SQL Grouping Functions

V6R1: SQL Grouping Functions Multidimensional Results at the click of a Query DB2 for IBM i
Tom McKinley (mac2@us.ibm.com) IBM Systems and Technology Group Lab Services
2010 IBM Corporation
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Whats in a name?
Industry refers to Grouping Sets and Super Groups (Rollup and Cube) collectively as Grouping Sets
Grouping Sets and Super Groups are sometimes referred to as Analytical SQL Grouping Functions
For clarity, this presentation will use the term Grouping Functions when collectively describing Grouping Sets, Rollups, and Cubes
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SQL Group By: Specifies that an SQL Select statement returns rows grouped by one or more columns
EXAMPLE: For each quarter in 2006, show me the
total number of widgets that were sold?

SELECT Qtr, SUM(Units) FROM Orders WHERE Year = 2006 and Part = Widget GROUP BY Qtr
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Hash Table Grouping

Part Units Year Qtr
Input: Join or Group By value Output: Hash value The same input value will always result in the same hash value
Widget Cog Widget Widget Flange Dome Widget Widget Flange
7 19 83 1 14 3 30 680 110
2006 2006 2006 2007 2005 2005 2006 2005 2007
4 2 4 3 3 4 4 1 4
Qtr, Units
Only relevant information is stored and the data is in no particular order
Aggregate on units for each group of quarters
Selection can be performed using any method available, including parallel enabled methods
Qtr1
Qtr2
Qtr3
Qtr4
Collect all common input values into a common bucket (by hash value)
4 2010 IBM Corporation
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Radix Index Grouping

Part Year Qtr
Cog Dome Flange Flange Widget Widget Widget Widget Widget
2006 2005 2005 2007 2005 2006 2006 2006 2007
2 4 3 4 1 4 4 4 3
Use RRNs to access the table rows to gather the units information
Aggregate on units for each group of quarters
Part
Units
Year
Qtr
Widget Cog Widget Widget
7 19 83 1 14 3 30 680 110
2006 2006 2006 2007 2005 2005 2006 2005 2007
4 2 4 3 3 4 4 1 4
RRNs
Flange Dome Widget Widget Flange
Given an index on Part, Year, Qtr, Apply local selection, and gather RRNs for each group of Quarters
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Grouping Functions Roadmap
Grouping Sets and Super Groups Defined Grouping Functions Syntax and Examples Grouping Functions Performance Considerations and Examples
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Grouping Sets and Super Groups Defined
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Grouping Sets and Super Groups (ROLLUP and CUBE)

Many BI applications involve hierarchical, multi-dimensional aggregate view of the data. Current group by support permits grouping/aggregation data along one dimension
SELECT COUNTRY, REGION, STORE, PRODUCT, SUM(SALES), COUNT(*) FROM TRANS GROUP BY COUNTRY, REGION, STORE, PRODUCT
Users naturally view this data in multiple ways

e.g. Roll result up to aggregate on the country and region (group by country, region) and then to the overall total (no group by clause, whole table aggregation).
User may also want a different perspective

e.g. group by region, product.
Currently, all these different viewings require different succinct queries.
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Grouping Sets and Super Groups

Grouping Sets and Super Groups allow a user to group and aggregate data in multiple ways in one query.
4 new keywords enable new Grouping Functions support
GROUPING SETS ROLLUP CUBE GROUPING Aggregate Function
Syntax dictates whether multiple sets in a query act in an additive or multiplicative fashion
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Grouping Functions Syntax and Examples
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Grouping Sets Example

Total sales grouped by (country, region) and by (country, store) SELECT COUNTRY, REGION, STORE, SUM(SALES) FROM TRANS GROUP BY GROUPING SETS ((COUNTRY, REGION), (COUNTRY, STORE)) Logical Equivalent SQL UNION syntax: SELECT * FROM (SELECT COUNTRY, REGION, NULL, SUM(SALES) FROM TRANS GROUP BY COUNTRY, REGION, NULL UNION ALL SELECT COUNTRY, NULL, STORE, SUM(SALES) FROM TRANS GROUP BY COUNTRY, NULL, STORE)
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Grouping Sets Example

SELECT COUNTRY, REGION, NULL, SUM(SALES) FROM TRANS GROUP BY COUNTRY, REGION, NULL
SELECT COUNTRY, REGION, STORE, SUM(SALES) FROM TRANS GROUP BY GROUPING SETS ((COUNTRY, REGION), (COUNTRY, STORE))
Country Canada U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A. Canada U.S.A. U.S.A.
Region NW NE NW SE SW -
Store Bobs Barbs Caining Menes Mills Pensk Shell Targe Toms Wally
Sum(Sales) 100,000 450,000

Store 940,000 is NULL even if Store is Not Null 550,000 Capable!
1,310,000 100,000 350,000 770,000 400,000 500,000 300,000 200,000 140,000 440,000 150,000
SELECT COUNTRY, NULL, STORE, SUM(SALES) FROM TRANS GROUP BY COUNTRY, NULL, STORE
U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A.
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Rollup Example
The ROLLUP operation generates a result set showing aggregates for a hierarchy of values in the selected columns
SELECT COUNTRY, REGION, SUM(SALES) FROM TRANS GROUP BY ROLLUP (COUNTRY, REGION) Logical equivalent SQL UNION syntax:
SELECT * FROM (SELECT COUNTRY, REGION, SUM(SALES) FROM TRANS GROUP BY COUNTRY, REGION UNION ALL SELECT COUNTRY, NULL, SUM(SALES) FROM TRANS GROUP BY COUNTRY, NULL UNION ALL SELECT NULL, NULL, SUM(SALES) FROM TRANS)
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Rollup Example
SELECT NULL, NULL, SUM(SALES) FROM TRANS SELECT COUNTRY, NULL, SUM(SALES) FROM TRANS GROUP BY COUNTRY, NULL Country Canada U.S.A. Canada U.S.A. SELECT COUNTRY, REGION, SUM(SALES) FROM TRANS GROUP BY COUNTRY, REGION U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A.
SELECT COUNTRY, REGION, SUM(SALES) FROM TRANS GROUP BY ROLLUP (COUNTRY, REGION)
Region NW NE NW SE SW
Sum(Sales) 3,350,000 100,000 3,250,000 100,000 450,000 940,000 550,000 1,310,000
Question: Is this data ordered?

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Ordered Rollup Example

The ROLLUP operation generates a result set showing aggregates for a hierarchy of values in the selected columns
SELECT COUNTRY, REGION, SUM(SALES) FROM TRANS GROUP BY ROLLUP (COUNTRY, REGION) ORDER BY 1 ASC, 2 ASC
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Country Canada Canada U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A.
Region NW NE NW SE SW
Sum(Sales) 100,000 100,000 450,000 940,000 550,000 1,310,000
U.S.A. -
3,250,000 3,350,000
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Country Canada Canada U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A. -
Region NW NE NW SE SW -
Sum(Sales) 100,000 100,000 3,250,000 450,000 940,000 550,000 1,310,000 3,350,000
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Cube Example
The CUBE operation is a shorthand way to specify grouping over every possible dimension out of a given set of grouping columns
SELECT COUNTRY, REGION, SUM(SALES) from TRANS GROUP BY CUBE (COUNTRY, REGION)
Is equivalent to the following Grouping Sets syntax:
SELECT COUNTRY, REGION, SUM(SALES) FROM TRANS GROUP BY GROUPING SETS ((COUNTRY, REGION), (COUNTRY), (REGION), ())
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Cube Example
SELECT COUNTRY, REGION, SUM(SALES) from TRANS GROUP BY CUBE (COUNTRY, REGION) Logical equivalent SQL UNION syntax:
SELECT * FROM (SELECT COUNTRY, REGION, SUM(SALES) FROM TRANS GROUP BY COUNTRY, REGION UNION ALL SELECT COUNTRY, NULL, SUM(SALES) FROM TRANS GROUP BY COUNTRY, NULL UNION ALL SELECT NULL, REGION, SUM(SALES) FROM TRANS GROUP BY NULL, REGION UNION ALL SELECT NULL, NULL, SUM(SALES) FROM TRANS)
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Cube Example
Country
SELECT NULL, REGION, SUM(SALES) FROM TRANS GROUP BY NULL, REGION SELECT COUNTRY, NULL, SUM(SALES) FROM TRANS GROUP BY COUNTRY, NULL SELECT COUNTRY, REGION, SUM(SALES) FROM TRANS GROUP BY COUNTRY, REGION
Canada U.S.A. Canada U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A.
SELECT COUNTRY, REGION, SUM(SALES) from TRANS GROUP BY CUBE (COUNTRY, REGION)
Region
NE NW SE SW NW NE NW SE SW
Sum(Sales)
450000 1040000 550000 1310000 3350000 100000 3250000 100000 450000 940000 550000 1310000
SELECT NULL, NULL, SUM(SALES) FROM TRANS
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GROUPING Aggregate function

GROUPING Aggregate function helps to differentiate between a grouping function over columns containing NULL values and a group where a column is set to NULL because it is not represented. Aggregate function produces a 0 if column is part of the grouping function Aggregate function produces a 1 if column is set to NULL because it is not represented Example:
SELECT A, B, GROUPING(B), SUM(D) FROM T1 GROUP BY ROLLUP (A, B)
ROLLUP(AB) = (A,B), (A,-), (-,-)
GROUPING(B) returns a value of 0 for group 1: (A,B) GROUPING(B) returns a value of 1 for groups 2 and 3: (A,-),(-.-) Helps to differentiate between group 1 result set where B is NULL and result sets of groups 2 & 3
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Multiplicative vs. Additive

CUBE and ROLLUP can appear as part of a GROUP BY or GROUPING SETS list When CUBE and ROLLUP expressions are combined in one set, they operate like multipliers, forming additional set entries according to the definition of CUBE, ROLLUP When the CUBE or ROLLUP are separate sets, they operate in an additive fashion The use of parenthesis and the GROUPING SETS vs. GROUP BY clause will dictate how CUBE and ROLLUP expressions interact with each other
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Multiplicative vs. Additive Examples

EXAMPLE 1: GROUP BY GROUPING SETS ((A, B, C, D), (A, B, C), (A, B))
Additive grouping sets. GROUPING SETS without ROLLUP or CUBE are always additive. The parenthesis in BLUE are required
EXAMPLE 2: GROUP BY GROUPING SETS (CUBE(A,B), ROLLUP(C,D), E)
GROUPING SETS clause used in both. One set of parenthesis around all sets specifies an additive association. Parenthesizing each set individually also specifies an additive association GROUPING SETS clause with single parenthesis is Additive CUBE(A,B) expands to GROUPING SETS ((A,B), (A), (B), ()) ROLLUP(C,D) expands to GROUPING SETS ((C,D), (C), ()) GROUP BY occurs in an additive fashion to form: GROUPING SETS ((A, B), (A), (B), (), (C, D), (C), (), (E))
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EXAMPLE 3: GROUP BY A, B, ROLLUP(C,D) Or GROUP BY GROUPING SETS ((A, B, ROLLUP(C,D)))
Parenthesis in BLUE specifies that those elements are multiplicative in nature if a ROLLUP or CUBE exists. GROUPING SETS clause with double parenthesis is multiplicative GROUP BY clause with ROLLUP or CUBE is multiplicative ROLLUP(C,D) expands to GROUPING SETS ((C,D), (C), ()) GROUP BY occurs in a multiplicative fashion to form: GROUP BY GROUPING SETS ((a, b, c, d), (a, b, c), (a, b))
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EXAMPLE 4: GROUP BY CUBE(A, B), ROLLUP(C, D), E OR GROUP BY GROUPING SETS ((CUBE(A,B), ROLLUP(C,D), E))
Parenthesis in BLUE specifies that those elements are multiplicative in nature if a ROLLUP or CUBE exists CUBE(A,B) expands to GROUPING SETS ((A,B), (A), (B), ()) ROLLUP(C,D) expands to GROUPING SETS ((C,D), (C), ()) GROUP BY occurs in a multiplicative fashion to form: GROUPING SETS ((A, B C, D, E), (A, B, C, E), (A, B, E), (A, C, D, E), (A, C, E), (A, E), (B, C, D, E), (B, C, E), (B, E), (C, D, E), (C, E), (E))
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Grouping Functions Performance Tuning
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Performance Tuning Opportunities

Sound Indexing & Statistics Strategy (ibm.com/servers/enable/site/education/ibo/record.html?indxng)
Sorted Aggregate Hash Table Creates
Create Radix Indexes for common Grouping Set and ROLLUP sets Run Visual Explain to view query rewrites Use Index Advised to find holes in indexing strategy and temporary index creates Could be replaced by a permanent index if index encapsulates predicate selection, grouping and aggregation columns. Index Advised can help with this Parallelism can greatly improve populate time of the hash table Could be replaced by a permanent index if index encapsulates predicate selection, grouping and aggregation columns. Index Advised can help with this Can imply that the environment is memory constrained Grouping function queries are generally more memory intensive as they often union multiple trees that create and interrogate temporary objects Use feedback tools to determine the Optimizers fair share of memory
Temporary Index Creates
Memory Constaints
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Strategic Indexed Advised Mechanisms

Visual Explain
System wide index advice (V5R4)
Data is placed into a DB2 table (QSYS2/SYSIXADV) Autonomic with no overhead
Visual Explain Indexes Advised SQE Plan Cache SQE Plan Cache Snapshots Detailed DB Monitor Data SQL request Summarized DB Monitor Data Debug Job Log Messages
SQE Plan Cache (V5R4)
No direct index advice Index advice via Snapshot data or Visual Explain
SQE Plan Cache Snapshot (V5R4)
Enhanced SQE index advised 3020 rows to show multiple indexes for same table Temporary index created
Detailed Database Monitor (V5R4)
Enhanced SQE index advised 3020 rows to show multiple indexes for same table Temporary index created
Query Optimization
Print SQL Information Messages
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Grouping Set Index Advised Example

SELECT REGION, COUNTRY, COUNT(TERRITORY) FROM CUST_DIM WHERE CONTINENT = 'AMERICA' GROUP BY GROUPING SETS ((REGION),(COUNTRY))
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SELECT REGION, COUNTRY, COUNT(TERRITORY) FROM CUST_DIM GROUP BY GROUPING SETS ((REGION),(COUNTRY))
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Feedback Mechanism Changes for Grouping Sets

CHANGED Visual Explain
Detailed Database Monitor Data SQL trace

Indexes Advised System wide
New icons: Multiple Aggregations, Temporary Distinct Hash Table

Grouping rows (3028 rows) will get cut for each ROLLUP and Grouping Set leg See V6R1 info Center doc for 3028 record changes Index Advised strategy unchanged Indexes will be advised during normal optimization path
UNCHANGED SQE Plan Cache SQE Plan Cache Snapshots Summarized Database Monitor Data Debug Job Log Messages PRTSQLINF Messages
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DB2 Family & MQTs Stage 2 V5R4

MQT Example: CREATE TABLE Example_MQT AS (SELECT Geography, Region, Year, Month, SUM(Revenue) AS Total_Revenue, SUM(Quantity) AS Total_Quantity, COUNT(*) AS Rows_per_Group FROM Example_Table GROUP BY Geography,Region,Year,Month) DATA INITIALLY IMMEDIATE REFRESH DEFERRED ENABLE QUERY OPTIMIZATION MAINTAINED BY USER Optimizer could use the MQT instead of fully executing the following query: SELECT Geography, Year, SUM(Revenue) AS Total_Revenue, SUM(Quantity) AS Total_Quantity, FROM Example_Table WHERE Year IN (2004, 2005) GROUP BY Geography, Year; white paper: ibm.com/servers/enable/site/education/abstracts/438a_abs.html User responsible for keeping MQT data current and activating optimizer MQT awareness with QAQQINI options
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MQTs and Grouping Sets

MQT matching strategy will look for an exact match of the grouping sets in the query to grouping sets in an MQT. Example: SELECT A, B, C, SUM(D) FROM T1 GROUP BY MQT1: MQT2:
GROUPING SETS ((A), (B, C)) CREATE TABLE MQT1 AS SELECT A, SUM(D) as SUM_MQT1 FROM T1 GROUP BY A CREATE TABLE MQT2 AS SELECT B, C, SUM(D) as SUM_MQT2 FROM T1 GROUP BY B, C
The MQTs can be used as follows: SELECT A, NULL, NULL, SUM_MQT1 FROM MQT1 UNION ALL SELECT NULL, B, C, SUM_MQT2 FROM MQT2 MQTs which provide a subset of the grouping sets asked for in the query can be unioned with a query that implements the remaining grouping sets
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MQTs and ROLLUP

If the query contains a ROLLUP, an MQT that does simple grouping or ROLLUP over the ROLLUP columns is useful Example: SELECT A, B, C, SUM(D) FROM T1 GROUP BY ROLLUP (A, B, C) MQT:
SELECT A, B, C, SUM(D) as SUM_MQT FROM T1 GROUP BY A, B, C
The MQT can be used as follows: SELECT A, B, C, SUM(SUM_MQT) FROM MQT GROUP BY ROLLUP(A, B, C) SUM(D) becomes a SUM(SUM) when the MQT is substituted. Other aggregate expressions can be done with similar compensations.
COUNT aggregate expression becomes SUM of the MQT COUNT MAX/MIN becomes MAX/MIN of the MQT MAX/MIN.
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MQTs with GROUPING aggregate function

Example:
SELECT A, B, C, SUM(D) FROM T1 GROUP BY ROLLUP (A, B, C)
MQT: SELECT A, B, C, E, GROUPING(E) as GE, SUM(D) as SUM_MQT FROM T1 GROUP BY ROLLUP(A, B, C, E) The MQT can be used as follows: SELECT A, B, C, SUM_MQT FROM MQT WHERE GE = 1 Rows where GROUPING(E) = 1 are results for ROLLUP(A, B, C)
Optimizer must be able to differentiate between result set for GS(A,B,C,E) where E contains NULLs and GS(A,B,C,-), GS(A,B,-,-), GS(A,-,-,-) and GS(-,-,-,-) MQT would not be usable without GROUPING(E) in the MQT definition
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MQTs and Grouping Sets

MQTs with GROUPING SET, ROLLUP and CUBE syntax can be used to handle grouping queries Example:
SELECT SUM(D) FROM T1 GROUP BY GROUPING SETS((A), (B), (C)) SELECT SUM(D) FROM T1 GROUP BY GROUPING SETS((A), (B)) SELECT SUM(D) FROM T1 GROUP BY GROUPING SETS((A), (C)) SELECT SUM(D) FROM T1 GROUP BY GROUPING SETS((B), (C)) SELECT SUM(D) FROM T1 GROUP BY (A) SELECT SUM(D) FROM T1 GROUP BY (B) SELECT SUM(D) FROM T1 GROUP BY (C)
Can be satisfied with MQT: SELECT A, B, C, SUM(D), GROUPING(A), GROUPING(B), GROUPING(C) as SUM_MQT FROM T1 GROUP BY GROUPING SETS((A), (B), (C)) MQTs specifying CUBE and ROLLUP tend to carry large volumes of data. Used when disk space is plentiful and:
Contain commonly used grouping permutations Very commonly run CUBE and ROLLUP queries
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Summary
New Grouping Functions Allow for multiple Grouping operations in 1 query, usually using 1 pass through the data
GROUP BY GROUPING SETS((C1,C2,C3), (C1,C2,C3,C4),(C1,C2) GROUP BY ROLLUP (C1,C2,C3) GROUP BY CUBE(C1,C2)
Be careful not to Ask for more than you need. Use Visual explain to understand and tune query before you run it.
Index advise is Key
Consider MQTs
Solve these kinds of queries Provide great performance for expanded use of this grouping technology
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V6R1 Index Enhancements
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V6R1 Creation of Index with Derived values

Creation of indexes with derived values via SQL
CREATE INDEX STAR100G.ODERPRIORITYUPPER ON STAR100G.ITEM_FACT (UPPER(ORDERPRIORITY ) AS ASC); UORDERPRIORITY
CREATE ENCODED VECTOR INDEX STAR100G.YEARQTR ON STAR100G.ITEM_FACT (YEAR(ORDERDATE) AS ORDYEAR ASC, QUARTER(ORDERDATE) AS ORDQTR ASC); CREATE INDEX STAR100G.TOTALEXTENDEDPRICE ON STAR100G.ITEM_FACT (QUANTITY * EXTENDEDPRICE AS ASC); TOTEXTPRICE
* BEWARE, THERE ARE SOME RESTRICTIONS ON WHAT QUERY OPTIMIZER CAN USE
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V6R1 Enhanced Native access to the SQL Index
Specify format name And table columns to be added to that format.
CREATE INDEX STAR100G.SHIPMODE ON STAR100G.ITEM_FACT (SHIPMODE ASC, ZIPCODE ASC ) RCDFMT SHPMODEZIP ADD CUSTNAME, SHIPADDR;
CREATE INDEX STAR100G.SHIPMDMON ON STAR100G.ITEM_FACT (SHIPMODE ASC, MONTH(SHIPDATE AS SHIPMON for COLUMN SHIPMON ASC) RCDFMT SHPMODEMON ADD CUSTNAME, SHIPADDR, COMMITDATE;
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Create sparse indexes from SQL
Support of WHERE clause on SQL create index

CREATE INDEX STAR100G.FASTDELIVER ON STAR100G.ITEM_FACT (SHIPMODE ASC) WHERE SHIPMODE = 'NEXTDAYAIR' OR SHIPMODE = 'COURIER'; CREATE INDEX STAR100G.FASTDELIVR ON STAR100G.ITEM_FACT (SHIPMODE AS SHIPMODE FOR COLUMN SHIPMODE ASC) WHERE SHIPMODE = 'NEXTDAYAIR' OR SHIPMODE = 'COURIER' RCDFMT FASTDLVR ADD ORDERKEY, SHIPDATE, COMMITDATE, RECEIPTDATE, SHIPPRIORITY;
Limitations
NOT USED BY THE QUERY OPTIMIZER (BOTH SQE AND CQE)
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When should I use Derived IX support?
Could replace some logical files with SQL indexes for use by Native programs.
Modernize those objects Big logical pagesize
Derived indexes may be useful for

Case insensitive searches Data extracted from a column (i.e. SUBSTR, YEAR, MONTH.. Results of operations ( COL1+COL2 , QTY * COST) Might be useful to allow Index only access in more cases Reduce table scans Index Used more often for local selection
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When Should I use WHERE Clause support
In general its not a good idea to build indexes with the WHERE clause
Not yet useable by the Optimizer May be too specific, Only useable by small number of statements DO NOT Replace general purpose index with multiple Sparse indexes CREATE INDEX ORDERYEAR on ORDERS (YEAR ASC)
NOT the following CREATE INDEX ODERYEAR1 on ORDERS(YEAR ASC) WHERE YEAR=2006 CREATE INDEX ODERYEAR2 on ORDERS(YEAR ASC) WHERE YEAR=2007 CREATE INDEX ODERYEAR3 on ORDERS(YEAR ASC) WHERE YEAR=2008
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Are you experiencing performance problems? Are you using SQL? Are you getting the most out of DB2 for i? IBM DB2 for i Center of Excellence
Database modernization DB2 Web Query Database architecture and design DB2 SQL performance analysis and tuning Data warehousing and Business Intelligence DB2 for i education and training
Contact: Mike Cain Rochester, MN USA
Need help?
mcain@us.ibm.com
IBM Systems and Technology Group
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V6R1: SQL Grouping Functions Multidimensional Results at the click of a Query DB2 for IBM i

2010 IBM Corporation

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total number of widgets that were sold?

2010 IBM Corporation

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Hash Table Grouping

Widget Cog Widget Widget Flange Dome Widget Widget Flange

2006 2006 2006 2007 2005 2005 2006 2005 2007

Only relevant information is stored and the data is in no particular order

Aggregate on units for each group of quarters

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Radix Index Grouping

Cog Dome Flange Flange Widget Widget Widget Widget Widget

2006 2005 2005 2007 2005 2006 2006 2006 2007

Aggregate on units for each group of quarters

Widget Cog Widget Widget

2006 2006 2006 2007 2005 2005 2006 2005 2007

Flange Dome Widget Widget Flange

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Grouping Functions Roadmap

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Grouping Sets and Super Groups Defined

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Grouping Sets and Super Groups (ROLLUP and CUBE)

Users naturally view this data in multiple ways

User may also want a different perspective

Currently, all these different viewings require different succinct queries.

2010 IBM Corporation

IBM Power Systems

Grouping Sets and Super Groups

2010 IBM Corporation

IBM Power Systems

Grouping Functions Syntax and Examples

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Grouping Sets Example

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Grouping Sets Example

Country Canada U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A. Canada U.S.A. U.S.A.

Sum(Sales) 100,000 450,000

U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A.

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Sum(Sales) 3,350,000 100,000 3,250,000 100,000 450,000 940,000 550,000 1,310,000

Question: Is this data ordered?

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Ordered Rollup Example

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Ordered Rollup Example

Country Canada Canada U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A.

Sum(Sales) 100,000 100,000 450,000 940,000 550,000 1,310,000

2010 IBM Corporation

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Ordered Rollup Example

Country Canada Canada U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A. -

Sum(Sales) 100,000 100,000 3,250,000 450,000 940,000 550,000 1,310,000 3,350,000