90, 135, and 180 With the help of . these diagrams it is possible to study the variation of the characteristics of the total field and its vertical second derivative with the change in declination of the polarization vector with respect to that of the earth field vector. s The positive anomaly oi the total field is at a maximum distance away from the center of the prism when D= Do (Figure 2). This anomaly shifts toward the center and the negative anomaly away from the center as (DO-D) increases. Ho\vever, a second negative anomaly, small in magnitude, appears at the south end of the map and

FIG. 3. Contour diagram of the total field and its vertical secondderivative when 11=0, I= Ia=60, and &=45 Secondderivativesare shownby dashedlines. ar=/3~= -4; h=3. .

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524

B. K.

Bhattacharyya

FIG. 4. Contour diagram of the total field and its vertical secondderivative when ZI=O, I=Zo=600, and &=90 Secondderivativesare sholvnby dashedlines. ac=fi,= -4; 1~=3. .

gradually moves toward the center with increase in Do, When Do= 180, the contours become practically symmetrical with respect to the center of the prism and look as if the prism has been taken to the magnetic pole and the polarization is due to induction alone. The amplitude of the positive anomaly decreases gradually with increase in (Do-D), reaches a minimum, and then begins to increase. The second-derivative contours are also initially very unsymmetrical with respect to both x and y axes and look more and more symmetrical as Do increases. The magnitude of the second derivative, however, decreases systematically with in-

crease in Do. For studying the variation in the characteristics of the total field and its vertical second derivative with change in the inclination Ia of the polarization vector, four contour maps are drawn in Figures 7, 8, 9, and 10 by setting I= 60, D = 0 and for values of Z0 from 0 to 135 at steps of 45. When Zo=O i.e., the polarization vector , is horizontal, the negative high of the anomaly occurs at the north of the positive high, and the former is of higher amplitude than the latter. The zero contours of the second derivative nowhere follow the outline of the body when lo = 0. ,4s lo increases, the negative high diminishes and the

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Magnetic
NORTH

Anomalies,

Prism-Shaped

Bodies

525

I, : boo
-

h
0, =

139

FIG. 5. Contour diagram of the total field and its vertical secondderivative when D=O, Z=Z,=60, DO= 135. Secondderivativesare shown by dashed lines. al=fi~= -4; h=3. positive high begins to increase, reaches a maximum, and then starts to decrease. The same thing applies for the second derivative of the total field. Both of them become more and more symmetrical with respect to the body of the prism with increase in lo. In all the contour diagrams presented in this paper, the prism has been taken to be rectangular with equal sides. A few diagrams drawn for un-

and

equal sides of the prism show that, according to whether a side of the prism increases or decreases in length, the shape of the anomaly bulges out or shrinks in the direction of the side. Besides this, there is no other relationship observed between the physical dimensions of the prism and the shape of the magnetic anomaly. Hence, these diagrams have not been included in this paper.
(Text continued on page 531)

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B. K.

Bhattacharyya

I,

1 600
.

</--,

_-

____--_

/
,

, /
/

,.r---------\ ----\

;I;;:
I

,/I

1,

\_ ------.______\+_--____-

1 I, I,
1,

I
_

1
/
/

:
\
-.05 \\ . \ .._ . .

-________---______-____#
-._ -_-____._els

.._

_--__ I .I

FIG. 6. Contour diagram of the total field and its vertical second derivative when U=O,

I =10=600,

and

Do= 180. Second derivatives are shown by dashed lines. CE,=~~= -4;

h=3.

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Magnetic

Anomalies,

Prism-Shaped

Bodies

527

NORTH

i____ --______..+

,,

i ,,_________~_-

.I

---lx

\.._

-. -..

-..___.-.-l

FIG. 7. Contour diagram of the total field and its vertical second derivative when II = II0 = O, I = 60, and 10=O. Second derivatives are sholvn by dashed lines. aI=ljl= -4; l/=3.

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528

B. K.

Bhattacharyya

NORTH

,I

,-

---Y

\\Y\

FIG. 8. Contour diagram of the total field and its vertical second derivative when D= Do= 0, I = 60, and I0=45. Second derivatives are shown by dashed lines. oli=pi= -4; h=3.

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Magnetic

Anomalies,

Prism-Shaped

Bodies

529

\
.25

\
, . ---___________

FIG. 9. Contour diagram of the total field and its vertical second derivative when D = Do =O, I = 60, and Z0=90 Second derivatives are shown by dashed lines. al=Pl= -4; h=3. .

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530

B. K.

Bhattacharyya

NORTN

I,

= 13S0

0.

FIG. IO. Contour diagram of the total field and its vertical second derivative when ZI=D,=O~,
IO=

1=60,

135. Second derivatives are shown by dashed lines. ~l!=p!=

-4;

11~3.

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Magnetic
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Anomalies,

Prism-Shaped

Bodies

531

nificant the results produced by polarization to the field for Attempts futile.

role compared to simplify

to that due to remanence. this problem may look to be call for very they are only

In this paper of an investigation prism-shaped vector earth s arbitrarily

have been presented on the anomalies the total with oriented

Some special problems

bodies with

simple answers,

but, unfortunately,

respect

a few of the various possibilities.

REFERENCES

field vector.

Formulas

of the total derivatives

and its first and be obtained

second vertical

all possible cases in connection either directly simple extension of the formulas The diagrams pronounced tion tours ative may

with a prism can given here. magnetizain conof

from this paper or by

for some simple cases show how field and its vertical Asymmetry in the presence

the influence of permanent be on the total contours. a rule

second-derivative remanence.

is, in general, do not normally,

The zero contours of the second derivas is often assumed, may outand the maximum occur at

line the body,

quite some distance from the center of the body. The problem of interpretation thus become exceedingly magnetization due to induction of anomalies may in cases where plays an insigdifficult

Hall, D. H., 1959, Direction of polarization determined from magnetic anomalies: Jour. Geoph. Research, v. 64, p. 19-L-1959. Henderson, R. G., and Zietz, I., 1948, ;\nalysis of total magnetic intensity anomalies produced by point and line sources: Geophysics, v. 13, p. 428.-436. Hughson, J. ., 1964, The calculation of total-intensity I magnetic anomalies for certain bodies by digital computer: Geophysics, v. 29, p. 54-66. Hutchison, R. D., 1958! Magnetic analysis by logarithmic curves: Geophysics, v. 23, p. 749-769. Smellie, D. VV., 1956, Elementary apmosimations in aeromagnetic interpretation: geophysics v. 21, p. 1021-1040. Sutton, D. J., and Mumme, \V. G., 19.57, The effect of remanent magnetization on aeromagnetic interpretation: ;\ustralian Jour. of Physics, v. 10, IL 547-557. Vacquier, Victor, Steenland, N. C., Henderson, R. G., and Zretz, I., 1951, Intermetatron of aeromagnetic maps: Geol. Sot. .\merica Mem. 47, 151 p.

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