ORGANIZATION THEORY

I. Nature: - Organization theory is anchored on an eclectic (sociology, psychology, anthropology, economic, political science, philosophy, and mathematics) body of knowledge because of the contributions of these varieties of discipline; *Therefore, it is described as the foundation of Management practice. For Organization theory to be fully appreciated, it must be translated into management practice coupled with experience. it also uses knowledge and techniques in the accomplishments of tasks -. Organization implies structuring (the building blocks) and integrating activities; which means that: people are working and cooperating together in interdependent relationship; this idea of interrelatedness suggests working in a social system (a complex system of values and relationship of people in organization); since; people are social by nature, the tendency to organize and cooperate in interdependent relationship is inherent. Humans, by nature, are activist, as a proof; we have created and destroyed civilizations we have utilized natural resources in ingenious ways and in th process wreaked havoc with the ecosystem. We are amazed by the enormity of modern scientific and technological achievements: ex. - reaching the moon is no longer impossible - proliferation of fiber optics used our communication facilities - creation of robots to assists us in activities/work hazardous to human health - cyberspace and Information superhighway As people, we have the inherent ability to: - develop social organization to accomplish goals and the; - effective management of these organizations can be truly said as our greatest achievements

Groups and organization are pervasive part of our existence, typically; we are born into a family we evolve into groups/gangs/barkadas/cliques because of common interests and pursue common goals. We would become members of a work group when we join organization These transformations would then establish a formal relationship, often carrying over into leisure time activities which would in turn become an informal group such as; sports group; ex. Basketball, bowling, dancing, etc cultural group; ex. Performing arts and dancing civic/professional group; ex. Rotary. Lions, Kiwanis, IIEE, PSME,PMA fraternal group; ex. Knights of Columbus, Masons, Opus Dei Then, we would be doing common structured activities that would account to a pattern of behavior (mode of conducts) and relationship which would become the norm and standards of that specific group. From these thoughts or ideas, we can described organization as consisting of: 1) goal-oriented arrangements people working and behaving with purpose; 2) psychosocial system people would be interacting in groups 3) technological system people would be using knowledge and techniques; 4) integration of structure activities people would be working in patterned relationship .

Basic Concepts: Organization Theory is an organized science (a body of knowledge that includes hypotheses and propositions steaming from research studies and experiments; a study of applied science because the resulting knowledge is relevant to problem solving and decision-making in the operation and management of an enterprise or institution.

Two (2) approaches have been formulated to solve complex problems, they are the; 1) Systems approach (understanding) 2) Contingency approach (using/acting/doing)

First, Systems theory provides a new paradigm for the study of social organization and their management. This paradigm must be applied, clarified, elaborated, and made more precise. *It facilitates analysis and synthesis in a complex and dynamic environment. *It considers interrelationships among subsystems as well as interactions between the system and the suprasystem, as well as provides a means of understanding synergistic (cooperative effort of its parts) aspects (the sum is equal to the parts of the whole). This conceptual framework allows us to consider the three (3) levels of study: I-G-O model 1) Individual 2) Group = as foundation of our focus in the academe 3) Organization SYSTEMS: Defined - an organized unitary whole composed of two or more interdependent parts, components or subsystems and delineated by identifiable boundaries from its environmental supra system. - Ex. transformation system - communication system - solar system - mountain system - circulatory system - skeletal system So, an expanded definition of Organization within the context of the systems view is that; - a subsystem of its broader environment - a goal-oriented arrangement - a technical subsystem - a structural subsystem - s psychosocial subsystem Coordinated by; - managerial subsystem exercising the functions of planning and controlling in the overall management activities

Second, The Contingency View: The general essence of this view is that there is no one best way to solve a problem because there is always a middle ground between the universal law/principle and it all depends provisions. It means that; this approach recognizes the complexity involved in managing modern organizations but uses the existing body of knowledge to: 1) to relate environment and design 2) to integrate strategy and tactics 3) to determine the appropriate degree of associate (subordinate) participation in decision-making at a given specific situation. Ultimately, this view is directed toward suggesting; a) organizational design = most appropriate for a given situation. b) managerial actions Why study Organization and Management? For the simple reason that;

they are pervasive part of our existence we are affected by a wide variety of organization and management it would be advantageous for us to have a better and increased understanding of anything that affect us.

Internalization and assimilation of this knowledge would imply and somehow result into better organization and management which is the ultimate goal of every organization. Better is synonymous with Performance as the key factor in organizational results. Formula/Concept: Performance = f (ability + effort + opportunity) It is dependent on individual and group effort in achieving relevant goals So, how do we measure this? PERFORMANCE = effectiveness + efficiency + work satisfaction Effectiveness doing the right things Efficiency - doing things right