Condensed matter physics # CMP includes Solid State physics (deals mainly crystalline materials with electronic properties)

as well as Liquids, amorphous (glass), polymer, complex fluids even biological systems # Highlights 1. Essentially many body problem no exact solution system with huge number ~ 1024 of interacting particles. 2. Attempt to understand the macroscopic behavior from microscopic interactions 3. Atomistic view first principle calculation ( too difficult if not impossible) # Simplifying Assumptions : Standard approximations (1) ions are in fixed positions > static lattice approxn (2) electron do not interact each other > independent electron approxn (3) electron do not interact with ions > free electron approxn surprisingly, we can explain a lot with these assumptions # Experiment vs Theory as for example Cv = aT + bT3 +cT3/2 piece-wise experimental verification feedback - modification of theory newer expt. XRD, TEM, STM # Try to understand the properties of the crystals: i. structural properties eg, density, phase transitions, melting points ii. mechanical properties eg., strength, elasticity iii. electrical eg., conductivity, peizo-electric, thermo-electric iv. magnetic eg, susceptibility v. thermal eg, heat capacity vi. optical eg, reflection, color # Some questions why gold is golden in color, Al is white? Why diamond is a thermal conductor while electrically insulator? What causes resistance in metal? # Structure Property correlation : why some materials are metals, some are insulators, while few are semiconducting # ElectronPhonon system : e-e, e-ph, ph-ph interactions > newer materials with newer properties. # Require Knowledge of : Statistical Mechanics, Quantum Mechanics, Atomic physics

Lecture Plan : 1. Crystal Structure 2. Reciprocal lattice. 3. Diffraction. 4. Crystal Binding, 5. Lattice Vibration 6. Thermal properties 7. Free electron theory 8. Electrons in weak periodic potential, 9. Semiconductors 9. Tight binding model 10. Insulators, optical properties Lecture 1 : crystal structures Idealized abstraction. We have assumed that the atoms are at fixed points in space so we are ignoring zero-point effects and thermal effects. First step is to describe how atoms are arranged. Principle of symmetry. In Greek, the word crystal originally referred to ice. In the middle ages, it referred to quartz first law of crystal habit, discovered by Steno(1671), later Hauy (1801) 19th century, mathematical theory of symmetry developed X-ray scattering expt

Translational Symmetry : is at the heart of crystal physics Other symmetry operations : Rotation, Reflection, Inversion, Roto-inversion, screw axis, glide planes Why Solids are Crystalline? Crystalline order is the simplest at the atoms could possibly be arranged to from a macroscopic solid. Small basic units of atoms repeat endlessly to form the whole solid Why are low-energy arrangements of atoms so often periodic? No real answer. Two dimentional lattices ; Much easier to picture and understand Naturally appear as surfaces, and interfaces

Bravais lattices A collection of points in which the neighborhood of each point is the same as the neighborhood of every other point under some translations is called a Bravais lattice. In 2D, the location of every point in such a lattice can be described in the form : R = n1a1 + n2a2, n1, n2 are integers Where the 2d vectors are called primitive vectors and must be linearly independent Choice of primitive vectors is not unique In 2D there are 5 Bravais lattices (4 crystal system) Square lattice : symmetric under reflection honeycomb lattice, hexagonal lattice, Graphene

In 3D there are 14 Bavais lattices (7 crystal system) R = n1a1+n2a2+n3a3 Quasicrystals ( Pseudo- five fold symmetry) , Summery for 3D, Translation symmetry 7 crystal system ------------------------- 14 Bravais lattice Screw ( 7 primitive, 7 non-primitive) ---------- 230 Space groups Rotation, Reflection, Inversion Glide -------------------------- 32 Point Groups Lecture 2 : Unit Cells Conventional Unit Cells : FCC, BCC,HCP Diamond Cubic, Zinc Blend, Wurzite Wigner Seitz primitive cell constructin : Density calculation, Atomic packing Fraction Lecture 3 : Reciprocal lattice Reciprocal lattice : greatly facilitates the description of periodic structures Miller Indices : Calculation RL vectors from DL Lecture 4-6 : XRD X-ray Scattering : ( elastic, inelastic, coherent) Kinematical and Dynamical : Structure factor and Form factor : Complementary information by Electron and Neutron diffraction :