HOW TO FOOTNOTE IN YOUR RESEARCH PAPER

Whenever an outside source is used in your final research paper, you must provide a footnote. Please footnote at the bottom of the page (MS Word: Insert Reference Footnote Bottom of Page). The formatting of the cite should follow the examples provided. Footnotes should be single-spaced. Be sure to include the page number of the source from which the info came in each footnote. The first time you cite to a source, use the long citation. Additional cites to that reference may use the short citation. Cases Long Cite [Case Name], [Volume] [Reporter] [1st Page of Case], [Page #] ([Court] [Year]). Example: U.S. v. Clary, 34 F.3d 709, 710 (8th Cir. 1994). Reporters are the books in which the cases are found. If accessing a case on the internet, the volume and reporter are typically at the beginning of the case. U.S. Supreme Court cases do not need the court identified. o Example: Ozawa v. U.S., 260 U.S. 178, 180 (1922). Cases Short Cite [Short Name], [Vol.][Reporter], at [Page #]. Example: Ozawa, 260 U.S. at 180. Choose one party for the short name (most often the first party named), but be consistent throughout. If one party is a state or the U.S. use the other party as the short name. Books Long Cite [Author/Editors Full Name], [Title] [Page #] (Year) Example: Joanne Grant, Black Protest: History, Documents, and Analyses 1619 to the Present 155 (1968).

Books Short Cite [Authors Last Name], [supra], at [Page #]. Example: Grant, supra, at 155. If using more than one work by the same author, include a short name in any supra cite. o Example: Grant, Black Protest, supra, at 155. Law Review/Journal Articles Long Cite [Authors Full Name], [Title], [Vol. Number][Abbreviated Journal Name] [first page], [page #] (Year). Example: Genna Rae McNeil, Before Brown: Reflections on Historical Context and Vision, 52 Am. U.L. Rev. 1431, 1435 (2003). The abbreviated name of the Journal can usually be found at the beginning of law review articles. If none is found, abbreviate the best you can and be consistent throughout. If you have any questions please ask. Law Review/Journal Articles Short Cite [Authors Last Name], [supra], at [page #]. Example: McNeil, supra, at 1435. If using more than one work by the same author, include a short name in any supra cite. o Example: McNeil, Before Brown, supra, at 1435. Magazine Articles Long Cite [Authors Full Name], [Title], [Vol.] [Magazine Name] [1st page of article], [page #] (Month/Date Year).

Example: Willie E. Gary, Jack Hitt, Alexander J. Pires Jr., Richard F. Scruggs, & Dennis C. Sweet III, Making the Case for Racial Reparations: Does America Owe a Debt to the Descendants of Its Slaves?, 1806 Harpers Magazine 37, 40 (Nov. 2000). If there is no volume number available, simply omit the volume number.

Magazines Short Cite [Authors Last Name], [supra], at [page #]. Example: Gary, Hitt, Pires, Scruggs, & Sweet, supra, at 40. If using more than one work by the same author, include a short name in any supra cite. o Example: Gary, Hitt, Pires, Scruggs, & Sweet, Making the Case, supra, at 40. Newspapers Long Cite [Authors Full Name], [Title], [Newspaper], [Date], at [page article begins]. Example: Charles J. Ogletree Jr., Litigating the Legacy of Slavery, N.Y. Times, March 31, 2002, at 9.

Newspapers Short Cite [Authors Last Name], [supra], at [page article begins]. Example: Ogletree, supra, at 9. If using more than one work by the same author, include a short name in any supra cite. o Example: Ogletree, Litigating, supra, at 9. The Internet Articles w/ Authors on the Internet Long Cite [Authors Full Name], [Title], available at: [web address]. o Example: Gregory Jay, Teaching About Whiteness, available at: http://www.uwm.edu/~gjay/Whiteness/Teachwhiteness.html.

Articles w/ Authors on the Internet Short Cite [Author Last Name], [supra], available at: [web address]. o Example: Jay, supra, available at: http://www.uwm.edu/~gjay/Whiteness/Teachwhiteness.html. o If using more than one work by the same author, include a short name in any supra cite. Example: Jay, Teaching, supra, available at: http://www.uwm.edu/~gjay/Whiteness/Teachwhiteness.html.

Internet Sources w/o Authors [website short name], available at: [web address]. o Example: ACLU Homepage, available at: http://www.aclu.org.