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REINFORCE NTCONCRE EMEN N ETEST TRUCTURE ES

KAMEG.S. K RCS R 1/1/2011

1. INTRODUCTION
GRADES OF CONCRETE The concrete properties vary so much with composition and methods of mixing, many different types of concrete can be obtained, each suited for a specific purpose. Concrete mixes have been classified into various grades by the Indian standards institution as given in Table 1.1. The characteristic strength is defined as the strength of material below which not more than 5 % of the test results are expected to fall. In the designation of a concrete mix, letter m refers to the mix and the number to the specified characteristic compressive strength of cube at 28 days, expressed in N/mm2. M5 and M7.5 grades of concrete may be used for lean concrete bases and simple foundations for masonry walls. These mixes need not be designed. Grades of concrete lower then M20 should not be used in reinforced concrete. Most commonly used concrete mix for beams, slabs, columns, framed structures, walls and footings is M20 . Higher mixes than M20 are used for water tanks, shells, folded plates, grid structures and heavily loaded structures. Nowaday concrete of compressive strength as high as 80 N/mm2 have been obtained without much difficulty. Table 1.1 GRADES OF CONCRETE GRADE DESIGNATION M10 M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40 SPECIFIED CHARACTERISTIC COMPRESSIVE STRENGHT AT 28 DAYS (N/mm2). 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

The mix proportions should be selected to ensure that the workability of fresh concrete is suitable for conditions of handling and placing so that after compaction, it surrounds all reinforcement and completely fills the formwork. When concrete is hardened, it should have the required strength, durability and surface finish. The determination of the proportions of cement, aggregates and water to obtain the desired strength shall be made as follows: 1 2 By designing the concrete mix By adopting nominal concrete mix.

Where the properties of materials of concrete are pre-determined experimentally or otherwise, proportioning of different materials and w/c ratio for the proper workability of concrete should be worked out by any of the known methods for concrete mix design. The concrete thus obtained is known as designed mix. Sometime it is difficult to know the properties of the constituent materials of concrete, nominal mix concrete may be used for concretes of grades. IS 456-2000 has designated the concrete mixes into a number of grades as M10, M15,
Prof.KAMEG.S./TRPCLECTURENOTES/CIVILENGG.DEPT./DATTAMEGHECOE./MUMBAIUNI. 2

M20 and M25. The mixes of these grades correspond approximately to the mix proportions (1:3:6), (1:2:4), (1:1.5:3) and (1:1:2) respectively. Mix Proportion designations The common method of expressing the proportions of ingredients of a concrete mix is in the terms of parts or ratios of cement, fine and coarse aggregates. For e.g., a concrete mix of proportions 1:2:4 means that cement, fine and coarse aggregate are in the ratio 1:2:4 or the mix contains one part of cement, two parts of fine aggregate and four parts of coarse aggregate. The proportions are either by volume or by mass. The watercement ratio is usually expressed in mass PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE 1. Weight The unit weight of plain concrete and reinforced concrete made with sand, gravel of crushed natural stone aggregate may be taken as 2400 N/m2 (2400 Kg/m3) and 2500 N/m2 (2500 Kg/m3) respectively. 2. Compressive Strength With given properties of aggregates, the compressive strength of concrete depends primarily on age, cement and the water cement ratio. The characteristic compressive strengths are based on the strength at 28 days. The strength at 7 days is about two- thirds of that at 28 days with ordinary Portland cement and generally is a good indication of strength likely to be attained. According to Abrahams law the strength of fully compacted concrete is inversely proportional to the water-cement ratio. 3. Tensile Strength of Concrete The flexural and splitting tensile strengths of various concretes are given in IS 516-1959 and IS 5816-1970 respectively. When the designer wishes to use an Estimate of the tensile strength from the compressive Strength, the following formula may be used: Flexural strength, f or = 0.7 fck N/mm2 Where fck is the characteristic compressive strength of concrete in N/mm2. The ratio of direct tensile strength fct to the compressive strength fck varies from 0.05 to 0.10. 4. Elastic Deformation The modulus of elasticity is primarily influenced by the elastic properties of the aggregate and to a lesser extent by the conditions of curing and age of the concrete, the mix proportions and the type of cement. The modulus of elasticity is normally related to the compressive strength of concrete. E c = 5700 fck Where Ec =the short term static modulus of elasticity in N/mm2, and fck = characteristic cube strength of concrete in N/mm2. 5. Shrinkage The total shrinkage of concrete depends upon the constituents of concrete, size of the member and environmental conditions. For a given environment, the total shrinkage of concrete is mostly influenced by the total amount of
Prof.KAMEG.S./TRPCLECTURENOTES/CIVILENGG.DEPT./DATTAMEGHECOE./MUMBAIUNI. 3

water present in the concrete at the time of mixing and, to a lesser extent, by the cement content. In the absence of test data, the approximate Value of the total shrinkage strain for design may be taken as 0.0003. 6. Creep of concrete Creep of concrete depends, in addition to the factors that affect shrinkage on the stress in concrete, on age at loading and the duration of loading. As long as the stress in concrete does not exceed one-third of its characteristic compressive strength, creep may be assumed to be proportional to the stress. In the absence of test data, and detailed information on the effect of the variables, the ultimate creep strain may be estimated from the following values of creep coefficient (that is, ultimate creep strain/elastic strain at the age of loading) as given in the Table1.2. Table1.2.CREEP COEFFICIENT Age at loading 7 days 28 days 1 year 7. Thermal Expansion The coefficient of thermal expansion depends on nature of the cement, the aggregate, the cement content, the Relative humidity and the size of sections. The value of coefficient of thermal expansion for concrete with Different aggregates may be taken as given in Table1.3. Table1.3. COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION Type of aggregate Quartzite Sandstone Granite Basalt Limestone Coefficient of thermal Expansion for concrete/oc 1.2 to 1.3 x 10-5 0.9 to 1.2 x 10-5 0.7 to 0.95 x 10-5 0.8.to 0.95 x 10-5 0.6 to 0.9 x 10-5 Creep coeficient 2.2 1.6 1.1

8. Poissons ratio: Poisson's ratio enables to determine the secondary stresses that occur as a result of primary stresses, and has a value of 0.15 to 0.3 for concrete. In many cases, this effect is ignored.

Prof.KAMEG.S./TRPCLECTURENOTES/CIVILENGG.DEPT./DATTAMEGHECOE./MUMBAIUNI.

9. Fire resistance: The fire resistance of reinforced concrete construction depends upon the type of aggregates, the thickness of various parts comprising the member and cover of concrete over the reinforcement. The degree of resistance required depends upon the size of building and on the use of which it is to be put. 10. Modular ratio: It is defined as the ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel (ES) to that of concrete (EC). The values of Es for all types of steel, has been adopted as 200 kN/mm2 and for concrete M15 the value of Ec is 22.076 kN/mm2. Modular ratio m = However, IS code recommends the value of m as 280 / ( 3 . cbc ) , from which the modulae ratio m works out to be 13.33 for m20 concrete. This value is adopted in working stress design method because it compensates in part for the errors involved in considering reinforced concrete as theoretically elastic substance and for the neglect if any tensile resistance of the concrete in bending. The modular ratio is used only in the range of service stresses and plays no part in the ultimate limit state design. 11. Modulus of rupture: The tensile resistance of concrete in bending is termed as modulus of rupture. This resistance is normally neglected in the design of ordinary structural members but is taken into account in the design of liquid retaining structures. The minimum modulus of structural concrete at 3 days and 7 days are given in Table 1.4. Table 1.4. Optional tests requirements of concrete for modulus of rupture Grade of Compressive strength of 15 cm. cubes. Modulus of rupture by beam test, concrete min. min at 7 days. (N/mm2) 13.5 17.9 20.0 23.5 27.0 At 722 hours N/mm2 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 At 7 days N/mm2 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.2 3.4

M20 M25 M30 M35 M40

Working stress method

This method is also known as modular ratio method or elastic stress method. In this method, the moment and forces acting on a structure are computed. A factor of safety 3 in concrete and 1.78 to 1.80 in steel is adopted because in the event of failure crushing of concrete takes place unexpectedly and explosively, since it is a brittle material. Whereas steel yields gradually and hence gives advance warning. Since reinforced concrete is not a perfectly elastic material, Concrete members never have uniform moment of inertia due to variable cracking along their length and varying areas of reinforcement.

Prof.KAMEG.S./TRPCLECTURENOTES/CIVILENGG.DEPT./DATTAMEGHECOE./MUMBAIUNI.

STABILITY OF STRUCTURES
In designing any structure, care should be taken to external stability of the structure or its component members individually in addition to its internal resistance. For stability, generally two conditions are to be satisfied, i.e., the structure should be safe against overturning and also against sliding.

Overturning
The stability of a structure as a whole against overturning should be ensured so that restoring moment shall be not less than the sum of 1.2 times the maximum overturning moment due to characteristic dead load and 1.4 times the maximum overturning moment due to the imposed loads. In case where dead load provides the restoring moment only 0.9 times the characteristics dead load should be considered. Restoring moment due to imposed loads should be ignored. The anchorages or counter weights provided for overhanging members (during construction and service) should be such that static equilibrium should remain, even when overturning moment is doubled.

Sliding
The structure should have a factor of safety against sliding of not less than 1.4 under the most adverse combination of the applied characteristic forces. In this case only 0.9 times the characteristic dead load should be taken into account. To ensure stability at all times, account should be taken of probable variation in dead load during construction, repair or any other temporary measures. Wind or seismic loading should be treated as imposed loadings.

Prof.KAMEG.S./TRPCLECTURENOTES/CIVILENGG.DEPT./DATTAMEGHECOE./MUMBAIUNI.