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JURNAL 1
Judul HUBUNGAN USIA DAN PARITAS IBU TERHADAP KETERATURAN PEMERIKSAAN
ANTENATAL CARE PADA IBU HAMIL
Jurnal Journal of Health Science
Volume & Halaman Volume 1, Nomor 2, Agustus 2021
Tahun 2021
Penulis Eka Juniarty
Reviewer Neng Sri krismayanti
NPM 6221543
Tanggal 14-04-2022
Latar Belakang Salah satu upaya dalam menurunkan kematian ibu adalah dengan meningkatkan cakupan pemeriksaan
kehamilan oleh tenaga kesehatan. Indikator yang digunakan untuk memantau cakupan pemeriksaan
kehamilan tersebut adalah cakupan ibu hamil yang pertama kali mendapat pelayanan antenatal (K1) yang
merupakan indikator akses, dan cakupan ibu hamil yang telah memperoleh pelayanan antenatal minimal 4
kali sesuai distribusi waktu dan sesuai standar (K4) yang menggambarkan tingkat perlindungan ibu hamil
di suatu wilayah (Dinas Kesehatan, 2018).
Masalah yang akan Faktor-faktoryang mepengaruhi Kunjungan Antenatal Care (ANC)
diselesaikan
Tujuan Penelitian untuk mengetahui hubungan usia dan paritas ibu terhadap keteraturan pemeriksaan antenatal
Subjek Penelitian Ibu hamil yang melakukan kunjungan kehamilan di bulan Januari-Desember tahun 2020 dengan jumlah
315 orang.
Metode Penelitian Metode yang digunakan adalah survey analitik dengan pendekatan Cross Sectional. Pengambilan sampel
pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode Random Sampling. Populasi penelitian ini adalah ibu hamil
berjumlah 315 responden.Jumlah sampel pada penelitian ini adalah 176 responden.
Hasil 1. Hubungan Usia Ibu dengan Keteraturan Pemeriksaan Antenatal Care Pada Ibu Hamil
Berdasarkan hasil analisa bivariat dengan uji statistik mengunakan Chi-Square didapatkan hasil p
value = 0,003 (p ≤ 0,05) berarti hipotesis menyatakan bahwa ada hubungan yang bermakna antara Usia
Ibu dengan Keteraturan Pemeriksaan Antenatal Care Pada Ibu Hamil terbukti secara statistik.
2. Hubungan Paritas Ibu dengan Keteraturan Pemeriksaan Antenatal Care Pada Ibu Hamil
Berdasarkan hasil analisa bivariat dengan uji statistik mengunakan Chi-Square didapatkan hasil p
value= 0,001 (p ≤ 0,05) berarti hipotesis menyatakan bahwa ada hubungan yang bermakna antara Paritas
Ibu dengan Keteraturan Pemeriksaan Antenatal Careterbukti secara statistik.
Hal ini sesuai dengan hasil penelitian Ria Desita dan Rahmadewi (2013) di Puskesmas Ciruas Kabupaten
Serang secara statistik dengan menggunakan uji chi square diperoleh hasil p value = 0, 014 (p <0,05)
dengan demikian H0 ditolak dan Ha diterima yang artinya ada hubungan antara usia dengan kepatuhan
ibu pemeriksaan antenatal care dan diperoleh hasil p value = 0, 022 (p <0,05) dengan demikian H0 ditolak
dan Ha diterima yang artinya ada hubungan antara paritas dengan kepatuhan ibu pemeriksaan antenatal
care
Kesimpulan 1. Distribusi frekuensi didapatkan ibu hamil yang teratur melakukan pemeriksaan antenatal care sebanyak
125 responden (71,0%) dan ibu hamil yang tidak teratur melakukan pemeriksaan antenatal caresebanyak
51 responden (28,9%).
2. Distribusi frekuensi didapatkan ibu dengan usia risiko tinggi sebanyak 114 responden (64,8%) dan ibu
dengan usia risiko rendah sebanyak 62 responden (35,2%).
3. Distribusi frekuensi didapatkan paritas ibu dengan risiko tinggi sebanyak 111 responden (63,1%) dan
paritas ibu dengan risiko rendah sebanyak 65 responden (36,9%).
4. Ada hubungan yang bermakna antara Usia dengan Keteraturan Pemeriksaan Antenatal Care Pada Ibu
Hamil, dimana p value = (0,003) ≤ 0,05.
5. Ada hubungan yang bermakna antara Paritas Ibu dengan Keteraturan Pemeriksaan Antenatal Care Pada Ibu
Hamil, dimana p value = (0,001) ≤ 0,05.
Saran Diharapkan petugas kesehatan dapat berperan aktif dalam memberikan edukasi kepada masyarakat dengan
memberikan informasi-informasi, khususnya tentang keteraturan pemeriksaan antenatal care pada ibu
hamil bahwa pemeriksaan kehamilan sangatlah penting guna dapat mendeteksi dini kegawatdaruratan
maupunkomplikasi yang dapat terjadi baik pada ibu ataupun pada janin.
JURNAL 2
Judul Pengaruh Pengetahuan dan Sikap Terhadap Kepatuhan Ibu Hamil Dalam Pemeriksaan ANC Pada Masa
Pandemi di Poskesdes Bungadidi Kec. Tana Lili
Jurnal Journal of Muslim Community Health (JMCH)
ISSN 2774-4590
Volume & Halaman VOL. 2, NO. 1, JANUARI-MARET 2021
Tahun 2021
Penulis Nisma, Sundari, Fatma Afrianty Gobel
Reviewer Neng Sri krismayanti
NPM 6221543
Tanggal 14-04-2022
Latar Belakang Pandemi Covid-19 sangat mengubah status kehidupan sehari-hari diseluruh dunia sebagai orang dipaksa
untuk jarak sosial dan isolasi diri, dan untuk bekerja dari rumah melalui internet. Semua perubahan yang
terjadi secara tiba-tiba inimenimbulkan beban psikologis yang sangat besar bagi semua individu dan
terutama bagi wanita hamil yang kini menghadapi kehamilan dengan kecemasan dan ketidakpastian yang
lebih dari sebelumnya.
Masalah yang akan Pengaruh pengetahuan dan sikap terhadap kepatuhan Ibu tamil terhadap pemeriksaan ANC di masa
diselesaikan pandemic
Tujuan Penelitian Untuk menganalisis Kepatuhan Ibu Hamil terhadap Pemeriksaan ANC Masa Pandemi Di Poskesdes
Bungadidi Kecamatan Tana Lili.
Subjek Penelitian 96 ibu hamil yang berkunjung di Poskesdes Bungadidi Kecamatan Tana Lili. Sampel penelitian ini adalah
pasiendengan kriteriatertentu yaitu:melakukan pemeriksaan antenatal care, usia kehamilan trimester I, II,
IIIdanbersedia menjadi Responden.
Metode Penelitian Jenis penelitian bersifat analitik dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Desain penelitian menggunakan cross
sectional
Hasil Ada pengaruh faktor predisposisi pengetahuan dan sikap terhadap pemeriksaan ANC di Poskesdes
Bungadidi Kecamatan Tana Lili
Kesimpulan Ada pengaruh pengetahuan terhadap pemeriksaan ANC pada masa pandemi di Poskesdes Bungadidi
Kecamatan Tana Lili.Ada pengaruh sikap terhadap pemeriksaan ANC pada masa pandemi di Poskesdes
Bungadidi Kecamatan Tana Lili.
Saran Sebagai masukan untuk melakukan intervensi berupa perubahan sistem ataupun kebijakan khususnya yang
berhubungan dengan kinerja dalam pelayanan antenatal dimana hal ini dapat dijadikan acuan dalam
membuat perencanaannya yang lebih baik. Kualitas pelayanan dalam pelaksanaan Antenatal Care (ANC)
sehingga di buat perencanaan yang berkaitan dengan peningkatan kinerja bidan dalam pelayanan antenatal
khususnya di Poskesdes Bungadidi.
JURNAL 3
Judul Hubungan Antara Dukungan Suami Terhadap Keteraturan Pemeriksaan Antenatal Care Pada Ibu Hamil
Jurnal Jurnal Antara Kebidanan
ISSN : 2656-9167
Volume & Halaman Vol. 5 No. 1 Januari-Maret Tahun 2022
Tahun 2018
Penulis Sumarni Marwang
Reviewer Neng Sri krismayanti
NPM 6221543
Tanggal 14-04-2022
Latar Belakang Pemeriksaan rutin pra-kelahiran sangat penting agar yang dialami ibu hamil dapat ditemukan masalah
sedini mungkin dan dapat ditanggulangi, sebelum berkembang menjadi membahayakan ibu maupun
bayinya. Sebaiknya ibu hamil menjalani pemeriksaan kesehatan paling sedikit empat kali selama hamil
yaitu satu kali pada Trimester I usia kehamilan 0-14 minggu, satu kali pada Trimester II usia kehamilan
sebelum 28 minggu dan dua kali pada Trimester III usia kehamilan 28-36 minggu dan setelah 36 minggu
Masalah yang akan hubungan dukungan suami terhadap keteraturan pemeriksaan Antenatal Care pada ibu hamil
diselesaikan
Tujuan Penelitian untuk mengetahui hubungan antara dukungan suami terhadap keteraturan pemeriksaan antenatal care
pada ibu hamil di puskesmas kassi-kassi tahun 2018.
Subjek Penelitian Seluruh ibu hamil di Puskesmas Kassi-Kassi Makassar sebanyak 183 orang. Sampel dalam penelitian ini
adalah sebagaian ibu hamil yang mendapatkan dukungan suami dalam keteraturan pemeriksaan antenatal
care di puskesmas kassi-kassi Makassar.
Metode Penelitian Berdasarkan ruang lingkup permasalahan dan tujuan penelitian maka penelitian menggunakan desain
penelitian Deskriptif Analitik dengan pendekatan Cross Sectional yang jenis penelitian yang menekankan
pengukuran observasi Variable independen dan dependen dilakukan dalam waktu yang bersamaan.
Rancangan ini berupaya mengungkapkan hubungan (korelatif) antara variable
Hasil Hasil penelitian ini adalah sebagian besar responden mempunyai jumlah ibu yang mendapatkan dukungan
suami yang baik sebanyak orang 24 orang (57,1%) dan yang kurang mendapatkan dukungan suami
kurang sebanyak 18 orang (42,8%). jumlah ibu hamil yang keteraturan pemeriksaan antenatal care
lengkap sebanyak 26 orang (61,9%) dan yang keteraturan pemeriksaan antenatal care kurang sebanyak
orang (38,1%).
Kesimpulan Dari hasil penelitian yang dilaksanakan pada bulan April s/d Mei 2018 di Puskesmas Kassi-Kassi Makassar
jenis penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian Deskriptif Analitik dengan pendekatan Cross Sectional
Study yang jenis penelitian yang menekankan pengukuran observasi untuk melihat hubungan dukungan
suami terhadap keteraturan pemeriksaan antenatal care pada ibu hamil di Puskesmas Kassi-Kassi
Makassar Tahun 2018, maka setelah dilakukan penelitian di peroleh bahwa : Ada hubungan antara
dukungan suami terhadap keteraturan pemeriksaan antenatal care pada ibu hamil, karena dengan
dukungan dari suami maka akan berpengaruh terhadap keteraturan pemeriksaan antenatal care ibu dan
hasil yang diperoleh sebagian besar ibu mendapatkan dukungan dari suami dalam pelayanan antenatal
care dan nilai ρ = 0,044 lebih kecil dari nilai ɑ yang ditetapkan.
Saran Setelah dilakukan penelitian dan didapatkan kesimpulan maka penulis memberikan beberapa saran sebagai
berikut, diharapkan kepada ibu hamil yang kunjungannya lengkap diharapkan untuk tetap melakukan
kunjungan antenatal care secara teratur, dan bagi ibu hamil yang belum lengkap kunjungannya diharapkan
untuk tetap melakukan kunjungan antenatal care serta memberikan informasi kepada suami tentang
pentingnya dukungan suami terhadap keteraturan pemeriksaan antenatal care sehingga dapat mendeteksi
secara dini jika terjadi komplikasi dan kegawatdaruratan.
Bagi suami yang dukungannya kurang diharapkan berperan serta dalam memberikan dukungan terhadap
istri agar taat dalam melakukan antenatal care khususnya dan dukungan dalam segala aspek selama
kehamilan dan melahirkan padaumumnya.
Sebaiknya tenaga kesehatan terutama bidan agar lebih baik dalam melakukan pemantauan kunjungan
antenatal care dan memberikan konseling terkait kunjungan antenatal care, memberikan dukungan yang
positif kepada ibu.
JURNAL 4
Judul Maternal Mental Health Status and Approaches for Accessing Antenatal Care Information During the
COVID-19 Epidemic in China: Cross-Sectional Study
Jurnal Journal of medical internet
Volume & Halaman vol. 23 | iss. 1 | e18722 | p. 1
Tahun 2021
Penulis Hong Jiang, MD, PhD; Longmei Jin, MD; Xu Qian, MD, PhD; Xu Xiong, DrPH; Xuena L, MD;Weiyi
Chen1, MD; Xiaoguang Yang, PhD; Fengyun Yang, MD; Xinwen Zhang, MD; Nazhakaiti
Abudukelimu1; Xingying Li1; Zhenyu Xie, MD; Xiaoling Zhu1, MD; Xiaohua Zhang, MD; Lifeng
Zhang, MD; Li Wang, MD, PhD; Lingling Li, MPH; Mu Li, MD, PhD
Reviewer Neng Sri krismayanti
NPM 6221543
Tanggal 14-04-2022
Latar Belakang China was the first country in the world to experience a large-scale COVID-19 outbreak. The rapid spread
of the disease and enforcement of public health measures has caused distress among vulnerable
populations such as pregnant women. With a limited understanding of the novel, emerging infectious
disease, pregnant women have sought ways to access timely and trusted health care information. The
mental health status of pregnant women during this public health emergency, as well as how they
responded to the situation and where and how they obtained antenatal care information, remain to be
understood.
Masalah yang akan Maternal mental health status and approaches for accessing antenatal care information during the COVID-
diselesaikan 19 epidemic
Tujuan Penelitian This study aimed to evaluate the mental health status of pregnant women during the COVID-19 epidemic
in China by measuring their perceived stress, anxiety, and depression levels; explore the approaches used
by them to access antenatal health care information; and determine their associations with maternal
mental health status.
Subjek Penelitian Pregnant women who visited the antenatal clinics in these facilities during the survey period were invited
to participate in the survey; they were required to either scan the QR code or access the URL via a mobile
phone or other digital devices.
Metode Penelitian We conducted a web-based, cross-sectional survey to assess the mental health status of Chinese pregnant
women by using the validated, Chinese version of Perceived Stress Scale, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, and
Edinburgh Depression Scale. We also collected information on the various approaches these women used
to access antenatal care information during the early stage of the COVID-19 epidemic, from February 5 to
28, 2020.
Hasil A total of 1873 pregnant women from 22 provinces or regions of China participated in the survey. The
prevalence of perceived stress, anxiety, and depression among these participants was 89.1% (1668/1873;
95% CI 87.6%, 90.4%), 18.1% (339/1873; 95% CI 16.4%, 19.9%), and 45.9% (859/1873; 95% CI 43.6%,
48.1%), respectively. Hospitals’ official accounts on the Chinese social media platforms WeChat and
Weibo were the most popular channels among these pregnant women to obtain antenatal care information
during the COVID-19 outbreak. Access to antenatal care information via the hospitals’ official social
media accounts was found to be associated with a significantly lower risk of perceived stress (adjusted
odds ratio [aOR] 0.46,95% CI 0.30-0.72; P=.001), anxiety (aOR 0.53, 95% CI 0.41-0.68; P<.001), and
depression (aOR 0.73, 95% CI 0.59-0.91; P=.005). Access to health care information via hospital hotlines
or SMS was found to be significantly associated with a lower risk of anxiety only (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.60-
0.98; P=.04).
Kesimpulan During the COVID-19 outbreak in China, pregnant women experienced high levels of perceived stress,
anxiety, and depression. During such public health emergencies, mental health care services should be
strengthened to reassure and support pregnant women. Specific information targeted at pregnant women,
including information on how to cope in an emergency or major disease outbreak, developed and
disseminated by health care institutions via social media platform
JURNAL 5
Judul Perceptions of pregnant women of reasons for late initiation of antenatal care: a qualitative interview
study
Jurnal BMC Pregnance and Childbrith
Volume & Halaman 12 hal
Tahun 2020
Penulis Denis Warri and Asha George
Reviewer Neng Sri krismayanti
NPM 6221543
Tanggal 15-04-2022
Latar Belakang antenatal care serves as a key entry point for a pregnant woman to receive a broad range of services and
should be initiated at the onset of pregnancy. The aim of the study was to understand the reasons for the
late initiation of antenatal care by pregnant women in Nkwen Baptist Health Centre, Bamenda, Cameroon
Masalah yang akan Perceptions of pregnant women of reasons for late initiation of antenatal care
diselesaikan
Tujuan Penelitian The study was an exploratory, qualitative study given that it aimed to gain a deeper understanding of the
percep- tions, opinions and experiences of pregnant women and midwives regarding factors influencing
early antenatal
care initiation during pregnancy.
Subjek Penelitian he study sample comprised eighteen pregnant women and three key informant midwives. The inclusion
criteria were pregnant women who presented for their first ante- natal care after twelve weeks of
pregnancy.
Metode Penelitian The study applied purposive sampling to recruit eighteen pregnant women and three key informants for
data collection through individual interviews. Pregnant women who initiated antenatal care after the first
trimester
were recruited during antenatal care clinics and were interviewed in a room at the Antenatal Care Unit.
Key informants were midwives working at the Antenatal Care Unit. Participation in the study was
voluntary. The
purpose of the study was explained to participants, and they signed a consent form if they were willing to
participate in the research. Data were audio-recorded and analyzed using thematic coding analysis.
Hasil Pregnant women placed a low value on early antenatal care because they perceived pregnancy to be a
normal health condition or to not be a serious issue that required seeking health care. Furthermore,
previous positive pregnancy outcomes for which women did not access care made them less motivated to
initiate antenatal care early. Participants perceived the booking system to be user-unfriendly and
complained of overcrowded conditions, long waiting times and some rude service providers. The cost of
services and distance to health facilities that required travel via uncomfortable transport on poor road
networks were identified as perceived barriers. The absence of effective community health programmes,
perceived lack of support from parents and spouses, fear of bewitchment and stigma due to cultural beliefs
about the early initiation of antenatal care were also identified as variables influencing late initiation.
Kesimpulan Pregnant women lack information on the purpose of early antenatal care. Health facility barriers as well as
socio-cultural beliefs have significant influences on the timing of antenatal care initiation. The
government of Cameroon should strengthen the health system and implement activities to engage
communities in improving care seeking for antenatal care and thereby improving maternal health status of
women.
KESIMPULAN (SETELAH 5 JURNAL KESEMUANYA DI SIMPULKAN MASUKAN KE TABEL)
2
Program Magister Kesehatan Masyarakat, Universitas Muslim Indonesia
*Corresponding Author:nismarasya84@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Latar belakang:Pandemi Covid-19 sangat mengubah status kehidupan sehari-hari di seluruh
dunia sebagai orang dipaksa untuk jarak sosial dan isolasi diri, dan untuk bekerja dari rumah
melalui internet. Semua perubahan yang terjadi secara tiba-tiba ini menimbulkan beban
psikologis yang sangat besar bagi semua individu dan terutama bagi wanita hamil yang kini
menghadapi kehamilan dengan kecemasan dan ketidakpastian yang lebih dari sebelumnya.
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis Kepatuhan Ibu Hamil terhadap Pemeriksaan
ANC Masa Pandemi Di Poskesdes Bungadidi Kecamatan Tana Lili. Metode:Jenis penelitian
bersifat analitik dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Desain penelitian menggunakan cross
sectional. Dari hasil perhitungan statistik maka jumlah sampel yang dibutuhkan dalam
penelitian ini adalah 96 sampel. Hasil: Ada pengaruh faktor predisposisi pengetahuan dan
sikap terhadap pemeriksaan ANC di Poskesdes Bungadidi Kecamatan Tana Lili.
Kesimpulan: Diharapkan penelitian ini dapat memberikan informasi mengenai situasi terkini
Covid-19 dan meningkatkan pengetahuan serta kesadaran masyarakat mengenai pencegahan
dan penularan Covid-19 di lingkungan sekitar khususnya pada ibu Hamil.
LATAR BELAKANG
Pandemi Covid-19 sangat mengubah status kehidupan sehari hari di seluruh dunia.
Semua perubahan yang terjadi secara tiba-tiba ini menimbulkan beban psikologis yang
sangat besar bagi semua individu dan terutama bagi wanita hamil yang kini menghadapi
kehamilan dengan kecemasan dan ketidakpastian yang lebih dari sebelumnya. (Angeliki
antonakou, 2020)
Ibu hamil sedapat mungkin diam di rumah untuk menjaga kesehatan janinnya di
masa pandemi, kecuali keluar untuk kontrol rutin ke rumah sakit, bagi ibu hamil dengan
risiko kehamilan rendah untuk cek kehamilan minimal enam kali, yakni di bawah tiga
bulan, trimester kedua sekitar tujuh bulan, dan di atas tujuh bulan sampai melahirkan
(Kathleen,2020).
ANC atau antenatal care merupakan perawatan ibu dan janin selama masa kehamilan
dan sangat penting. Melalui ANC berbagai informasi serta edukasi terkait kehamilan dan
persiapan persalinan bisa diberikan kepada ibu sedini mungkin. Kurangnya pengetahuan
mengenai tanda bahaya kehamilan sering terjadi karena kurangnya kunjungan ANC.
Kurangnya kunjungan ANC ini bisa menyebabkan bahaya bagi ibu maupun janin seperti
terjadinya perdarahan saat masa kehamilan karena tidak terdeteksinya tanda bahaya (Dwi
Ariyani, 2020)
Berbagai penelitian terkait ANC menyatakan bahwa keberhasilan ANC lebih berarti
dapat menyelamatkan nyawa atau menurunkan AKI. Melalui ANC, kesempatan untuk
menyampaikan edukasi dan promosi kesehatan pada ibu hamil khususnya bisa dilakukan lebih
baik. Fungsi suportif dan
09
komunikatif dari ANC tidak hanya mampu menurunkan AKI tapi juga meningkatkan
kualitas hidup bagi ibu dan bayi yang akan dilahirkan. Selain itu, secara tidak langsung
kualitas dari pelayanan kesehatan juga ikut meningkat (Dwi Ariyani, 2020)
Dalam penelitian yang dilakukan sebelumnya, disebutkan bahwa para wanita/ ibu
menginginkan kepuasan/ pelayanan yang baik selama ANC. Kepuasan ibu hamil dapat
diperoleh dengan menjaga kondisi fisik, sosial, dan kesehatan ibu serta janin (termasuk
mencegah atau menurangi risiko, penyakit yang mungkin diderita, dan kematian), serta
memiliki transisi yang efektif saat menuju proses persalinan. Kepuasan bagi wanita hamil
merupakan kunci untuk perubahan/ transformasi ANC sekaligus meningkatkan
perkembangan keluarga maupun komunitas (Dwi Ariyani, 2020)
Jangan sampai kondisi Covid 19 ini ibu takut untuk melakukan pengecekan
kehamilan terutama tiga bulan akhir menjelang persalinan yang berdampak pada kesehatan
janin dalam kandungannya. Sampai saat ini belum ada rekomendasi bagaimana cara paling
aman proses persalinan mencegah Covid-19. Tapi kembali pada indikasi apakah ada gejala
pada ibu hamil atau bayi yang harus dilakukan tindakan. (Kathleen, 2020).
Selain rutin kontrol kesehatan ibu hamil diminta patuh menerapkan protokol
kesehatan untuk kesehatan ibu dan janin dalam kandungannya. Biasakan pakai masker jika
keluar rumah, jaga jarak dan hindari kerumunan, serta cuci tangan pakai
sabun di air mengalir.Sebisa mungkin tetap di rumah, kecuali keluar untuk memeriksakan
kesehatan kandungan (Kathleen, 2020).
Menurut laporan WHO tahun 2018 Angka Kematian Ibu (AKI) di dunia yaitu 289.000
jiwa. Amerika Serikat yaitu 9300 jiwa, Afrika Utara 179.000 jiwa, dan Asia Tenggara 16.000
jiwa. Angka kematian ibu di negara-negara Asia Tenggara yaitu Indonesia 214 per 100.000
kelahiran hidup, Filipina 170 per 100.000 kelahiran hidup, Vietnam 160 per 100.000 kelahiran
hidup, Thailand 44 per 100.000 kelahiran hidup, Brunei 60 per 100.000 kelahiran hidup, dan
Malaysia 39 per 100.000 kelahiran hidup (WHO, 2018)
Berdasarkan hasil Survey Demografi Kesehatan Indonesia (SDKI) pada tahun 2012,
angka kematian ibu meroket dari 228 pada 2007 menjadi 359 per 100.000 kelahiran hidup
pada tahun 2012.Angka ini masih cukup tinggi apalagi dibandingkan dengan negara negara
tetangga (KemenkesRI, 2018)
Menurut WHO, sejauh ini gejala yang akan dirasakan ibu hamil sama dengan yang
lainnya. Dalam analisis 147 ibu hamil, hanya ada 8% yang memiliki gejala penyakit yang
parah dan 1% dengan kondisi kritis. Ciri-ciri awal bila ibu hamil terpapar virus Corona, antara
lain demam (78%), batuk (44%), nyeri otot (33%), rasa lemas menyeluruh (22%), sesak nafas
(11%), dan sakit tenggorokan (22%). Akan lebih dicurigai apabila ada ibu hamil dengan
riwayat bepergian ke daerah yang terdampak dalam waktu 14 hari terakhir atau
10
pernah kontak dengan orang yang positif menderita COVID-19. Oleh sebab itu, harapannya
ibu hamil tidak boleh panik, tetap tenang dan selalu waspada serta melakukan upaya
pencegahan (Dwi Rukma Santi, 2020)
Angka AKI dan AKB kabupaten luwu utara masih tinggi, jadi pemanfaatan
pelayanan ANC difasilitas pelayanan kesehatan masih belum optimal, padahal pelayanan
ANC merupakan salah satu upaya yang penting dalam usaha menurunkan tingkat AKI dan
AKB. Indikator dari pemanfaatan pelayanan antenatal ini adalah dari cakupan k1 dank4.
Pelayanan kesehatan yang dilakukan akan terlaksanakan secara optimal apabila
setiap bidan memahami komitmen kerjanyan sebagai bidan dan komitmen kerjanya
tersebut merupakan suatu janji dari diri seorang bidan atau kebulatan tekad untuk
melaksanakan kegiatannya sebagai seorang bidan sesuai dengan tujuan, kedudukan, dan
cakupan yang sudah ditentukan dalam tugasnya (Winani, 2016).
Kemampuan dan keberhasilan kerja bidan dalam memberikan pelayanan antenatal
care dapat diukur dari jumlah cakupan kunjungan K1 dan K4 yang mempunyai target
tersendiri.Antenatal care (ANC) merupakan salah satu program safe motherhood yang
merupakan pelayanan kesehatan bagi ibu hamil dan janinnya oleh tenaga profesional yang
meliputi pemeriksaan kehamilan sesuai dengan standart pelayanan yaitu minimal 4 kali
pemeriksaan selama kehamilan, 1 kali pada trimester satu,
1 kali pada trimester dua dan 2 kali pada trimester tiga (Manuaba, 2010) Tiga cara menekan
laju penyebaran covid-19. Tiga cara ini disebut Program Trisula Masif, yaitu tracing masif,
testing masif dan edukasi masif. Ketiganya, kata Komang, terus dilakukan oleh Gugus Tugas
Percepatan Penanganan Covid 19 yang ketuai Bupati Luwu Utara, Indah Putri Indriani
(Komang Krisna, 2020)
Cakupan pelayanan kesehatan ibu hamil di kepatuhan ibu hamil terhadap protocol
kesehatan covid 19 di Luwu Utara untuk cakupan K1 adalah 81,6% dan cakupan K4 adalah
72,0% dan ini masih belum cukup dari standar pelayanan minimal yang telah ditetapkan.
Kesenjangan antara cakupan K1 dan cakupan K4 mencerminkan tingkat kesempatan yang
hillang dalam pelayanan kesehatan, perbedaan ini mencerminkan bahwa ibu hamil
mempunyai kemampuan untuk akses ke pelayanan kesehatan, namun tidak memenuhi standar
pelayanan dan jumlah kunjungan yang di rekomendasikan oleh karena itu pentingnya
pelaksanaan standar pelayanan.
Berdasarkan uraian diatas maka peneliti untuk melakukan penelitian tentang
“pengaruh pengetahuan dan sikap terhadap kepatuhan Ibu tamil terhadap pemeriksaan ANC
di masa pandemi di Poskesdes Bungadidi Kecamatan Tana Lili”.
11
METODE
Sumber dan Pengumpulan data Teknik pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini untuk
kuantitatif dilakukan dengan wawancara langsung kepada responden. Instrumen pengumpul
data berupa kuesioner yang telah disusun sesuai dengan kebutuhan variabel yang akan
diteliti guna memperoleh informasi yang relevan dengan tujuan penelitian. Isi pertanyaan
berkaitan dengan fakta, mengetahui pendapat dan menggali informasi dari responden.
Sebelum kuesioner diberikan kepada responden dilakukan uji coba kepada
responden yang tidak termasuk dalam penelitian ini. Tujuan uji coba ini adalah agar
responden yang menjadi sasaran penelitian ini memahami dengan baik materi pertanyaan
sehingga akan diperoleh jawaban yang lengkap dan benar. Teknis uji coba dilakukan
dengan membagikan kuesioner dan responden mengisi sendiri, setelah itu kemudian
dilakukan wawancara. Hasil uji coba dipergunakan untuk menyempurnakan isi kuesioner.
Populasi dan sampel
Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah semua pasien di Poskesdes Bungadidi Kecamatan
Tana Lili yang melakukan pemeriksaan antenatal care. Jumlah populasi pada bulan maret - juli
yang datang memeriksakan kehamilannya sebanyak 144 pasien ibu hamil.
Penelitian ini menggunakan Purposive Sampling. Total 96 yang menjadi sampel
penelitian ini yakni ibu hamil yang berkunjung di Poskesdes Bungadidi Kecamatan Tana Lili.
Sampel penelitian ini adalah pasiendengan kriteriatertentu yaitu:melakukan pemeriksaan
antenatal care, usia kehamilan trimester I, II, IIIdanbersedia menjadi Responden.
Variabel
Variabel Independent
Pengetahuan adalah hasil penginderaan ibu hamil, atau hasil tahu ibu hamil terhadap
pentingnya pemeriksaan ANC melalui indera yang dimilikinya (mata, hidung, telinga, dan
sebagainya).Sikap adalah suatu reaksi atau respon berupa tingkah laku positif yang dilakukan
oleh ibu hamil dalam pemeriksaan ANC sesuai dengan jadwal pemeriksaan.Dengan kriteria
objektif untuk semua variable diatas adalah; “Baik“jika responden menjawab pertanyaan Ya>
50%.“Kurang”: Jika Responden Menjawab pertanyaan Tidak ≤ 50%.
Variabel Dependent
Kepatuhan adalah respon dari responden dalam memeriksakan kehamilan secara rutin
sesuai jadwal.
12
Kriteria objective “Patuh”: Rutin Melakukan pemeriksaan ANC Sesuai dengan jadwal yang
telah di tentukan. “Tidak patuh”.Tidak rutin melakukan pemeriksaan ANC.
Analisis Data
Analisis univariat ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui distribusi frekuensidan persentase
dari tiap variable. Tujuannya adalah untuk mendeskripsikan karakteristik setiap variabel
penelitian. Analisis Bivariat; analisis ini dilakukan untuk melihat hubungan antara
masingmasing variabel independen dan variabel dependen apakah secara statistik ada
pengaruh yang bermakna. Uji statistik yang digunakan adalah uji chi kuadrat (Chi Square)
dengan P α=5%, apa bila p value > pα (P value > 0.05) berarti tidak ada pengaruh yang
bermakna dan jika pα < p value (p value < 0.05) berarti ada pengaruh yang
bermakna.Analisis Multivariat dilakukan untuk melihat pengaruh variable independen
secara bersama
sama terhadap variabel dependen. Dengan menggunakan Uji Regresi Logistik ganda,
menggunakan program SPSS for windows versi 18.
HASIL
Hasil penelitian merupakan hasil dari analisis uji univariat, bivariat dari masing-masing
variabel yang diteliti.Dari hasil uji tersebut kemudian disajikan dalam tabel distribusi frekuensi
dari masing-masing variable yang diteliti.Responden pada penelitian ini sejumlah 96 orang
pasien di Poskesdes Bungadidi Kecamatan Tana Lili.
Karakterisktik Responden
Penelitian ini ditujukan di Poskesdes Bungadidi Kecamatan Tana Liliyang berjumlah 96
orang responden. Dalam karakteristik responden ini akan diuraikan mengenai identitas
responden berdasarkan usia, pendidikan, pekerjaan.
Analisis Bivariate
Untuk menganalisisKepatuhan Ibu Hamil dalam Pemeriksaan ANC padamasa
pandemidi di Poskesdes Bungadidi Kecamatan Tana Liliyaitu dengan melakukan analisis
bivariat. Analisis ini dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara variabel bebas
dengan variabel terikat.
Analisis bivariat sebagaimana tersebut diatas dilakukan dengan
menggunakan uji kai kuadrat (chi square)dimaksudkan untuk menguji proporsi/persentase
antara beberapa kelompok data.
Pada penelitian ini digunakan uji kai kuadrat (chi square) dengan tingkat kepercayaan
(Confidence Interval)sebesar 95%. Hasil pengujian secara berturut-turut untuk melihat
hubungan masing-masing variabel adalah sebagai berikut:
Pengetahuan
Tidak Patuh Total n % n % n %
Kurang 36 67,9 17 32,1 53 100 Baik 9 20,9 34 79,1 43 100 0,000 Total 45 46,9 51
21,9 96 100 Sumber: Data Primer, 2021
Tabel 2. Pengaruh sikap kepatuhan ibu hamil terhadappemeriksaan ANC pada masa
pandemi di Poskesdes Bungadidi Kec Tana Lili
14
Sikap
Kepatuhan Dalam Pemeriksaan ANC P Value
Tidak Patuh Total
n % n % n %
Kurang 23 63,9 13 36,1 36 100 Baik 22 36,7 38 63,3 60 100 0,010 Total 45 46,9 51
53,1 96 100 Sumber: Data Primer, 2021
PEMBAHASAN
Faktor Predisposisi Pengetahuan Dan Sikap dalam kepatuhan Pemeriksaan ANC pada
masa pandemi Di Poskesdes Bungadidi Kecamatan Tana Lili
118
KESIMPULAN
Dari hasil penelitian kepatuhan ibu hamil terhadap pemeriksaan ANC pada masa
pandemi di Poskesdes Bungadidi Kecamatan Tana Lilisebagai berikut; Ada pengaruh
pengetahuan terhadap pemeriksaan ANC pada masa pandemi di Poskesdes Bungadidi
Kecamatan Tana Lili.Ada pengaruh sikap terhadap pemeriksaan ANC pada masa pandemi
di Poskesdes Bungadidi Kecamatan Tana Lili.
Saran
Berdasarkan hasil pembahasan dan kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini,
maka peneliti mengajukan saran sebagai berikut:Sebagai masukan untuk melakukan
intervensi berupa perubahan sistem ataupun kebijakan khususnya yang berhubungan
dengan kinerja dalam pelayanan antenatal dimana hal ini dapat dijadikan acuan dalam
membuat perencanaannya yang lebih baik. Kualitas pelayanan dalam pelaksanaan Antenatal
Care (ANC) sehingga di buat perencanaan yang berkaitan dengan peningkatan kinerja
bidan dalam pelayanan antenatal khususnya di Poskesdes Bungadidi.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Angeliki Antonakou, 2020. Knowledge, Attitude and practice Toward the Novel
Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak : A Population-Based Survey in Iran. Bull World
Health organ.E-pub : 30 march 2020
2. Dwi Ariyani, 2020. Chen S, Liao E, Cao D, Gao Y, Sun G,
Shao Y. Clinical analysis of pregnant women with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia. J
Med Virol. 2020. doi:10.1002/jmv.25789
3. World Health Organization (WHO), 2018. WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, The World Bank. Trends
in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2013. Geneva
4. Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan R I, Nomor 369 / MENKES/ SK/III/2018,Standart Profesi Bidan,
2018
5. Dwi Rukma Santi, 2020. Asuhan Kebidanan Kehamilan. Yogjakarta : Nuha Medika.
6. Winani, 2016. Manajemen Mutu Pelayanan Kesehatan,Teori , Strategi dan Aplikasi, Airlangga
university Press, Surabaya
7. Manuaba. 2010. Ilmu Kebidanan, Penyakit Kandungan, dan KB. Jakarta: EGC.
8. Purnama, dkk. 2020. Chest CT Findings in a Pregnant Patient with 2019 Novel Coronavirus
Disease. Balkan Med J. doi:10.4274/balkanmedj.galeno
s.2020.2020.3.89
9. Sulistyaningtyas, dkk. 2020. Asuhan kebidanan antenatal. Jakarta: EGC.
10. Ahamdi, 2013. Asuhan Kebidanan I (Kehamilan). Jakarta: Trans Info Media.
11. Carpinito, 2017.. The Experience of Pregnant
119
Women During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Turkey
12. Hardiani, dkk, 2012. Asuhan kehamilan untuk kebidanan. Jakarta: Salemba medika.
13. Notoatmodjo, S. 2010. Metodologi Penelitian Kesehatan. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta
14. Darmayati Tobia 2020. Analisis Pelaksanaan Pelayanan Antenatal di Kabupaten
Tapanuli. Tesis Magister Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Gajah Mada
Yogyakarta.
15. Garcia, 2020. The Experience of Pregnant Women During the Covid-19
16. Feng et al, 2020. Clinical analysis of pregnant women with 2019 novel coronavirus
pneumonia. J Med Virol. 2020. doi:10.1002/jmv.25789
17. Glabska et al, 2020Correlation Between Knowledge and behavior of Pregnant Women in
Undeegoing Pregnancy During Covid-19 Pandemic.
Jurnal keperawatan Malang, Volume 5 No.2. 2020.
18. Packham, et al. 2020.Pregnancy and Perinatal Outcomes of Women With Coronavirus
Disease (COVID 19) Pneumonia: A Preliminary Analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2020;1-6.
doi:10.2214/AJR.20.2307
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Hubungan Antara Dukungan Suami Terhadap Keteraturan Pemeriksaan
AntenatalCare Pada Ibu Hamil
Sumarni Marwang
Email : sumarni.megarezky@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between husband support for regular antenatal care
examinations for pregnant women at the Kassi-kassi health center in 2018. The type of research conducted was
observational research with a cross sectional study approach. The population in this study were all pregnant
women in the Kassi-Kassi Makassar Health Center as many as 183 people. The sample in this study was part of
pregnant women who received husband support in the regular antenatal care examination atthe Makassar Kassi-
Kassi Public Health Center. The results of this study were that the majority of respondents had the number of
mothers who received good husband support as many as 24 people (57.1%) and those who did not get less husband
support as many as 18 people (42.8%). the number of pregnant women with regular antenatal care examinations
was 26 people (61.9%) and those who had regular antenatal care examinations were as few people (38.1%). The
conclusion of this study is that there is a relationship between husband's support and regular antenatal care
examinations in pregnant women. It is recommended that health workers, especially midwives, be better at
monitoring antenatal care visits and providing counseling related to antenatal care visits.
ABSTRAK
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara dukungan suami terhadap keteraturan pemeriksaan
antenatal care pada ibu hamil di puskesmas kassi-kassi tahun 2018. Jenis penelitian yang dilakukan adalah jenis
penelitian Observasional dengan pendekatan Cross Sectional Study. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh ibu
hamil di Puskesmas Kassi-Kassi Makassar sebanyak 183 orang. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah sebagaian ibu
hamil yang mendapatkan dukungan suami dalam keteraturan pemeriksaan antenatal care di puskesmas kassi-kassi
Makassar. Hasil penelitian ini adalah sebagian besar responden mempunyai jumlah ibu yang mendapatkan
dukungan suami yang baik sebanyak orang 24 orang (57,1%) dan yang kurang mendapatkan dukungan suami
kurang sebanyak 18 orang (42,8%). jumlah ibu hamil yang keteraturan pemeriksaan antenatal care lengkap
sebanyak 26 orang (61,9%) dan yang keteraturan pemeriksaan antenatal care kurang sebanyak orang (38,1%).
Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah ada hubungan antaradukungan suami terhadap keteraturan pemeriksaan
antenatal care pada ibu hamil. Di sarankan tenaga kesehatan terutama bidan agar lebih baik dalam melakukan
pemantauan kunjungan
antenatal care dan memberikan konseling terkait kunjungan antenatal care.
PENDAHULUAN
Pemeriksaan rutin pra-kelahiran sangat penting agar yang dialami ibu hamil dapat ditemukan
masalah sedini mungkin dan dapat ditanggulangi, sebelum berkembang menjadi
membahayakan ibu maupun bayinya. Sebaiknya ibu hamil menjalani pemeriksaan kesehatan
paling sedikit empat kali selama hamil yaitu satu kali pada Trimester I usia kehamilan 0-14
minggu,
satu kali pada Trimester II usia kehamilan sebelum 28 minggu dan dua kali pada Trimester III
usia kehamilan 28-36 minggu dan setelah 36 minggu (Kusindijah, 2018).
Dukungan suami penting untuk kehamilan istri karena suami adalah orang yang paling
orang yang paling dekat dan terkadang istri dihadapkan pada situasi ketakutan dan kesendirian,
sehingga suami diharapkan untuk selalu memotivasi dan selalu menemani ibu hamil, selain itu
18 | ISSN : 2656-9167
dukungan yang diberikan suami selama istri hamil juga dapat mengurangi kecemasan serta
mengembalikan kepercayaan diri calon ibu dalam mengalami proses kehamilannya (Ningsih
et al., 2021). Hal ini sesuai dengan konsep suami “siaga” yaitu siap, antar, dan jaga bahwa
kewaspadaan suami mengenali tanda bahaya kehamilan dan kesiapan suami mendampingi
istri ketempat pelayanan kesehatan untuk pemeriksaan kehamilan memang diharapkan pada
setiap kunjungan pemeriksaan kehamilan, para suami sering mendampingi istri sehingga
mereka tahu kondisi kehamilan. Faktor-faktor dukungan suami yaitu tingkat pendidika,
pendapatan, budaya, pengetahuan tentang kehamilan, pengalaman, status perkawinan, dan
status social ekonomi(Budiarti et al., 2018).
Sehingga dukungan suami terhadap pentingnya pemeriksaan kehamilan sangat
diperlukan agar ibu hamil menyadari akan pentingnya pemeriksaan ibu hamil, baik itu untuk
dirinya sendiri ataupun untuk janin yang sedang dikandungnya. Pada masa ini terjadi
perubahan fisik yang mempengaruhi gerakan maupun aktivitas wanita tersebut sehari-hari
(Rahmatillah, 2017).
Kehamilan adalah dimulai dari konsepsi sampai lahirnya janin yang lamanya 280
hari ( 40 minggu atau 9 bulan 7 hari ) di hitung dari hari pertama haid terakhir dan di bagi
dalam 3 trimester yaitu trimester pertama di mulai dari konsepsi
sampai 3 bulan, trimester kedua dari bulan ke empat sampai 6 bulan, trimester ketiga
HASIL PENELITIAN
Analisa Univariat
METODE PENELITIAN
Jenis Penelitian
Berdasarkan ruang lingkup permasalahan dan tujuan penelitian maka penelitian menggunakan
desain penelitian Deskriptif Analitik dengan pendekatan Cross Sectional yang jenis penelitian
yang menekankan pengukuran observasi Variable independen dan dependen dilakukan dalam
waktu yang bersamaan. Rancangan ini berupaya mengungkapkan hubungan (korelatif) antara
variable (Notoatmodjo, 2012).
Tabel 1
Distribusi Frekuensi Tentang Dukungan Suami Di Puskesmas Kassi-KassiMakassar
Tahun 2018
Jurnal Antara Kebidanan Vol. 5 No. 1 Januari-Maret Tahun 2022
19 | ISSN : 2656-9167
Berdasarkan table 1 menunjukkan bahwa jumlah ibu yang mendapatkan dukungan suami yang baik
sebanyak 24 responden (57,1%) dan
Tabel 2
Distribusi Frekuensi Tentang Dukungan Suami Di Puskesmas Kassi-KassiMakassar
Tahun 2018
Berdasarkan table 2 menunjukkan bahwa jumlah ibu yang mendapatkan dukungan suami
yang baik sebanyak 24
responden (57,1%) dan yang kurang mendapatkan dukungan suami kurang sebanyak 18
responden (42,8%).
Berdasarkan tabel 3 menunjukkan bahwa jumlah ibu hamil yang keteratura pemeriksaan
antenatal care lengkap sebanyak 26 responden (61,9%) dan yang keteraturan
pemeriksaan antenatal care kurang sebanyak responden (38,1%).
20 | ISSN : 2656-9167
Analisa Bivariat
Analisis bivariat dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan variabel independen dengan variabel
: dependen. Uji statistic
yang digunakan adalah uji Chi-Square dengan tingkat kemaknaan ɑ<0,05. Hubungan variabel
independen dan dependen di jabarkan sebagai berikut :
Tabel 4
Hubungan Antara Dukungan Suami Terhadap Keteraturan Pemeriksaan Antenatal Care
Pada Ibu Hamil Di Puskesmas Kassi-Kassi Makassar Tahun2018
PEMBAHASAN
Antenatal Care adalah cara penting untukmemonitor dan mendukung kesehatan ibu
hamil normal dan mendeteksi ibu dengan kehamilan normal. Pelayanan antenatal atau yang
sering disebut
pemeriksaan kehamilan adalah pelayanan yang diberikan oleh tenagaprofessional yaitu
dokter spesialis kandungan, dokter umum, bidan, pembantu bidan, dan perawat bidan
(Chandra et al., 2019). Untuk itu selama
masa kehamilannya ibu hamil sebaiknya dianjurkan mengunjungi bidan atau dokter sedini
mungkin semenjak ia merasa dirinya hamil untuk mendapatkan pelayanan asuhan antenatal.
Bidan melakukan pemeriksaan klinis terhadap kondisi kehamilannya. Bidan member KIE
(Komunikasi, Informasi Edukasi) kepada ibu hamil, suami
kurang dengan keteraturan antenatal care kurang sebanyak 10 responden (55,6%). Berdasarkan
hasil analisis chi-square diperoleh nilai ρ = 0,044 lebih kecil dari ɑ = 0,05, ini berarti Ho di tolak dan
Ha di terima. Dengandemikian ada hubungan antara dukungan suami terhadap keteraturan pemeriksaan
antenatal care pada ibu hamil.
dan keluarganya tentang kondisi ibu hamil dan masalahnya (Adjorlolo et al., 2019). Dukungan
adalah menyediakan sesuatu untuk memenuhi kebutuhan orang lain. Dukungan juga dapat
diartikan sebagai memberikan dorongan/motivasi atau semangat dan nasehat kepada orang lain
dalam situasi pembuat keputusan. Dukungan suami dengan mendampingi istri melakukan
pemeriksaan ke dokter atau tenaga kesehatan lainnya sangat diperlukan karena dengan demikian
suami akan dapat mengetahui kesehatan istri dan anak dalam kandungan dengan baik. Hal ini
dimaksudkan selain memberikan dukungan emosional kepada istri juga apabila terjadi sesuatu
terhadap istri ataupun kandungannya dapat dilakukan tindakan segera atas persetujuan suami
(Evayanti,
21 | ISSN : 2656-9167
2015)
Hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan (Nurhasanah, 2020) diperoleh dukungan suami
dan kunjungan antenatal care sebanyak 1 responden memiliki dukungan tidak baik, tetapi
melakukan kunjungan antenatal care lebih dari 4 kali. Sedangkan 29 responden lainnya
memiliki dukungan suami yang baik . Sebanyak 22 (75,9%) responden yang melakukan
kunjungan antenatal care lebih dari 4 kali dan 7 (24,1%) responden lainnya yang
melakukan kunjungan antenatal care kurang dari 4 kali.
Hal ini dapat dilihat dari hasil penelitian pada tabel.3 bahwa walaupun ibu hamil
kurang mendapatkan dukungan dari suami, namun dapat melakukan pemeriksaan kehamilan
dengan baik. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa ibu hamil sebagain besar sudah menyadari bahwa
pemenuhan kebutuhan akan infromasi keadaan dirinya dan bayinya lebih baik,bahwa
dengan melakukan pemeriksaan kehamilan akan menambah infromasi mengenai keadaan
dirinya dan bayinya. Sesuai dengan hasil penelitian oleh (Artika Dewi, 2017) aspek yang
berhubungan signifikan dengan kunjungan antenatal adalah pengetahuan ibu, dibandingkan
dengan umur, pendidikan, paritas dan pekerjaan. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa pengetahuan
seorang ibu memiliki peranan penting dalam adanya perubahan perilaku mengenai
kedasaran kesehatannya.
Hal ini sesuai pendapat (Abuka & Alemu, 2016) bahwa ibu yang tidak bekerja
cenderung mempunyai waktu luang untuk melakukan pemeriksaan kehamilan, sebailknya ibu
yang sibuk hamper tidak mempunyai waktu untuk memperhatikan kehamilannya. Maka di
peroleh kesimpulan bahwa terdapat kesesuaian antara teori dengan kenyataan dimana
pekerjaan mempengaruhi terhadap keteraturan ibu dalam melakukan pemeriksaan antenatal
care.
KESIMPULAN
Dari hasil penelitian yang dilaksanakan padabulan April s/d Mei 2018 di Puskesmas
Kassi-Kassi Makassar jenis penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian Deskriptif Analitik
dengan
pendekatan Cross Sectional Study yang jenis penelitian yang menekankan pengukuran observasi
untuk melihat hubungan dukungan suami terhadap keteraturan pemeriksaan antenatal care
pada ibu hamil di Puskesmas Kassi-Kassi Makassar Tahun 2018, maka setelah dilakukan
penelitian di peroleh bahwa : Ada hubungan antara dukungan suami terhadap keteraturan
pemeriksaan antenatal care pada ibu hamil, karena dengan dukungan dari suami maka akan
berpengaruh terhadap keteraturan pemeriksaan antenatal care ibu dan hasil yang diperoleh
sebagian besar ibu mendapatkan dukungan dari suami dalam pelayanan antenatal care dan nilai
ρ = 0,044 lebih kecil dari nilai ɑ yang ditetapkan.
SARAN
Setelah dilakukan penelitian dan didapatkan kesimpulan maka penulis memberikan
beberapa saran sebagai berikut, diharapkan kepada ibu hamil yang kunjungannya lengkap
diharapkan untuk tetap melakukan kunjungan antenatal care secara teratur, dan bagi ibu hamil
yang belum lengkap kunjungannya diharapkan untuktetap melakukan kunjunganantenatal care
serta memberikan informasi kepada suami tentang pentingnya dukungan suami terhadap
keteraturan pemeriksaan antenatal care sehingga dapat mendeteksi secara dini jika terjadi
komplikasi dan kegawatdaruratan.
Bagi suami yang dukungannya kurang diharapkan berperan serta dalam memberikan
dukungan terhadap istri agar taat dalam melakukan antenatal care khususnya dan dukungan
dalamsegala aspek selama kehamilan dan melahirkan pada
Jurnal Antara Kebidanan Vol. 5 No. 1 Januari-Maret Tahun 2022
22 | ISSN : 2656-9167
umumnya.
Sebaiknya tenaga kesehatan terutama bidan agar lebih baik dalam melakukan
pemantauan kunjungan antenatal care dan memberikan konseling terkait kunjungan
antenatal care, memberikan dukungan yang positif kepada ibu.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Abuka, T., & Alemu, A. (2016). Assessment of Timing of First Antenatal Care Booking and
Associated Factors among Pregnant Women who attend Antenatal Care at Health Facilities
in Dilla town, Gedeo Zone, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region, Ethiopia,
2014. Journal of Pregnancy and Child Health, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.4172/2376-
127x.1000258
Adjorlolo, S., Aziato, L., & Akorli, V. V. (2019). Promoting maternal mental health in Ghana:
An examination of the involvement and professional development needs of nurses and
midwives. Nurse Education in Practice, 39(January), 105–110.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2019.08.0
08
Budiarti, V., Putri, R., & Amelia, C. R. (2018). Hubungan Karakteristik Ibu dan Dukungan
Suami dengan Tingkat Pengetahuan Ibu Hamil Tentang Tanda Bahaya Kehamilan. Journal
Of Issues In Midwifery, 2(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.joim.2018.0
02.01.1
Chandra, F., Junita, D. D., & Fatmawati, T. Y. (2019). Tingkat Pendidikan dan Pengetahuan Ibu
Hamil dengan Status Anemia. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Keperawatan Indonesia, 9(04), 653–
659.
https://doi.org/10.33221/jiiki.v9i04.398
Evayanti, Y. (2015). Hubungan Pengetahuan Ibu dan Dukungan Suami pada Ibu Hamil Terhadap
Keteraturan Kunjungan Antenatal Care (ANC) di Puskesmas Wates Lampung Tengah Tahun
2015. Jurnal Kebidanan. JKM (Jurnal Kebidanan Malahayati), 1(2), 81–90.
http://ejurnalmalahayati.ac.id/index.php
/kebidanan/article/view/550/484
Kusindijah. (2018). Hubungan antara kepemilikan buku kia dengan pengetahuan, sikap dan
praktik perawatan kehamilan di wilayah kerja puskesmas rangkah surabaya. I(April), 42–49.
Ningsih, E. S., Sugesti, R., & ... (2021). Persepsi Ibu, Dukungan Suami dan Dukungan Tempat
Kerja dengan Pemberian Asi Ekslusif pada Ibu Bekerja di CV X. SIMFISIS Jurnal Kebidanan
…, 01, 12–22. https://journals.mpi.co.id/index.php/SJK I/article/view/2
Nurhasanah, N. (2020). Dukungan Suami Berhubungan Dengan Kunjungan Antenatal Care. Jurnal
Kebidanan Malahayati, 6(3), 289–292. https://doi.org/10.33024/jkm.v6i3.2798
Rahmatillah, N. (2017). Aplikasi Prenatal Class Terhadap Kesiapan Peran Menjadi Orang Tua pada
Ibu Primigravida Di Desa Dukuh Mencek dan Desa Klungkung Sukorambi Kabupaten Jember.
Article.
Sayinzoga, F., Lundeen, T., Gakwerere, M., Manzi, E., Nsaba, Y. D. U., Umuziga, M. P., Kalisa, I.
R., Musange, S. F., & Walker, D. (2018). Use of a Facilitated Group Process to Design and
Implement a Group Antenatal and Postnatal Care Program in Rwanda. Journal of Midwifery
and Women’s Health, 63(5), 593–601. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12871
ABSTRAK
Antenatal Care (ANC) merupakan komponen pelayanan kesehatan ibu hamil terpenting untuk
menurunkan angka kematian ibu dan bayi. Tingginya angka kematian ibu dan bayi antara lain
disebabkan rendahnya tingkat pengetahuan ibu dan frekuensi pemeriksaan ANC yang tidak teratur.
Keteraturan ANC dapat ditunjukkan melalui frekuensi kunjungan, ternyata hal ini menjadi masalah
karena tidak semua ibu hamil memeriksakan kehamilannya secara rutin sehingga kelainan yang timbul
dalam kehamilan tidak dapat terdeteksi sedini mungkin (Sarwono, 2015).Tujuan dari penelitian ini
adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan usia dan paritas ibu terhadap keteraturan pemeriksaan
antenatal.Penelitian ini menggunakan Survey Analitik dengan menggunakan pendekatan Cross
Sectional.Populasi penelitian ini adalah ibu hamil berjumlah 315 responden.Jumlah sampel pada
penelitian ini adalah 176 responden.Pada analisa univariat diketahui dari 176 responden didapatkan
bahwa ibu dengan usia risiko tinggi sebanyak 114 responden (64,8%) dan ibu dengan usia risiko rendah
sebanyak 62 responden (35,2%) dan paritas ibu dengan risiko tinggi sebanyak 111 responden (63,1%)
dan paritas ibu dengan risiko rendah sebanyak 65 responden (36,9%).Analisa Bivariat menunjukkan usia
mempunyai hubungan yang bermakna dengan keteraturan pemeriksaan ANC (p value 0,002) dan paritas
mempunyai hubungan yang bermakna dengan keteraturan pemeriksaan ANC (p value 0,001).Simpulan
dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa ada hubungan usia dan paritas ibu terhadap keteraturan pemeriksaan
antenatal care.
ABSTRACT
Antenatal Care (ANC) is the most important component of health services for pregnant women to reduce
maternal and infant mortality. The high rate of maternal and infant mortality is partly due to the low
level of maternal knowledge and the irregular frequency of ANC examinations. The regularity of ANC
can be shown through the frequency of visits, this turns out to be a problem because not all pregnant
women check their pregnancy regularly so that abnormalities that arise in pregnancy cannot be detected
as early as possible (Sarwono, 2015). The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship
between maternal age and parity on the regularity of antenatal examinations. This study uses an
analytical survey with a cross sectional approach. The population of this study were 315 pregnant
women. The number of samples in this study were 176 respondents. In the univariate analysis, it was
found that from 176 respondents, there were 114 respondents (64.8%) of mothers with high risk age and
62 respondents (35.2%) of mothers with high risk parity. respondents (63.1%) and maternal parity with
low risk as many as 65 respondents (36.9%). Bivariate analysis showed that age had a significant
relationship with the regularity of the ANC examination (p value 0.002) and parity had a significant
relationship with the regularity of the ANC examination (p value 0.001). The conclusion of this study is
that there is a relationship between maternal age and parity on the regularity of antenatal care
examinations.
PENDAHULUAN
Salah satu upaya dalam menurunkan kematian ibu adalah dengan meningkatkan
cakupan pemeriksaan kehamilan oleh tenaga kesehatan. Indikator yang digunakan untuk
memantau cakupan pemeriksaan kehamilan tersebut adalah cakupan ibu hamil yang
pertama kali mendapat pelayanan antenatal (K1) yang merupakan indikator akses, dan
cakupan ibu hamil yang telah memperoleh pelayanan antenatal minimal 4 kali sesuai
distribusi waktu dan sesuai standar (K4) yang menggambarkan tingkat perlindungan ibu
hamil di suatu wilayah (Dinas Kesehatan, 2018).
Antenatal care adalah pengawasan kehamilan untuk mengetahui kesehatan umum
ibu, menegakan secara dini penyakit yang menyertai kehamilan, menegakan secara dini
komplikasi kehamilan, dan menetapkan resiko kehamilan (Manuaba, 2016). Antenatal
Care merupakan cara penting untuk memonitoring dan mendukung kesehatan ibu hamil
normal dan mendeteksi ibu dengan kehamilan normal, ibu hamil sebaiknya dianjurkan
mengunjungi bidan atau dokter sedini mungkin semenjak ia merasa dirinya hamil untuk
mendapatkan pelayanan dan asuhan antenatal (Prawirohardjo, 2015).
Menurut Departemen Kesehatan RI (2011), pemantauan dan pelayanan antenatal yaitu
bidan memberikan sedikitnya 4 kali pelayanan meliputi anamnesis dan memantauan ibu dan
janin dengan seksama untuk menilai apakah perkembangan berlangsung normal. Bidan juga
harus mengenal kehamilan resiko tinggi atau kelainan, khususnya anemi, kurang gizi,
hipertensi, penyakit menular seksual (PMS) dan infeksi human immune deficiency virus/
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), memberikan pelayanan imunisasi,
nasehat dan penyuluhan kesehatan serta tugas terkait lainnya yang diberikan oleh tenaga
kesehatan. Bila ditemukan kelainan, bidan harus mampu mengambil tindakan yang diperlukan
dan melakukan rujukan. Asuhan
antenatal yang dilakukan sesuai anjuran, akan membantu menjaga kondisi kesehatan selama
kehamilan, sehingga Anda lebih percaya diri menyongsong persalinan yang sehat yaitu;
mendeteksi sedini mungkin adanya faktor risiko dan tanda-tanda awal komplikasi pada
kehamilan, seperti perdarahan dan preeclampsia, memberikan edukasi kepada para bumil
seputar masalah gizi, persiapan persalinan, dan kemungkinan terjadinya komplikasi persalinan
(Dwiana, 2014).
Faktor-faktoryang
mempengaruhi Kunjungan Antenatal
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Volume 1, Nomor 2, Agustus 2021 Eka Juniarty
Care (ANC) yang ditelitiUsia Ibu dan Paritas. Usia adalah bertambahnya usia, yang dapat
terjadi perubahan perkembangan dari organ-organ tubuh terutama organ reproduksi dan
perubahan emosi. Paritas adalah keadaan wanita berkaitan dengan jumlah anak yang
dilahirkan. Wanita dengan paritas tinggi yaitu wanita yang memiliki >2 anak dan paritas
rendah yakni ≤2 anak. Paritas 2 sampai 3 merupakan paritas yang aman ditinjau dari
sudut kematian maternal. Paritas 1 dan paritas tinggi (lebih dari 3) mempunyai angka
kematian maternal (Walyani, 2015).Paritas adalah jumlah kehamilan yang dilahirkan atau
jumlah anak yang dimiliki baik dari hasil perkawinan sekarang atau sebelumnya.kejiwaan
(Wiknjosastro, 2015).
METODE PENELITIAN
Penelitian adalah suatu upaya
untuk memahami dan memecahkan masalah secara ilmiah, sistematis dan logis.Metode
yang digunakan adalah HASIL
Tabel 1
survey analitik dengan pendekatan Cross Sectional yakni dimana data yang menyangkut
variable dependen (Keteraturan Pemeriksaan ANC) dan variable independen (Usia dan Paritas
Ibu) dikumpulkan dalam waktu bersamaan (Notoatmodjo, 2014).
Populasi adalah keseluruhan objek penelitian atau objek yang diteliti (Notoatmodjo,
2014).Populasi penelitian ini yaitu ibu hamil yang melakukan kunjungan kehamilan di bulan
Januari-Desember tahun 2020 dengan jumlah 315 orang.
n=N
1 + N (d²)
Usia
Care Jumlah Tingkat Kemaknaa
n
Ya Tidak
N %
n % n %
Berdasarkan hasil analisa bivariat dengan uji statistik mengunakan Chi Square didapatkan
hasil p value = 0,003 ( p ≤ 0,05 ) berarti hipotesis
Tabel 2
menyatakan bahwa ada hubungan yang bermakna antara Usia Ibu dengan Keteraturan
pemeriksaan antenatal care pada ibu hamil terbukti.
Hubungan antara Paritas Ibu dengan Keteraturan Pemeriksaan Antenatal Care Pada Ibu Hamil
Paritas Ibu
Keteraturan Pemeriksaan Antenatal Care Jumlah
Tingkat Kemaknaan
N %
Ya Tidak
n % n %
Berdasarkan hasil analisa bivariat dengan uji statistik mengunakan Chi Square didapatkan
hasil p value=0,001 (p ≤ 0,05) berarti hipotesis menyatakan bahwa ada hubungan yang
bermakna antara Paritas Ibu dengan Keteraturan pemeriksaan antenatal care pada ibu
hamil terbukti secara statistik.
PEMBAHASAN
1. Hubungan Usia Ibu dengan Keteraturan Pemeriksaan Antenatal Care Pada Ibu
Hamil
Hasil analisa bivariat didapatkan dari 176 responden didapatkan ibu hamil yang teratur
melakukan pemeriksaan antenatal care sebanyak 125 responden (71,0%) dan ibu hamil
yang tidak teratur melakukan pemeriksaan antenatal caresebanyak 51 responden (28,9%).
Dari 114 responden dengan usia risiko tinggi terdapat 90 (51,1%) responden yang teratur
melakukan pemeriksaan antenatal care dan 24 (13,6%) responden yang tidak teratur
melakukan pemeriksaan antenatal care. Dari 62 responden dengan usia risiko rendah terdapat
35 (19,9%) responden yang teratur melakukan pemeriksaan antenatal care dan 27 (15,3%)
responden yang tidak teratur melakukan pemeriksaan antenatal care. Berdasarkan hasil analisa
bivariat dengan uji statistik mengunakan Chi Square didapatkan hasil p value = 0,003 (p ≤
0,05) berarti hipotesis menyatakan bahwa ada hubungan yang bermakna antara Usia Ibu
dengan Keteraturan Pemeriksaan Antenatal Care Pada Ibu Hamil terbukti secara statistik.
Hal ini sejalan dengan hasil penelitian Ria Desita (2016) di Puskesmas Ciruas Kabupaten
Serang secara statistik dengan menggunakan uji chi square diperoleh hasil p value = 0, 004 (p
<0,05) dengan demikian H0 ditolak dan Ha diterima yang artinya ada hubungan antara usia
dengan
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Volume 1, Nomor 2, Agustus 2021 Eka Juniarty
2. Hubungan Paritas Ibu dengan Keteraturan Pemeriksaan Antenatal Care Pada Ibu
Hamil
Hasil analisa bivariat didapatkan dari 176 responden didapatkan yang teratur
melakukan pemeriksaan antenatal care sebanyak 125 responden (71,0%) dan yang tidak
teratur melakukan pemeriksaan antenatal caresebanyak 51 responden (29,0%).
Dari 111 responden dengan paritas risiko tinggi terdapat 89 (50,6%) responden yang
teratur melakukan pemeriksaan antenatal care dan 22 (12,5%) responden yang tidak teratur
melakukan pemeriksaan antenatal care. Dari 65 responden dengan paritas risiko rendah
terdapat 36 (20,5%) responden yang teratur melakukan pemeriksaan antenatal care dan 29
(16,5%) responden yang tidak teratur melakukan pemeriksaan antenatal care.
Berdasarkan hasil analisa bivariat dengan uji statistik mengunakan Chi
Square didapatkan hasil p value= 0,001 (p ≤ 0,05) berarti hipotesis menyatakan bahwa ada
hubungan yang bermakna antara Paritas Ibu dengan Keteraturan Pemeriksaan Antenatal
Careterbukti secara statistik.
Hal ini sesuai dengan hasil penelitian Ria Desita dan Rahmadewi (2013) di Puskesmas
Ciruas Kabupaten Serang secara statistik dengan menggunakan uji chi square diperoleh hasil p
value = 0, 014 (p <0,05) dengan demikian H0 ditolak dan Ha diterima yang artinya ada
hubungan antara usia dengan kepatuhan ibu pemeriksaan antenatal care dan diperoleh hasil p
value = 0, 022 (p <0,05) dengan demikian H0 ditolak dan Ha diterima yang artinya ada
hubungan antara paritas dengan kepatuhan ibu pemeriksaan antenatal care(Desita
&Rahmadewi, 2013).
Ibu yang baru pertama kali hamil dengan jumlah paritas kehamilan pertama dengan usia
yang reproduktif (20-35 tahun) merupakan hal yang sangat baru ibu alami sehingga termotivasi
dalam melakukan pemeriksaan kehamilannya ke tenaga kesehatan. Sebaliknya ibu yang sudah
pernah melahirkan lebih dari satu anak mempunyai anggapan bahwa ia sudah berpengalaman
sehigga tidak termotivasi untuk memeriksakan kehamilannya (Padila, 2014).
SIMPULAN
Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa dari 176 responden :
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Journal of Health Science
Volume 1, Nomor 2, Agustus 2021 Eka Juniarty
1. Distribusi frekuensi didapatkan ibu hamil yang teratur melakukan pemeriksaan antenatal
care sebanyak 125 responden (71,0%) dan ibu hamil yang tidak teratur melakukan
pemeriksaan antenatal caresebanyak 51 responden (28,9%).
2. Distribusi frekuensi didapatkan ibu dengan usia risiko tinggi sebanyak 114 responden
(64,8%) dan ibu dengan usia risiko rendah sebanyak 62 responden (35,2%).
3. Distribusi frekuensi didapatkan paritas ibu dengan risiko tinggi sebanyak 111 responden
(63,1%) dan paritas ibu dengan risiko rendah sebanyak 65 responden (36,9%).
4. Ada hubungan yang bermakna antara Usia dengan Keteraturan Pemeriksaan Antenatal Care
Pada
Ibu Hamil, dimana p value = (0,003) ≤ 0,05.
5. Ada hubungan yang bermakna antara Paritas Ibu dengan Keteraturan Pemeriksaan Antenatal
Care Pada Ibu Hamil, dimana p value = (0,001) ≤ 0,05.
SARAN
Diharapkan petugas kesehatan dapat berperan aktif dalam memberikan edukasi kepada
masyarakat dengan memberikan informasi-informasi, khususnya
tentang keteraturan pemeriksaan antenatal care pada ibu hamil bahwa pemeriksaan kehamilan
sangatlah penting guna dapat mendeteksi dini kegawatdaruratan maupunkomplikasi yang dapat
terjadi baik pada ibu ataupun pada janin.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Bobak, lowdermilk, Jensen. 2004. Buku ajar keperawatan maternitas. Jakarta: EGC.
2. Desiet, Ria dan Rahmadewi.2014. Hubungan Antara Karakteristik Ibu Hamil Dengan Ke antental-
care patuhan Ibu Terhadap Standar Kunjungan Antenatal Care di BPS “X” Cikarang. 5(1): Hal.
211-217.
3. Fatkhiyah Natiqotul, dkk. 2020. Kepatuhan Kunjungan Antenatal care Berdasarkan Faktor
Maternal. Jurnal SMART Kebdianan. 7(1): Hal. 29-34
5. Manuaba, 2010. Ilmu Kebidanan Penyakit Kandungan dan Pelayanan Keluarga Berencana.
Jakarta: EGC.
6. Manuaba, 2012. Ilmu Kebidanan Penyakit Kandungan dan Pelayanan Keluarga Berencana.
Jakarta: EGC.
7. Maryunani, dkk, 2013. Asuhan Kegawatdarutan Maternal dan Neonatal. Jakarta: Trans Info
Media.
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Volume 1, Nomor 2, Agustus 2021 Eka Juniarty
12. Saifuddin, Abdul Bari dkk. 2014. Ilmu Kebidanan Sarwono Prawirohardjo. Jakarta: Bina
Pustaka Sarwono Prawirohardjo.
13. Sri Daryanti, Menik. 2019. Paritas Berhubungan Dengan Pemeriksaan Antenatal Care
diPMB Seleman Yogyakarta. Jurnal Kebidanan. 8(1): Hal. 56-60
14. Wiknjosastro, 2015. Buku Acuan Pelayanan Maternal dan Neonatal. Jakarta: PT. Bina Pustaka
Sarwono Prawirohardjo.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INTERNET RESEARCH Jiang et al Original Paper
Hong Jiang , MD, PhD; Longmei Jin , MD; Xu Qian , MD, PhD; Xu Xiong , DrPH; Xuena La ,
1,2,3,4* 4,5* 1,2,3,4 6 1,2
MD; Weiyi Chen , MD; Xiaoguang Yang , PhD; Fengyun Yang , MD; Xinwen Zhang , MD;
1,2 1,2,3,4 7 8
Nazhakaiti Abudukelimu ; Xingying Li ; Zhenyu Xie , MD; Xiaoling Zhu , MD; Xiaohua Zhang , MD;
1 1 9 10 4,5
Lifeng Zhang , MD; Li Wang , MD, PhD; Lingling Li , MPH; Mu Li , MD, PhD
7 11 12 13,14
1
School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
2
Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment (National Health Commission), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
3
Global Health Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
4
Minhang Branch, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
5
Minhang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Shanghai, China
6
School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
7
Jiading Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Shanghai, China
8
The Fourth People’s Hospital of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
9
Pudong New District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Shanghai, China
10
Leping Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Leping, China
11
Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou, China
12
Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
13
School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
14
China Studies Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
*
these authors contributed equally
Corresponding Author:
Hong Jiang, MD, PhD
School of Public Health
Fudan University
Mailbox 175
138 Yixueyuan Road
Shanghai, 200032
China
Phone: 86 2154237267
Email: h_jiang@fudan.edu.cn
Abstract
Background: China was the first country in the world to experience a large-scale COVID-19 outbreak. The rapid
spread of the disease and enforcement of public health measures has caused distress among vulnerable populations
such as pregnant women. With a limited understanding of the novel, emerging infectious disease, pregnant women
have sought ways to access timely and trusted health care information. The mental health status of pregnant women
during this public health emergency, as well as how they responded to the situation and where and how they
obtained antenatal care information, remain to be understood.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the mental health status of pregnant women during the COVID-19
epidemic in China by measuring their perceived stress, anxiety, and depression levels; explore the approaches used
by them to access antenatal health care information; and determine their associations with maternal mental health
status.
Methods: We conducted a web-based, cross-sectional survey to assess the mental health status of Chinese pregnant
women by using the validated, Chinese version of Perceived Stress Scale, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, and Edinburgh
Depression Scale. We
Abstract
Background: Antenatal care serves as a key entry point for a pregnant woman to receive a broad range
of services and should be initiated at the onset of pregnancy. The aim of the study was to understand
the reasons for the late initiation of antenatal care by pregnant women in Nkwen Baptist Health Centre,
Bamenda, Cameroon. Methods: The study applied purposive sampling to recruit eighteen pregnant
women and three key informants for data collection through individual interviews. Pregnant women who
initiated antenatal care after the first trimester were recruited during antenatal care clinics and were
interviewed in a room at the Antenatal Care Unit. Key informants were midwives working at the
Antenatal Care Unit. Participation in the study was voluntary. The purpose of the study was explained to
participants, and they signed a consent form if they were willing to participate in the research. Data
were audio-recorded and analyzed using thematic coding analysis. Results: Pregnant women placed a
low value on early antenatal care because they perceived pregnancy to be a normal health condition or
to not be a serious issue that required seeking health care. Furthermore, previous positive pregnancy
outcomes for which women did not access care made them less motivated to initiate antenatal care
early. Participants perceived the booking system to be user-unfriendly and complained of overcrowded
conditions, long waiting times and some rude service providers. The cost of services and distance to
health facilities that required travel via uncomfortable transport on poor road networks were identified as
perceived barriers. The absence of effective community health programmes, perceived lack of support
from parents and spouses, fear of bewitchment and stigma due to cultural beliefs about the early
initiation of antenatal care were also identified as variables influencing late initiation.
Conclusion: Pregnant women lack information on the purpose of early antenatal care. Health facility
barriers as well as socio-cultural beliefs have significant influences on the timing of antenatal care
initiation. The government of Cameroon should strengthen the health system and implement activities
to engage communities in improving care seeking for antenatal care and thereby improving maternal
health status of women.
Keywords: Antenatal care, Maternal health, Pregnant women, Midwives, Care-seeking, Health education
* Correspondence: deniswarri@cbchealthservices.org
1
Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services, P. O. Box 1, Bamenda,
Cameroon
© The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to
the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver
(http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Warri and George BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth (2020) 20:70 Page 2 of 12
Background
In 2015, approximately 303,000 women died from pregnancy-related causes globally, with 99% of all
mater nal deaths occurring in low and middle-income countries [1]. Within low and middle-income
countries, the highest maternal mortality rates are found in sub-Saharan Africa [2]. Within sub-Saharan
Africa, the West African region has the highest maternal mortality in Africa, accounting for
approximately 20% of global maternal deaths [3]. In West Africa, Cameroon has one of the highest
maternal mortality rates, with 596 deaths / 100,000 live births [4]. Additionally, in Cameroon,
approximately 80,000 women and girls suffer from injuries or disabilities caused by com plications
during pregnancy and childbirth each year [5]. The major causes of maternal mortality in Cameroon are
haemorrhage, malaria, complications from unsafe abor tion, hypertension, anaemia and pneumonia [ 6].
The skewed nature of maternal deaths demonstrates that the majority of maternal deaths could be
prevented through timely interventions by skilled healthcare providers, whether during the antenatal,
delivery or postpartum period [7, 8]. Antenatal care serves as a key entry point for a broad range of
services that enable the detection and management of risky conditions associated with preg nancy and
childbirth [8].
While research has demonstrated the benefits of ante natal care through the improved health of
mothers and babies, the exact components of antenatal care and what to do at what time have been
matters of debate [9]. Ini tially, the high-risk approach aimed to classify pregnant women as low risk and
high risk based on predeter mined criteria, which involved many visits [10]. This approach was difficult
to implement effectively since many pregnant women have at least one risk factor, and not all women
developed complications. At the same time, some low-risk women develop complications, par ticularly
during childbirth [9]. After a 2001 systematic review, the World Health Organization (WHO) moved away
from the high-risk antenatal care model developed largely for high-income countries [10]. The revised
model was based on reduced but goal-oriented clinic visits (focused antenatal care), which consisted of
at least four visits to a health facility during pregnancy [10]. More recently, evidence has shown that the
focused antenatal care model is probably associated with more perinatal deaths than models that call
for at least eight antenatal care visits [11].
Furthermore, evidence suggests that more antenatal care visits, irrespective of the resource setting,
are probably associated with greater maternal satisfaction than fewer antenatal care visits [11].
Currently, the 2016 WHO ante natal care model states that antenatal care models with a minimum of
eight contacts are recommended to reduce perinatal mortality and improve women’s experiences of
care [11]. Research indicates that in low-income countries, particularly sub-Saharan African countries,
pregnant women often do not receive the recommended antenatal care services [2]. To ensure that
potential complications are identified in early pregnancy and managed effectively, the WHO recommends
that women should initiate ante natal care early and have at least eight contacts with healthcare
professionals during pregnancy [11]. In West Africa, many pregnant women, especially adolescent
women, tend to start antenatal care late, resulting in them not benefiting from preventive and curative
services. In a retrospective study on gestational age at antenatal booking and delivery outcomes in
Nigeria, the results reported a prevalence of late booking of 86% [12]. This result is in line with a cross-
sectional study in southern Benin. In this study in southern Benin, the primary target was pregnant
women attending an antenatal care visit, regardless of the length of pregnancy. The results showed that
among 301 pregnant women, only 24.6% utilized antenatal care services during the first trimester of
pregnancy [13]. An other cross-sectional study in The Gambia showed similar results of high rates of late
initiation of antenatal care. The study involved 457 women attending six urban and six rural antenatal
clinics. The results indicated that only 8.1% of the women attended antenatal care visits within the first
trimester of pregnancy, while 62.8 and 29.1% attended their first antenatal care visits in the second and
third trimesters respectively [14]. Similar to other West African studies, research has shown that most
pregnant women in Cameroon initiate antenatal care late [15, 16]. In a cross-sectional study in the Muea
Health Area in the Southwest Region of Cameroon, which is made up of rural/semi-urban settlements,
findings showed that only 27.2% of women had their first antenatal care visits in the first trimester [15].
Most of the women (69.1%) had their first visits in the second trimester, and 3.7% had their first antenatal
care visits in the third trimester [15]. The re search found that rural residence was associated with lower
antenatal care attendance. Semi- urban women were more likely than rural women to initiate antenatal
care early or attend four times or more. Financial constraints were the most significant barrier to the early
initiation of antenatal care [15]. This was because in Cameroon, payment for services is out of pocket
both in private and public health facilities with no exemption schemes. Com munity health insurance
schemes are weak and not effect ively utilized by the population. Similarly, the results of a cross-sectional
study in a suburban hospital in Buea in the Southwest Region of Cameroon revealed that while 60.5% of
women attended at least four antenatal care visits be fore delivery, only 20.5% of women attended
antenatal care during the first trimester of pregnancy [16]. In con trast to the study in the Muea Health
Area which is a rural/suburban area, in the study in Buea in the suburban
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hospital, socio-demographic and obstetric factors were not found to be associated with attendance of
antenatal care in the first trimester [16].
The present study explored the perceptions of preg nant women concerning the late initiation of
antenatal care and how their experiences influenced their deci sions on the timing of antenatal care
initiation. This art icle presents the methods and findings of the study and discusses these findings in
relation to previous research on the late initiation of antenatal care.
Methods
Study design
The study was an exploratory, qualitative study given that it aimed to gain a deeper understanding of
the percep tions, opinions and experiences of pregnant women and midwives regarding factors
influencing early antenatal care initiation during pregnancy. Qualitative research can develop concepts
that enable the understanding of social phenomena in a particular setting with emphasis on the
meaning, experiences and views of participants [17]. Hence, the approach enabled the researchers to
collect data through in-depth interviews with an interview guide using questions that were broad and
open-ended to enable detailed exploration based on the responses provided. The approach also
enabled the primary researcher to explore the reasons and opinions behind participants’ responses
through asking probing “why”, “how” and “what” ques tions to gain a deeper understanding of the
reasons for the late initiation of antenatal care among pregnant women.
Research setting
The study was conducted in Nkwen Baptist Health Cen ter, a semi-urban health centre located in the
Bamenda Health District in the Northwest Region of Cameroon. Nkwen Baptist Health Centre is a faith-
based outpatient clinic belonging to the Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services. The health
centre has 144 staff mem bers and an average monthly patient attendance of 12, 128. The average
monthly antenatal care clinic attend ance of pregnant women is 358. The cost to initiate antenatal care
is at least 13,000 fcfa ($26) but slightly less in public health facilities. This cost excludes other costs,
such as for transportation to the health facility and feeding during clinics. Payment for services is out of
pocket both in private and public health facilities with no exemption schemes. The Bamenda Health
District is an urban and semi-urban area. With approximately 337, 036 inhabitants, the district has 17
health areas and covers a total surface area of 560 km 2. There is one main hospital (Bamenda Regional
Hospital), which functions as a referral hospital for 17 public, 12 lay private and 5 mission health
facilities. The Bamenda Health District is
located in the Northwest Region of Cameroon. With Bamenda as its capital city, the Northwest Region is
the third most populated region in Cameroon, with an esti mated population of more than 1.8 million
inhabitants [18].
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the transcript for analysis, based on a verbatim account of the interview. With the data recording, the
inter viewer was able to review the recording multiple times as needed to catch elements that were
missed. Written notes were also used to record information as a supple ment to the audio- recorded
data. Data analysis was conducted alongside data collection and was stopped once saturation was
reached. Each interview took be tween thirty minutes to one hour and was assigned a code and a date
to maintain confidentiality. At the end of each interview, the audio recordings were transcribed verbatim
by the primary researcher and analyzed manu ally using thematic coding analysis (TCA). The primary
researcher’s diary notes were collated and analyzed at the end of each day to ensure reflexivity.
Data analysis
Data analysis was performed manually using TCA. TCA is a form of inductive analysis in which
categories or codes are allowed to emerge from the data [19]. The five phases of TCA are as follows:
familiarization, coding, identification of themes, reviewing and refining, integra tion and interpretation
[20]. The primary researcher continuously reflected on the setting and context to help interpret the
phenomena. The primary researcher also drew on existing research to inform the interpretation as well
as strengthen and support the argument.
Ethical considerations
Participation in the study was voluntary for pregnant women and midwives. Respondents were informed
of the study by staff only at the end of their visit at the Antenatal Care Unit to ensure that the study did
not interfere with their access to care. Each respondent was provided with a letter explaining the study,
requesting their participation and assuring them of the confidentiality of the study. Their consent was
sought, and a consent form was avail able for them to sign if they were willing to participate in the
research. Participation in the research did not inhibit the respondents’ access to care. The anonymity of
the participants was ensured by not asking questions that re vealed the identities of the participants and
not linking the results to individual participants. Pseudonyms were also used in the presentation of
findings to ensure anonymity. It was anticipated that the research would cause no harm to the research
participants. However, a professional Counsellor from Nkwen Baptist Health Centre was avail able in
case any of the pregnant women required emo tional support or counselling as a result of the research
process. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Biomed ical Research Ethics Committee of the
University of the Western Cape (UWC) and from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Cameroon
Baptist Convention Health Services. Administrative clearance was also obtained from
the Director of Health Services of the Cameroon Baptist Convention which authorized the researcher to
have ac cess to the research participants at Nkwen Baptist Health Centre.
Results
Eighteen pregnant women and three key informant mid wives were interviewed. The socio-demographic
details of the participants are summarized in Table 1. Pregnant women and midwives had the same
opinions on the rea sons for the late initiation of antenatal care. The results of the interviews are
summarized according to the following themes:
Perceived barriers
Table 1 Socio-demographic information of participants Description N = 21 Age range (in Years) n (%)
18–22 5 (23.8) 23–27 8 (38.1) 28–32 1 (4.8) 33–37 4 (19.0) 38–42 2 (9.5) 43–47 1 (4.8) Marital status
Single 4 (19.0) Married 17 (81.0) Gravidity
1 5 (23.8) 2 7 (33.4) 3 4 (19.0) 4 4 (19.0) 5 1 (4.8)
Parity
0 5 (23.8) 1 8 (38.1) 2 4 (19.0) 3 2 (9.5)
4 1 (4.8) 5 1 (4.8)
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High cost of initiating antenatal care
Distance to health facility
Self-efficacy
Pregnancy disclosure
Support from spouse
Reaction of parents
The Participants’ and primary researcher’s reflections about the setting and context were incorporated
into the findings to provide a richer description of the percep tions of reasons for the late initiation of
antenatal care.
I could not come for ANC by one or two months [of being pregnant] because the foetus was not yet
formed so that I can do echography and know how the baby was doing. It was so early, so being so
early like that it would have just been waste of time. (P1, single, age range 18-22, parity 0)
You need to go for antenatal care when pregnancy is big so that they can check the baby well. It’s just
that when I hear someone saying they are going for antenatal at two or three months [of pregnancy], I
judge that it’s because they have money to waste. I cannot just waste money like that. (P7, married,
age range 18-22, parity 2)
Some women recognized the importance of early ante natal care but lacked insights into its purpose
for pregnant
women and instead had a general understanding that pregnancy required antenatal care at some point.
Early antenatal is good …because I am pregnant, and it [the antenatal clinic] is a place where, when
you are pregnant and preparing to deliver, you must appear. Had it been that I was not pregnant, I
could not be here, so I believe I am in the right place. (P8, married, age range 18-22, parity 1)
For me I don’t really see it that necessary to come for antenatal care clinic that early at two or three
months because first of all am not sick, am just nor mal, am fine and there’s nothing wrong with me.
(P17, married, age range 38-42, parity 3)
There was no problem within the first three months, so if there was a problem, that’s when I would
have rushed and come earlier. (P2, married, age range 23-27, parity 0)
Key informants also said most of the pregnant women who initiated antenatal care late did so as a
curative ra ther than a preventive service.
They [pregnant women who initiate antenatal care late] feel antenatal care is a curative issue,
meanwhile that’s not the case. Antenatal care is preventive…this causes them to wait until they have a
health problem before they come for antenatal care. (P19, married, age range 43-47, parity 5)
I know that it is normal [the ideal time] to come for antenatal clinic as from four or five months… at that
time you can be able to know better how the baby is faring. (P13, married, age range 23-27, parity 2)
Many women did not have correct information on the ideal booking time due to misinformation from
family members, or inadequate health education during clinics.
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As I was growing up, my mother used to teach me all those things, that when a woman is pregnant,
she needs to go for clinic from 4 to 5 months of pregnancy so that the nurses can know if the baby is
doing fine (P2, married, age range 23-27, parity 1)
[The nurses] in the health talk [education] when I came here last time when I was pregnant [at five
months] did not tell us that a pregnant woman should start clinic when she is just one, two or three
months pregnant. I have not heard this before, it is very new to me. (P12, married, age range 23-27,
parity 1)
Obstetric history
Women with a positive obstetric history perceived preg nancy and safe delivery to be a normal
experience and did not see the need to initiate antenatal care early.
[As for previous deliveries], I did not have complica tions, am always fine. I always come for antenatal
care clinic later than this [five months] usually seven months when its almost time for me to give birth.
I have always been delivering safely so I have no problem … I believe is just going to be the same be
cause the previous ones I just delivered safely, and this is even the fourth pregnancy. (P17, married,
age range 38-42, parity 3)
Key informant midwives said that a positive obstetric history caused some pregnant women to see
antenatal care as a routine and preferred to book later.
As women deliver more some of them think they know much and will not want to come and book
earlier. They think that antenatal care clinic is just a routine, they just think that since they have been
going for antenatal care clinic for the previous pregnancies there’s no need booking early. (PI20,
married, age range 33-37, parity 4)
Among the pregnant women, one had a negative ob stetric history. Due to her blood group and that of
her spouse, all their previous children had sickle cell disease and did not survive. This influenced her to
delay initiat ing antenatal care because she was contemplating ter minating the pregnancy.
I lost two children in the past due to our electrophoresis status [the incompatibility of her blood group
with that of her spouse]. I aborted the third and this is the fourth pregnancy and I am not happy about
it all…I decided to come now because I
was still thinking whether to keep the pregnancy or not [terminate the pregnancy]. (P16, married, age
range 23-27, parity 0)
The problem is the place is too congested, the population is too much. When you come you need to
stand on a very long line and aahh its really stressful…standing on the long lines every month from the
first month [of pregnancy] and for nine months is something I can’t really do….. So I decided to come
from five months to the last month so that at least I will not have to stress a lot. (P11, single, age range
18-22, parity 0)
I was not really pleased with the way the welcome was at the clinic, some of them are very rude, they
don’t take time to explain things and end up just shouting at us and that’s even the most reason why
some of us don’t like to come early for clinic because we don’t want to interact with them. (P18, married,
age range 38-42, parity 3)
Let me say within the first two months, things were really difficult for us, so even if I was to start by then,
I woudn’t have started. Because you know the town is shaking [from socio-political tensions] now so
everything is difficult. Money is difficult to get ……there would have been no money to pay for tests and
drugs within the first two months. (P5, married, age range 23-27, parity 1)
Some women said they could not afford to pay for ante natal care services and delayed initiating
antenatal care to
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reduce the number of clinic visits, thereby reducing the total cost of antenatal care over the entire
pregnancy.
You know there are financial challenges, there is a lot of hardship here and you have to pay for the
cost of antenatal care … to start coming from the first month [of pregnancy] to the last month like that I
don’t really have money because it is expensive to be coming from the first month to the last month,
no, no, I cannot afford money to pay. (P17, married, age range 38-42, parity 3)
Midwives concurred that initiating antenatal care was expensive ($26) for many pregnant women and
that lack of finances was one of the reasons why many of them booked late. This amount was too high
for women within this community to afford to initiate antenatal care.
For first booking you spend at least 13,000 FCFA [$26] and they [pregnant women] always see early
booking to be expensive to them…… we always at least attend to them and give them services
according to the money they are able to have and tell them to go and look for money and come and
finish their lab tests. (P21, single, age range 33-37, parity 1)
I do have difficulties of transport to come for clinic. You know the distance is far and I use bike [motor
cycle], am always very dizzy, that makes it difficult [to initiate antenatal care early] (P11, single, age
range 18-22, parity 0)
Even though we have tarred road but the only means of transport is [by] bike we don’t have taxi. It’s
difficult with this pregnancy to climb on a bike, you are not comfortable, you are not sitting well so
most at times you find yourself trekking for long to where you can see a taxi to come for the clinic …
when you just think how you start trekking or climbing on a bike and start rolling down a long distance
with all the wind it discourages you from going [to initiate] antenatal care early. (P18, married, age
range 38-42, parity 3)
To say health workers come to the community to educate us on how to go about [early antenatal care
initiation] when you are pregnant, I have not seen that… [As far as] seeing a doctor or a nurse coming
around our quarter to help enlighten [educate] us on pregnancy and [early] antenatal care, I have never
seen [that]. (P18, married, age range 38-42, parity 3)
These pregnant women are ignorant of things about pregnancy and [early] antenatal [care], where we
can really educate women about them, they lack education…we lack a community forum [to have
education] on early start of antenatal clinic… (P19, married, age range 43-47, parity 5)
Self-efficacy
Self-efficacy refers to the confidence that enables a preg nant woman to be motivated to take action. It is
influ enced by socio-economic and demographic factors. In this study, some pregnant women did not
believe that they were capable of making the decision to initiate antenatal care within the first trimester.
Themes that emerged under self-efficacy were the cost of initiating antenatal care, pregnancy disclosure,
support from spouse, and the reaction of parents.
Pregnancy disclosure
Some of the participants initiated antenatal care late be cause they wanted to delay making the
pregnancy public, because of fear of perceived “enemies” who could harm their pregnancies.
I did not come before this time because I did not want people to know especially people who don’t wish
me well, my enemies. (P2, married, age range 23-27, parity 1)
Other women said they delayed making their preg nancy public because they were shy or ashamed
when the pregnancy was still early. It was noted that stigma associated with early pregnancy disclosure
influenced
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both married and unmarried women in relation to the timing of antenatal care booking.
Pregnancy in our culture even though you are married it has some types of conceptions. At times I am
shy and so I will not want my neighbours and people around to first of all know …. Culturally you feel
shy…. even though [you are] married, it has a little aspect of shame related [to it]. You don’t feel
comfortable you just feel a type [uncomfortable]. (P18, married, age range 38-42, parity 3)
One of the key informant midwives said that unmar ried women especially young girls also hide the
pregnan cies within the first trimester due to the shame that information about their pregnancies will
bring to their parents.
Most pregnant women at the beginning of pregnancy are always shy especially those who are not
married, they shy away first of all because they don’t want their neighbours, or their immediate family
members to know that they are pregnant so they hide the pregnancy seriously…some are ashamed
for fear of stigma that their neighbours will laugh at their parents that though she was so holy she is
not married but is pregnant. (P19, married, age range 43- 47, parity 5)
Some of the women said community members consid ered early antenatal care to be a show of pride
and mocked women who initiated antenatal care early.
So for us we believe that you only start going for clinic when the stomach is already very big [such] as
such from six months. Because when you go for antenatal care at one or two months when the baby
is still small, it is like you are boasting of something, proud which does not really speak well of you[in
the community]. (P17, married, age range 38-42, parity 3)
Whenever I tell the father of my children that I am pregnant, he usually takes it for a lie…each time I
request for money to go for clinic he is not willing and will ask me to wait and he will give it [money] at
his own time. (P7, married, age range 18-22, parity2)
Lack of knowledge on the ideal booking time by hus bands also contributed to them providing less
support to their wives to initiate antenatal care early.
I was not given money on time by my husband and when I said I was pregnant and needed to go for
antenatal care early, he thought I was lying… It took many months before he gave me money….. He
thought one needed to go for antenatal care at 6 months [of pregnancy]. (P14, married, age range 18-
22, parity 0)
Marital misunderstanding was also identified as one of the reasons that caused many husbands not to
support their wives to book early.
Sometimes he [my husband] is not understanding, what I will actually want from him he will not even
give me. Like this food they are telling us to go and eat, I don’t know how I will explain to him because
according to him he thinks that I just want to take his money and eat… he [will] just get angry and say,
“Why are you struggling to go? You just want to waste my mone”. (P18, married, age range 38-42,
parity 3)
Reaction of parents
Most of the unmarried women especially young girls said that the fear of negative reactions from their
parents led to the late disclosure of pregnancy and hence con tributed to the late initiation of antenatal
care.
My parents were not going to welcome the preg nancy since I was just a student …so telling them
when the pregnancy was still one or two months or so it would have been a taboo or something and I
will surely be beaten…my parents are wild and they could do anything, so I was scared [and decided to
hide the pregnancy from them]. (P11, single, age range 18-22, parity 0)
Discussion
Our study identified the following four key themes that we used as a basis to explain the reasons for late
initi ation of antenatal care: perceived susceptibility/perceived severity due to late antenatal care
initiation; perceived health system barriers to early antenatal care; cues for action; and self-efficacy.
Explanatory aspects of the find ings are elaborated and placed in the context of the broader literature.
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right time to initiate antenatal care. This lack of under standing is influenced by a perception that
antenatal care is primarily provided to detect or treat diseases. This explains why many participants said
they did not have any problems in early pregnancy that required the intervention of health personnel.
Some respondents as sumed that there were no benefits in booking in the first three months. There is a
perception that women can successfully go through the first trimester of pregnancy without antenatal
care. Pregnant women view health is sues as normal health conditions or not serious enough to require
that they seek healthcare. These are the argu ments used by those advocating for goal-oriented ante
natal care visits. Hence, antenatal care is perceived as a curative rather than a preventive intervention.
This is in line with a study by Ndidi and Oseremen in which they reported that most women booked
antenatal care late because of the belief that there are no advantages to booking antenatal care in the
first three months of preg nancy [21]. Some of the women were aware of the importance of early
antenatal care but lacked insight into its comprehensive purpose. The value of the early initiation of
antenatal care was not well described, and descriptions of antenatal care most often focused on
curative care or preparation for delivery, as was found in a study in rural South Africa [22].
In this study, some participants believed that there was no ideal booking time for antenatal care. This
is similar to a study in southern Nigeria in which the majority of pregnant women claimed that it is safe to
book antenatal care at any time during pregnancy [23]. There were di verse reasons for the lack of
information on the ideal booking time. Some participants responded that they had never been informed
of the ideal booking time by service providers during previous antenatal clinics. Health education
programmes during antenatal care clinics failed to address the issue of the ideal booking time, and multi
gravidas who booked late in previous pregnancies were likely to continue with the same prac tice during
subsequent pregnancies. In a study in Buea Health District in Cameroon, few and ineffective health
education sessions held by service providers during ante natal care clinics were highlighted to be
related to the poor utilization of antenatal care services by pregnant women [15]. It has been found that
past experience with antenatal care services is not a predictor of the timely booking of antenatal care
[24].
In this study, some participants responded that they grew up observing their mothers initiating
antenatal care later in pregnancy. Other participants said they were ad vised by their mothers or
spouses to initiate antenatal care after the first trimester. The study reveals the im portant role that
parents or spouses play in deciding the time of booking antenatal care. There is a need to
develop health education programmes that empower parents and spouses to improve their knowledge of
the importance of early antenatal care services. In a study in southwestern Nigeria, incorrect advice on
the best time to start antenatal care from relatives or partners was highlighted as one of the reasons why
women in their first pregnancies started antenatal care late [25].
Multigravida participants said they used previous positive pregnancy outcomes as experience in
handling subsequent pregnancies. Previous positive pregnancy experiences made pregnant women
develop confidence and thus were less motivated to initiate antenatal care early. This is in line with a
study that found that multiparous women were usually confident, believing that having delivered many
times previ ously, they were well versed in pregnancy and delivery and did not need to book antenatal
care early [23]. On the other hand, previous negative pregnancy outcomes influenced some of the
participants to delay initiating antenatal care because initially, they planned to terminate the pregnancy.
This finding is consistent with those of a study that found that some women postponed initiating antenatal
care until they were free from a perceived obligation to terminate the pregnancy. This may occur with
unplanned pregnancies among women with difficult obstetric histories [26]..
Perceived health system barriers to early antenatal care Some respondents perceived the booking system to
be user-unfriendly. They complained of overcrowded condi tions; many movements between the
consultation room, laboratory, ultrasound room, and pharmacy, which were far from each other; long
waiting times; and some rude clinic staff. These experiences undermined the quality of antenatal care
offered to pregnant women. Women who perceived poor quality services preferred to delay the initi ation
of antenatal care to avoid going through the experi ence at the early stage of pregnancy.
Dissatisfaction with care in health facilities, including long waiting times and, rude and unfriendly
attitudes of healthcare providers has been found to be related to late booking among pregnant women
[27].
In this study, some participants expressed their inabil ity to afford the cost of initiating antenatal care
and the necessity to delay booking until they raised the required amount. While some women said the
cost of initiating antenatal care ($26) was expensive, others said the nega tive economic effects of the
socio-political tensions in the region aggravated their financial hardship, limiting their ability to pay for the
cost of booking antenatal care early. Booking for antenatal care requires payment for a number of
laboratory tests and drugs. In addition, preg nant women have to pay for transport to the health facil ity.
Most of the women in this community are poor. Payment for services is out of pocket, and there are no
exemption schemes. This system renders many women
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unable to afford for health services. In a low-resource setting such as Cameroon, financial constraints
and dis tance to the health facility play a major role in determin ing the timing of initiation of antenatal
care. Distance limits women’s ability and willingness to seek health care, as the road network is poor,
and the common means of transport is by motorcycles. These reasons are similar to those observed in
a study conducted in Ethiopia, where financial constraints were amongst the most common reasons for
late antenatal care booking [28]. Tolefac et al. also found that in Cameroon, distance to the nearest
health facility and transport cost were strong barriers to the early initiation of antenatal care among
pregnant women [29]. Uncomfortable transport and poor road conditions have also been found to be
barriers to the utilization of antenatal care by pregnant women [30].
Self-efficacy
In this study, fear of disclosing pregnancy due to com munity pressures and beliefs was associated with
the late initiation of antenatal care. Some participants delayed the initiation of antenatal care out of
shame, while others were afraid of being mocked by community mem bers for initiating antenatal care
too early. Fear of be witchment was also mentioned as a reason for booking antenatal care late by
some women. Fear of perceived “enemies” who could harm a woman’s pregnancy has been found to
contribute to the late initiation of ante natal care [21]. These findings may also support previous findings
that social norms such as seeking advice from village elders before disclosing pregnancy are still dom
inant in the decision-making process regarding the tim ing of antenatal care initiation [32]. Some
participants indicated that unplanned pregnancies, especially among young single women, were in most
cases associated with late disclosure to parents due to fear of potentially nega tive reactions. A
perceived lack of parental support translated into the late initiation of antenatal care. Social
support has been shown to facilitate early antenatal care attendance [33]. Lack of support from spouses
through their refusal to provide money required to cover the cost of antenatal services or their
discouragement of the early initiation of antenatal care was highlighted by some of the participants as
reasons for the delayed initiation of antenatal care. These women had to wait for their spouses to decide
for them about when to start attend ing the clinic. Their spouses either did not provide the cash to cover
the cost of antenatal care or were ignorant of the importance of early antenatal care. In Cameroon,
husbands play a key role in decision making for women, hence the need to involve men in health
education pro grammes that aim to promote the effective utilization of antenatal care services. Having a
spouse who is not sup portive was highlighted as being associated with initiat ing antenatal care late for
both adolescent and adult pregnant women in southeastern Tanzania [34].
Conclusion
The study explored the perceptions of pregnant women of reasons for the late initiation of antenatal care.
In Cameroon only approximately 20.5% of pregnant women initiate antenatal care within the first
trimester of preg nancy. The study showed that pregnant women and midwives have the same opinions
of the reasons for the late initiation of antenatal care:
Pregnant women place a low value on early antenatal care due to a lack of knowledge of its importance.
They perceive pregnancy to be a normal health condition or to not be a serious issue that requires
seeking health care.
Pregnant women lack information on the ideal booking time due to the ineffectiveness of health education
programmes during antenatal care clinics. Misinformation from family members and spouses is also a
reason for the lack of information about the ideal booking time for antenatal care among pregnant
women.
Some participants perceive the booking system to be user-unfriendly and complain of overcrowded condi
tions, long waiting times and rude clinic staff.
Women who perceive poor quality services prefer to delay initiating antenatal care to avoid going through
the experience at the early stage of pregnancy.
The high cost of initiating antenatal care as well as the distance to health facilities that require travel via
uncomfortable transport and poor road networks are also identified as barriers to the early initiation of
antenatal care.
The absence of effective community health education programmes that could serve as triggers
Warri and George BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth (2020) 20:70 Page 11 of 12
for early antenatal care contributed to a lack of knowledge of the ideal booking time. This causes some
pregnant women to initiate antenatal care late.
A perceived lack of support from parents for unmarried young women and a lack of support from spouses
for married women lead to the late
initiation of antenatal care. Fear of bewitchment and stigma due to cultural values and beliefs about the
early initiation of antenatal care are also variables influencing late initiation.
These findings are the same with those found by other researchers more than twenty years ago. The
major question for reflection is whether global development goals have made any difference in maternal
health ser vices and outcomes in countries such as Cameroon. The government of Cameroon should
effectively implement activities that engage communities in improving care seeking for antenatal care
and thereby improving the health status of women. Service providers should also implement strategies
that will strengthen health facilities to provide quality services to pregnant women.
Abbreviations
ANC: Antenatal Care; HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus; IEC: Information Education and Communication; IRB: Institutional Review
Board; P: Participant; PMTCT: Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission; TCA: Thematic Coding Analysis; UNICEF: United Nations
Children’s Fund; USAID: United States Agency for International Development; UWC: University of the Western Cape; WHO: World Health
Organization
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank all the pregnant women and midwives who participated and gave their time and support to this study.
Authors’ contributions
DW conceived the original ideas, wrote the study protocol, secured ethical approval, recruited the participants, conducted the interviews,
analyzed the data and wrote up the findings for publication. AG supervised the data collection, data analysis and writing of the findings
for publication. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
Not applicable
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Author details
1
Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services, P. O. Box 1, Bamenda, Cameroon. 2School of Public Health, University of the Western
Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
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