1.1. Introduction to Semantics Semantics is the study of meaning expressed by elements of a language, characterizable as a symbolic system.

Semantics is a wide subject within the general study of language. An understanding of semantics is essential to the study of language acquisition (how language users acquire a sense of meaning, as speakers and writers, listeners and readers) and of language change (how meanings alter over time). It is important for understanding language in social contexts, as these are likely to affect meaning, and for understanding varieties of English and effects of style. It is thus one of the most fundamental concepts in linguistics. The study of semantics includes the study of how meaning is constructed, interpreted, clarified, obscured, illustrated, simplified negotiated, contradicted and paraphrased.It is clear that speakers have this ability for infinitely many distinct sentences andsituations, which they could not all have memorized. Therefore they must have access tocertain rules that allow them to compute the truth conditions of complex sentences on the basis of memorized facts about their smallest component parts. 1.2.The Areas of Semantic Theory Some important areas of semantic theory or related subjects include these:
y Symbol and referent

A symbol is something which we use to represent another thing - it might be a picture, a letter, a spoken or written word - anything we use conventionally for the purpose. The thing that the symbol identifies is the referent. This may sometimes be an object in the physical world (the word Rover is the symbol; a real dog is the referent). But it may be something which is not at all, or not obviously, present - like freedom, unicorns or Hamlet.
y Words and lexemes

A lexical unit may contain more than one word. Lexeme is the fundamental unit of the lexical meaning of a language.. This is usually a single word, but may be a phrase in which the meaning belongs to the whole rather than its parts as in noun phrases or verb phrases. Example : noun phrase : (a) cock up. verb phrase :tune in, turn on, drop out, put up with
y Denotation

This is the core or central meaning of a word or lexeme, as far as it can be described in a dictionary. It is therefore sometimes known as the cognitive or referential meaning. It also can be called as denonative meaning where the definitin most likely to appear in a dictionary

Connotation Connotation or figurative meaning is connected with psychology and culture, as it means the personal or emotional associations aroused by words. Example :  It is a good day to die. (Crazy Horse)  All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players. (Shakespeare)

Implication This is meaning which a speaker or writer intends but does not communicate directly. Where a listener is able to deduce or infer the intended meaning from what has been uttered, this is known as (conversational) implicature. Example: Utterance: A bus! Implicature (implicit meaning): We must run.

y Pragmatics

According to Professor David Crystal, pragmatics is not a coherent field of study. It refers to the study of those factors which govern our choices of language - such as our social awareness, our culture and our sense of etiquette.
y Ambiguity

Ambiguity occurs when a language element has more than one meaning. If the ambiguity is in a single word it is lexical ambiguity. If in a sentence or clause, it is grammatical or structural ambiguity. Example :  I can't tell you how much I enjoyed meeting your husband.  I can't recommend this book too highly
y Metaphor and simile

 A metaphor compares things, but does not use the word such as as, like, or more than. You use two nouns and one compare or contrast then to one another. Example :  I am a rainbow  My heart is lonely hunter that hunts on a lonely hill  A comfortable sofa is fertile soil for the couch potato (couch potato = lazy person)  My father is a bear in the morning.  Simile is a set two ideas side by side. It compare two things directly bettween two objects using the word like or as. Example :  He is fat as a pig  You are sweet as lilies in May

 You fit into me like a hook into an eye.  My father grumbles like a bear in the morning.
y Synonym, antonym and hyponym

 A word having the same or nearly the same meaning as another word.Synonymy is the sense relation that exists between words with closely related meanings. Example :  toilet closet  small tiny  start, begin  wealthy - rich,  often frequently  A word having a meaning opposite to that of another word.Antonym isthe sense relation that exists between words which are opposite in meaning. Example :  fat - thin  clever - stupid  hot - cold  beautiful- ugly  true- false
y Fixed Expressions and Idiom

 When words become grouped in almost predictable ways these are fixed expressions. Examples:  jewel in the crown  desirable residence  criminal mastermind  world of work  address the issues  I put it to you.  An idiom is a set expression of two or more words that means something other than the literalmeanings of its individual words. Example :  A piece of cake = Easy, simple to do, no difficulties.  Apple of My Eye = Favorite, the best of a group of people or set of subjects. That guitar was the apple of my eye, the best I've ever seen.  A chip on your shoulder = This is a grudge for a previous experience. It can apply to people, or subjects. He"s got a real chip on his shoulder about the industry retirement schemes.

y Polysemy

Polysemy (or polysemia) is a word or phrase with multiple meanings. It is an intimidating compound noun for a basic language feature. The name comes from Greek poly (many) and semy (to do with meaning, as in semantics). Polysemy is also called radiation or multiplication. This happens when a lexeme acquires a wider range of meanings. Example:  pupil (eye) and pupil (student)  bat (implement) and bat (animal)
y Homonymy, homophones and homographs

 Homonyms is two or more words that have the same sound or spelling but differ in meaning. Example :  I enjoy bass fishing and playing the bass guitar.  The group's lead singer carried a lead pipe for protection.  Homophones are two or more that are pronounced the same but differ in meaning, origin, and often spelling. Example :  Sealing the popcorn ceiling will not eliminate that old-fashioned cottage cheese look.  The noun peace (freedom from strife) and the noun piece (a part of a larger thing)  knew and new  meat and meet  she, sea, see  Homographs are the words that have the same spelling but differ in origin, meaning, and sometimes pronunciation Example :  the verb bear (to carry or endure) and the noun bear (the animal with a shaggy coat).  the adjective fair (just, or pleasing in appearance) and the noun fair (an exhibition or event)  the noun sewer (a conduit for water or sewage) and the noun sewer (one who sews).
y Thesauruses, libraries and Web portals

Students of semantics attempt to categorize and explain meaning in language. But there are other people who face a similar task. A thesaurus is a reference work in which words are arranged under general, then more specific semantic fields. As with much of language study there is a problem in making a linear representation of a complex model. Libraries organize books under categories and sub-categories, the most popular model by far being the Dewey system named after its inventor. And portal sites on the World Wide Web organize information and links by (usually) a hierarchy of categories. These may all be helpful to you, in understanding semantic fields.

1.3. Strategy of Semantic in Translation Semantic strategy is strategy of translation which is done by considering the meaning. This strategy could be applied in words, phrase, clause or sentence. Semantic strategy consists of as follow: 1. Borrowing Borrowing is a translation strategy that takes the word in origin language to target language. The translator borrow word in origin language that why it is called borrowing. It is done because, first, to appreciate to that words of origin language and there is no equivalent word in target language. Borrowing concludes transliteration and naturalization. Transliteration is the strategy that keep the whole of words of origin language whether its sound or in written form. Naturalization is the next step of transliteration. In naturalization the words is adapted into target language. For example: Words in origin language Transliteration Naturalization Mall Mall Mall (sound and written form) Sandal Sandal Sandal (bunyi) Orangutan Orangutan Orangutan (bunyi) 2. Cultural equivalent In this strategy, the translator use particular word in target language to replace particular word in origin language. The main point that must be considered is particular word in culture of origin language is replaced by the particular word in target language. Since every culture is different, so this strategy could not keep the appropriateness of meaning. For example: 1. Origin Language : Minggu depan Jaksa Agung Andi Ghalib akan berkunjung ke Swiss. Target Language : Next week the Attorney GeneralAndiGhalib will visit Switzerland. 2. Origin Language : I answered with the term Id always wanted to employ. Sonovabitch (Segal, 1970:28) Target Language : Aku menjawab dengan istilah yang sejak dulu hendak kugunakan Si Brengsek (Segal, 1970:28) 3. Descriptive equivalent and componential analysis This strategy is used because the words are related with culture of origin language and the usage of culture equivalent cannot give same sense of equivalent degree wanted. For example: The word samurai in Japanese language cannot be translated by only kaum bangsawan if the text is trying to explain Japanese culture. So that, descriptive equivalent must be used here. Samurai must be translated as aristokat Jepang pada abad XI sampai XIX yang menjadi pegawai pemerintahan. Descriptive equivalent commonly placed in certain word list named glosasary. Another strategy which is similar with descriptive equivalent is compensational equivalent. Here a word of origin language is translated into target language by make detail component

meaning of that word. It is caused of there is no equivalence one by one word in target language while the translator believe that the reader need to know the real meaning of that word. For example: Origin Language : Gadis itu menari dengan luwesnya. Target Language : The girl is dancing with great fluidity and grace. 4. Synonym The translator also can use word in target language that similar with word in origin language in general if do not want to use componential analysis. This strategy is taken because componential analysis can disturb the sentence plot of target language. (Newmark, 1988: 83-84). For example: Origin Language : What a cute baby youve got! Target Language : Alangkah lucunya bayi anda! 5. Formal translation Another strategy that commonly used is formal translation that has been deviated. So that, the translator who translates the text from foreign language into Indonesian language need to have Pedoman Pengindonesiaan Nama dan Kata Asing which is published by Pusat Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Depdikbud R.I. For example: Foreign Language : read-only memory Indonesian Language : memori simpan tetap

6. Narrowing and extension Narrowing means narrow the component of word in origin language. For example: Origin Language : Automobile Target Language : Mobile Extension is antonym of narrowing. Here the element or target language is extended. For example: English Language : Whale Indonesian Language : Ikan paus If the word whale is only translated as paus, it may be impolite because in Indonesian, Paus means the leader of whole catholic in the world, or it is called the Pope in English. 7. Adding Adding is done because of considering of the clarity of the meaning. The translator believes that the readers need to know about it.

In this strategy, the translator puts additional information in his text translation because he believes that the readers need it. Additional information can be put in the text, at the bottom of page as footnote or citation (Newmark, 1998: 91-92). For example: Origin Language : The skin, which is hard and scaly, is grayish in color, thus helping to camouflage it from predators when underwater. Target Language : Kulitnya, yang keras dan bersisik, berwarna abu-abu. Dengan demikian, kulit ini membantunya berkamuflase, menyesuaikan diri dengan keadaan lingkungan untuk menyelamatkan diri dari predator, hewan pemangsa, jika berada dalam air. Adding also can be done because of stylistic and sentence fluency in target language. For example: Origin Language : Tetapi bagaimanasi Dora? Dia sudah terima itu cincin? (Burung Manyar, 8) Target Language : But what about Dora? I asked my friend. Did she get the ring? (The Weaverbirds, 16) 8. Omission or deletion Omission or deletion means omit or delete word of part of text in target language. In order word, the word in origin word is not translated into target language. It might be because the word or part of the text is not important for whole of the text. For example: Origin Language : Sama dengan raden ayu ibunya, katanya lirih. Target Language : Just like her mother she whispered. 9. Modulation Modulation is a strategy to translate phrase, clause or sentence. The translator see message of the sentence of origin language from different point of view (Newmark, 1988: 88). This strategy is used if the translation of word cannot give acceptable literal meaning. For example: 1. Origin Language : I broke my leg. Target Language : Kakiku patah. Instead of : Aku mematahkan kakiku. 2. Origin Language : Tiada banding. Target Language : There was no comparison. Instead of : No compare. 3. Origin Language : It does not seem unlikely that the company will get bankrupt in three years Target Language : Sepertinya perusahaan itu mungkin akan bangkrut dalam tiga tahun mendatang.

1.4. Semantic and Communicative Translation According to concept of semantic and communicative this is suggested by Newmark (1981, 1988), is illustrated as bellow: Based on first language text Based on target language text Literal Free Faithfull Idiomatic Semantic Communicative Based on diagram above, it can be seen conclude that; 1. The translation that based on origin language text is literal translation. The characteristic of this translation is; it tries to keep the style of language and the meaning in origin language without concerning the equivalent of it in target language, whether concerning the reader of target language text can understand the result of translation or not. 2. The free translation that based on target language, the result of this translation has to be able to be understood by the reader of target language. The language style of origin language is not strictly concerned, but the important point here is the reader can read the result of translation easily. 3. The faithful translation is based on the origin writer and first language text. The language style and the diction are focused because the language style as the reflection of the origin writer itself. Even so, the degree of the faithfulness it a bit lower than literal translation and the structure of origin language is considered. 4. The idiomatic translation is based on the target language, but the degree is still lower that free translation. The idiomatic translation try to not add any example, even to make the origin language text is easy to be read and to be understood. 5. Between faithful and idiomatic translation, there are semantic and communicative translation. Both of them have a correlation, but for certain case it still has any differences. They are indifferent if the structure or the language style of first language is same with the target language. For example: Origin language : The young man is wearing a heavy light blue jacket. Semantic/communicative : Pemuda itu memakai jaket tebal berwarna biru muda. translation Literal translation : Lelaki muda itu memakai jaket berat biru muda. If the structure of language style in origin language is unique, it means in there is no equivalent in target language, so both the result of translation will be different, because semantic translation has to keep the origin of language style, while the communicative translation have to change its structure to make it acceptable in target language. For example: 1. Origin language : It is wrong to assume that our people do not understand what a real democracy is. Semantic translation : Adalah keliru untuk menganggap bahwa rakyat kita tidak

Communicative translation 2. Origin language Semantic translation Communicative translation Communicative translation try to create the sense of meaning which is gotten by the reader of origin language is same with the reader of target language. The culture element in origin language is also must be considered into target language. In this translation, the translator can make any correction of logic sentence in origin language, change the unusual word and structure, eliminate the unclear part of sentence, remove the repetition and modify the use of jargon (Newmark, 1981: 42). 6. Semantic translation tries to keep the semantic and syntactic structure also the contextual meaning of origin language text. Semantic translation can explain the connotative meaning that refer to universal meaning so that, it is more formal with more complex structure because it tries to describe the process of thinking of the origin writer. The translator here stand for objective view, he do not want to help the reader to get sense and understand the meaning but he just want to transfer the meaning and style of origin language to target language. 7. There is difference between literal and semantic translation. Literal translation tries to translate words out of context, while the semantic translation must concern with the context. Sometimes, semantic translation has to transform the metaphor if it does not have meaning in target language. For example: First language : Nasib kesebelasan itu bagai telur di ujung tanduk. Literal translation : The fate of the football team is like an egg on a horn. Semantic translation : The fate of the football team is dangerous. Communicative translation : The football team is hanging on a thread. Newmark (1993:1) state that semantic translation is commonly used to translate authoritative text or expressive text which is the text where its content and style, idea, words and the structure are important. The kind of this text, such as literature text, poem or any other which is has certain language style. Even so, Newmark (1990: 10) state that actually there is no pure semantic or communicative translation. There is only a translation that prefers to semantic or communicative one, even in certain part, it is typically semantic and on other part has communicative type.

memahami apa demokrasi sesungguhnya. : Kelirulah kalau kita menganggap bahwa rakyat kita tidak memahami makna demokrasi sebenarnya. : Keep off the grass. : Jauhi rumput ini. : Dilarang berjalan di atas rumput.

Tabel 1. Characteristics of semantic and communicative translation (adapted from Newmark, 1991: 11-13) No. Semantic translation Communicative translation 1. Based on origin writer Rely on the reader of target language 2. Considering the process of thinking of Considering the intention of origin writer the origin language writer 3. Considering the writer of origin Considering the reader of target language so language individually they can understand the idea and culture of origin language 4. Oriented on semantic and syntactic Oriented to the influence of text to the structure of first language. It tries reader of target language. Formal characteristic of origin language may be keeping the length of sentence. ignored 5. Faith to the origin writer of origin Faith to the reader of target language, lebih luwes language, more literal 6. Effective for the reader More informative 7. More formal, more detailed, more Easier to be read, lebih luwes, more smooth, complex but shorter than text in origin more simple, more clear and longer than text language in origin language 8. Personally Generally 9. Bounded to origin language Bounded to target language 10. More specific that origin text (over- Using general words than in origin text (under-translated) translated) 11. Deep impression Less impression 12. It is bad than origin text It might be better than origin text because it is focused on certain part of text 13. Mortal, not rely on time and place Bounded to context, time and place based on the reader of target language 14. Broader and universal Specific for certain purpose and certain reader

1.5.Conclusion Relating with the explanation above, it could be conclude that semantic has important effect on translation. Since the main point in translation is about how the meaning of the origin language have to be converted into target language where the result still has the same sense of meaning as the origin one.

References Suryawinata, Zuchridin & Hariyanto, Sugeng. 2003. Translation: Bahasa Teori dan Penuntun Praktis Menerjemahkan. Penerbit Kanisius: Yogyakarta. Moentaha, Salihen. MA, Ph.D. 2008. Bahasa dan Terjemahan. Penerbit Kesiant Blanc: Jakarta. Wang, Zhenying. Universal Semantics in Translation. English Language Teaching Journal, Vol. II, No. 03, September 2009. www.cesenet.org/journal.html. Retreived Ferbruary 20, 2011, 1.25 pm, from the World WideWeb.