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VHF OMNIDIRECTIONAL BASIC PRINCIPLE

Pengertian Umum :

VHF Omnidirectional Rage yang biasa dikenal dengan singkatan VOR adalah
salah satu alat bantu navigasi penerbangan yang bekerja pada band frequency sangat
tinggi VHF Band Frequency yaitu 108 MHz – 118 MHz dengan subcarrier 9960
Hz, yang memberikan informasi ke pesawat udara berupa arah, azimuth dalam
bentuk radial terhadap VOR itu sendiri dan informasi TO / FROM radial yang
dipilih.

Gambar 1 : Radial VOR

Secara umum pemancar VOR memancarkan 2 (dua) macam modulasi yaitu


Frequency Modulation dan Amplitude Modulation, di mana salah satunya terjadi
efek di udara, ada 2 (dua) macam jenis sistim yaitu Conventional VOR biasa dikenal
dengan CVOR dan Doppler VOR dan lebih dikenal dengan DVOR. Untuk jenis CVOR saat
ini sudah jarang dipergunakan dan lebih banyak menggunakan sistim jenis Doppler
VOR, sedangkan fasilitas penerima VOR di pesawat terbang dapat digunakan untuk
menerima signal kedua jenis sistim tersebut.

Airborne Equipment :

Agar pesawat terbang dapat menerima signal radio frequency VOR dan untuk
mengetahui posisinya terhadap VOR transmitter itu sendiri, maka di pesawat terbang
sistim penerima dilengkapi dengan : antenna, receiver, control selector dan display
indicator.

Antenna Receiver display/indicator

Control selector

Gambar 2 : Airborne Eqiupment


Antenna :
Berfungsi sebagai penerima signal radio frequency dari VOR transmitter
Receiver :
Berfungsi memproses signal yang telah diterima oleh antenna, yang selanjutnya hasil
proses diteruskan ke display indicator.
Control selector :
Berfungsi sebagai pemilih frequency VOR transmitter yang dikehendaki sebagai
penduan pesawat terbang.
Display / indicator :
Berfungsi sebagai penunjuk posisi pesawat terbang terhadap VOR station (apakah
menuju atau meninggalkan VOR station radial/course yang dipilih)
Contoh pembacaan pada display indicator :

Gambar 3 : Posisi Pesawat Terbang Trahadap VOR

Pada gambar 1 di atas terlihat bahwa pesawat terbang memilih radial/course


345, adapun posisi pesawat terbang tidak pada track radial tersebut (track di sebelah
kiri pesawat) dan pesawat terbang sedang menuju course yang dipilih.

Dalam pengembangan avionic system display indicator (Horizontal Situation


Indicator) modern lebih mudah dibaca, di mana semua item dapat dibaca pada satu
display saja.
Gambar 4 : Modern Horizontal Situation Indicator

Pada gambar 2 di atas, terlihat bahwa :


a. Frequency VOR transmitter adalah 115.5 MHz
b. Course yang dipilih 090
c. Identification VOR adalah BBG
d. Heading pesawat terbang adalah 040
e. Jarak Slant Range terhadap VOR/DME adalah 21.7 NM
f. Posisi tidak pada track course yang dipilih.
g. Posisi pesawat terbang pada radial 075

1. Pendekatan Theory VOR (Rotating Light Beacon)

Sistem Conventional VOR merupakan sistim VOR yang mula-mula dikenal


manusia di mana sistim ini mempunyai 2 (dua) macam antenna yang disebut Fixed
antenna atau Carrier Antenna dan Dipole Antenna, di mana hasil pancaran keduanya
dapat memberi informasi yang diperlukan oleh pesawat terbang yaitu arah, azimuth
dan TO / FROM.
Perlu diketahui bahwa akibat pancaran kedua antenna tersebut seolah-olah
terjadi peristiwa modulasi di udara, sehingga akibat pancaran kedua antenna yang
diatur sedemikan menghasilkan 2 (dua) macam modulasi yang diterima di antenna
penerima pesawat terbang. Dengan menghitung perbedaan phase hasil deteksi kedua
macam modulasi ini maka didapatkan azimuth dari pada pesawat terbang (radio
penerima) yang disetiap tempat mempunyai perbedaan phase berbeda-beda.
Untuk lebih mudah mengerti dan memahami bagaimana cara kerja sebuah
pemancar VOR bekerja, perhatikan ilustrasi sebuah Rotating Light Beacon (RLB) yang
mirip dengan dengan prinsip kerja sebuah pemancar VOR.

Lampu pijar

Lampu sorot

Gambar 5 : Rotating Light Beacon

Sebuah Rotating Light Beacon mempunyai 2 (dua) buah lampu di mana salah
satunya merupakan lampu pijar yang dapat dilihat dari segala arah jika lampu tersebut
menyala, sedangkan lampu lainnya merupakan lampu sorot yang hanya dapat dilihat
pada satu posisi atau satu tempat kedudukan.
Lampu pijar tetap tidak bergerak ataupun berputar, sedangkan lampu sorot
berputar 360 derajat, dengan demikian di setiap tempat kedudukan dapat melihat
lampu sorot menyala tidak dalam waktu yang bersamaan.
Prinsip Rotating Light Beacon bahwa lampu pijar menyala pada saat lampu sorot
menghadap ke Utara. Jadi apabila seseorang atau observer berdiri di titik Utara, maka
dapat melihat kedua lampu tersebut menyala bersamaan sedangkan observer lainnya
yang berada selain di Utara akan melihat lampu sorot dan lampu pijar menyala tidak
secara bersamaan atau mempunyai selang waktu. Dengan demikian observer dapat
menghitung untuk mengetahui posisinya terhadap Rotating Light Beacon tersebut.
Contoh :
Misalkan satu putaran 360 derajat clockwise lampu sorot adalah 1 menit,
sedangkan observer melihat lampu pijar menyala dan lampu sorot selisih waktu 15
detik (lampu pijar mendahului lampu sorot).
Dengan demikian observer dapat menghitung dan menentukan posisi atau
tempat kedudukannya terhadap Rotating Light Beacon tersebut sebagai berikut :

15
Azimuth = x 360 = 90 derajat
60
North
0/360

RLB
270 90

180

Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa observer berada di sebelah timur Rotating
Light Beacon.

2. Conventional VOR :
Conventional VHF Omnidirectional Range (CVOR) dalam bekerjanya hamper
sama dengan cara kerja Rotating Light Beacon tersebut, akan tetapi pada CVOR
menggunakan gelombang radio frequency sangat tinggi (VHF).

Secara sistem sebuah pemancar CVOR mempunyai 2 (dua) macam modulasi


yaitu Amplitude Modulation (AM) dan Frequency Modulation (FM), di mana modulasi FM
terjadi di dalam pemancar CVOR itu sendiri, adapun modulasi AM seolah-olah terjadi di
udara akibat dari effect putaran dipole antenna clockwise.
Dengan membandingkan/menghitung selisih phase antara hasil deteksi AM
dan FM tersebut, maka dapat diketahui azimuth terhadap CVOR transmitter.
Baik CVOR maupun DVOR, perhitungan azimuth adalah sama yaitu menghitung selisih
phase kedua signal hasil demodulasi/deteksi.

CVOR System :

CVOR transmitter mempunyai 2 (dua) macam antenna yaitu : Fixed


Antenna/Carrier Antenna dan Dipole Antenna (rotated antenna), dimana Carrier
antenna memancarkan Carrier frequency (108 MHz – 118 Mhz) temodulasi
dengan Sub Carrier Frequency 9960 FM yang di dalamnya terkandung 30 Hz ke
segala arah sedangkan Dipole antenna memancarkan carrier tanpa modulasi
berputar 360 derajat dengan kecepatan 1800 rpm atau 30 Hz.
Akibat putaran Dipole antenna di setiap titik / tempat akan menerima signal AM
dengan phase yang berbeda.
Azimuth pesawat terbang / observer terhadap stasiun CVOR didapatkan dengan
menghitung selisih phase antara 30 Hz AM dengan 30 Hz FM.

2.1. Pembangkitan 30 Hz FM (Reference Signal)

S i m p l e B l o c k D ia g r a m C V O R
D ip o le a n t e n n a
Om ni A m t

li
o
c
p am p m o d u la t o r P w r Am p
u
k
ic
P
T one w h ee l

M o t o r 1 8 0 0 rp m

am p C a r r ie r o s c i ll a t o r

Gambar 6 : Simple CVOR Block Diagram


30 Hz yang terkandung secara FM pada sub carrier berasal dari putaran Tone
Wheel oleh motor 1800 rpm atau 30 Hz.
Sedangkan Tone Wheel adalah disk yang bergigi gerigi berjumlah 332 buah
gigi-gigi di mana kerapatan gigi tersebut diatur tidak sama sedemikian rupa yaitu
sedang, renggang dan rapat. Apabila Tone Wheel berputar maka terjadi induksi
terhadap pick-up coil yang mengakibatkan :

a. Jika pick-up coil berhadapan dengan gigi-gigi kerapatan sedang, maka akan
menghasilkan frequency 9960 Hz (30 Hz x 332)
b. Jika pick-up coil berhadapan dengan gigi-gigi kerapatan tinggi, maka akan
menghasilkan frequency 10440 Hz
c. Jika pick-up coil berhadapan dengan gigi-gigi kerapatan renggang, maka akan
menghasilkan frequency 9480 Hz.

Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa hasil dari induksi antara Tone Wheel
dengan Pick-up Coil merupakan Frequency Modulasi (FM) dengan Center
Frequency 9960 Hz dan Deviasi Frequency 480 Hz. Frequency Modulation inilah
yang selanjutnya disebut dengan Sub Carrier Frequency.
Untuk selanjutnya Sub Carrier Frequency tersebut dimodulasi dengan carrier
frequency (108 MHz – 118 MHz) yang dihasilkan dari Oscillator Carrier Frequency dan
dipancarkan ke udara melalui Carrier Antenna/Fixed antenna.

A B C D E F G
Hasil FM detektor Gambar 7 : Hasil induksi
di Pick-up Coil

Med Max Med Min Med Max Med


Titik A :
Tone Wheel yang mempunyai kerapatan gigi sedang berhadapan dengan Pick-up Coil.
Titik B :
Tone Wheel yang mempunyai kerapatan gigi tinggi berhadapan dengan Pick-up Coil.
Titik C :
Tone Wheel yang mempunyai kerapatan gigi sedang berhadapan dengan Pick-up Coil.
Titik D :
Tone Wheel yang mempunyai kerapatan gigi renggang berhadapan dengan Pick-up
Coil.
Titik E :
Tone Wheel yang mempunyai kerapatan gigi sedang berhadapan dengan Pick-up Coil
dan seterusnya.

Pancaran Carrier Antenna :


Signal yang dipancarkan melalui Carrier Antenna adalah 9960 Hz FM yang
termodulasi dengan carrier frequency menyebar ke segala arah atau omni direction di
mana disemua tempat kedudukan terhadap CVOR transmitter mempunyai intensitas
atau signal strength sama kuat.

Carrier antenna

Gambar 8 :
Hasil Pancaran Omni Antenna
adapun di setiap tempat / setiap titik penerima mempunyai phase yang sama
pula atau beda phase “nol” derajat

Apabila carrier signal yang dipancarkan melalui carrier antenna tersebut di


demodulasikan di VOR receiver, maka akan menghasilkan Sub Carrier saja (berupa FM
9960 Hz).

Carrier + Sub Carrier Sub Carrier 9960 Hz


30 Hz (same as tone wheel rotation)
terkandung di dalam Sub Cerrier 9960)

Gambar 9 : Hasil Deteksi Sub Carrier 9960 Hz

Adapun hasil pancaran melalui Carrier antenna yang di setiap tempat mempunyai
intensitas sama serta phase yang sama, maka hasil demodulasinya pun baik intensitas
dan phasenya adalah sama.
RF carrier signal yang dipancarkan melalui Carrier Antenna ini disebut dengan
istilah “Reference Signal” sebab di setiap tempat mempunyai signal hasil deteksi (30
Hz) yang phasenya sama.
Dengan demikian dapat dikatakan bahwa 30 Hz Reference Signal terkandung
di dalam Sub Carrier 9960 Hz (FM), karena disetiap tempat kedudukan terhadap VOR
mempunyai phase yang sama, maka dapat dipergunakan sebagai reference atau
sebagai signal acuan dalam menghitung azimuth nantinya.
2.2. Pembangkitan 30 Hz AM (Variable Signal):

Sejalan dengan putaran motor 1800 rpm atau 30 Hz yang dihubungkan juga
dengan Dipole Antenna, sehingga putaran Tone Wheel seirama dengan putaran Dipole
Antenna
Pengaturan Tone Wheel dan Dipole Antenna sedemikian rupa agar nantinya
menghasilkan beda phase 0 derajat antara 30 Hz AM dan 30 Hz FM di titik utara.

Dipole antenna memancarkan gelombang radio ke


dua arah yang berlawanan dimana hanya carrier
frequency tanpa modulasi yang dipancarkan oleh
dipole antenna .
Dipole Antenna berputar 360 derajat clockwise.
Dengan kecepatan putar 1800 rpm (rotation per minute)
atau 30 cycle per second (‘30Hz).
Apabila diperhatikan pola pancaran dipole antenna,
Gambar 10 : maka terlihat bahwa di kedua sisi antenna saling
Pancaran Diopole Antenna
berlawanan arah, sehingga kedua sisi mempunyai beda
phase 180 derajat
Hasil pola pancaran apabila kedua antenna digabungkan :

maximum

+++
+ +
+ +
medium medium

---
minimum

Gambar 11 : Cardiode
Hasil kombinasi/paduan hasil pancaran kedua antenna tersebut (carrier antenna
dan dipole antenna) menjadi bentuk lain yang disebut “Cardiode” . hal ini disebabkan
bahwa polarity dipole antenna yang berbeda phase 180 derajat di kedua sisinya,
sehingga terjadi saling menjumlahkan signal strength pada satu sisi, sedangkan pada
sisi lainnya saling mengurangi. Bentuk baru sebagai akibat pancarran kedua antenna
yang disebut dengan cardiode tersebut mempunyai intensitas level signalnya tidak
sama yaitu ada sisi maksimum, sedang dan minimum.
Karena dipole antenna berputar 360 derajat, maka bentuk cardiodepun berputar
sejalan dengan putaran dipole antenna.

Signal strength :

Gambar 12 : Signal Strength


Cardiode
maximum
apabila dipole antenna
berputar, maka bentuk
medium cardiode pun berputar dan
kekuatan signal pun akan
selalu berubah-ubah, artinya
minimum bahwa di setiap tempat akan
menerima signal gelombang
radio selalu mengalami perubahan sesuai dengan putaran dipole antenna.
Gambar 13 (a, b, c dan d) : signal strength 1 (satu) cycle Dipole antenna

Gambar a : Dipole sebelum Gambar b : Dipole diputar


diputar CW 90˚
Gambar c : Dipole diputar CW 180˚ Gambar d : Dipole diputar CW 270˚

Hasil Modulasi apabila Cardiode diam :

NORTH NORTH FM LEVEL SIGNAL STRENGTH

WEST EAST

SOUTH
EAST FM SIGNAL STRENGHT

Note :
Hasil deteksi FM signal adalah 30 Hz
Di setiap tempat mempunyai phase
yang sama namum level/amplitude
di setiap tempat berbeda.

SOUTH FM SIGNAL STRENGTH

WEST FM SIGNAL STRENGTH

360˚/0˚ 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚

Gambar 14 : Hasil seteksi Pancaran Cardiode di setiap titik


Apabila dipole antenna berputar, maka pola cardiode pun berputar dan hal ini
mengakibatkan level/signal strength atau amplitude FM yang diterima di satu tempat
berubah-ubah, perubahan satu tempat dengan tempat lainnya tidak sama. Sebagai
contoh jika cardiode berputar satu kali :
Setelah Composite Signal di terima di Receiver VOR, maka 9960 Hz (FM) difilter
dan hasil deteksinya adalah sinus wave yang berwarna hitam, sedangkan Carrier
Frequency (AM) setelah dideteksi menghasilkan sinus wave berwarna merah.
Gambar 15 : Composite Signal dan Hasil Demodulasi

0˚ 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚


Di titik Utara : FM inphase to AM

Di titik Timur : FM leading 90˚ than AM, jadi


azimuthnya adalah 90˚ atau Radial 90˚.

di titik Selatan : FM leading 180˚than AM, jadi


azimuthnya adalah 180˚ atau Radial 180˚

Di titik Barat : FM leading 270˚ than AM,


maka azimuthnya 270˚ atau Radial 270˚
Dengan memperhatikan signal sinus (merah) yang di setiap tempat atau di
setiap titik mempunyai phase yang berbeda, maka signal ini di sebut atau dikenal
dengan “Variable Signal”. Oleh karena Variable Signal terjadi disebabkan oleh
putaran dipole antenna yang berkecepatan 1800 rpm atau 30 Hz, maka besarnya
frequency Variable Signal adalah 30 Hz.

Gambar 16 : Composite signal

3. DOPPLER VOR (DVOR) :


DVOR adalah pemancar VOR yang dalam bekerjanya menggunakan prinsip efek
Doppler, yaitu apabila sumber suara bergerak mendekat ataupun menjauh, akan
menghasilkan efek perubahan frequency, artinya apabila sumber suara menjauh, maka
seolah-olah frequencynya terdengar menurun dan begitu pula sebaliknya.
Gambar 17 : Doppler effect

Apabila diperhatikan sebagaimana gambar di atas, efek frequency Doppler


merupakan FM (frequency modulation) dimana apabila dideteksi oleh receiver, maka
akan menghasilkan signal seperti terlihat lengkung sinus warna merah.
Secara prinsip bahwa DVOR sama dengan CVOR, yang menghasilkan Composite
signal di mana terjadi 2 (dua) macam modulasi, di mana salah satunya terjadi efek di
udara (space modulation).
Pada DVOR efek yang terjadi di udara adalah efek Doppler yang menghasilkan
Frequency Modulation, hal ini kebalikan dengan CVOR yang efek modulasi di udara
adalah Amplitude Modulation (putaran cardiode)
DVOR mempunyai 2 (dua) macam antenna yaitu : Carrier Antenna dan Side
Band Antenna, di mana Carrier Antenna memancarkan RF frequency dengan modulasi
secara AM, sedangkan Side Band Antenna memancarkan Side Band Frequency yang
selanjutnya menghasilkan efek Doppler di udara yang pada akhirnya menghasilkan
Frequency Modulation (FM).
Jadi pada DVOR, Reference Signal secara AM dihasilkan dari pemancar itu
sendiri, sedangkan Variable signal secara FM dihasilkan dari efek Doppler di udara
sebagai akibat dari pancaran Side Band antenna.
Gambar 18 : Doppler Effect di setiap titik terhadap sumber suara

Secara phisik, antenna DVOR transmitter berjumlah 49 buah yaitu : carrier


antenna 1 (satu) buah dan side band antenna 48 buah, di mana carrier antenna
memancarkan modulasi AM secara terus menerus ke segala arah, sedangkan side band
antenna memancarkan frequency carrier tanpa modulasi secara bergantian dengan
kecepatan 30 kali per detik atau 30 Hz.
Dengan pergantian pancaran dari satu antenna ke antenna yang berikutnya,
maka terjadi proses modulasi di udara (seperti gambar diatas) yaitu efek Doppler yang
mengakibatkan frequency modulasi FM.

3.1. Sistim operasi DVOR transmitter :

Secara garis besar signal yang dipancarkan oleh pemancer Doppler VOR sama
dengan CVOR yaitu masing-masing mempunyai 2 (dua) macam modulasi yang
selanjutnya dikenal dengan 30 Hz Reference Signal dan 30 Hz Variable Signal, di mana
salah satunya modulasi terjadi di udara (sebagai efek di udara) dan lainnya terjadi
proses modulasi di dalam pemancar itu sendiri.
Begitu pula baik CVOR maupun DVOR mempunyai operating frequency Carrier
antara 108 MHz – 118 MHz dengan frequency Sub Carrier yaitu 9960 Hz.

DVOR Transmitter CVOR Transmitter

Gambar 19 : DVOR and CVOR Transmitter

3.2. Pembangkitan 30 Hz FM (Variable Signal) :

Sebuah pemancar Doppler VOR mempunyai 2 (dua)


Ant. macam antenna yaitu Carrier Antenna dan Side Band
No.1
Antenna, di mana Carrier Antenna senantiasa
memancarkan gelombang RF yang bermodualasi
secara AM terus menerus ke segala arah, sedangkan Side
Ant.
Band Antenna yang berjumlah 48 buah memancarkan
No.25
Gambar 20 : gelombang Side Band Frequency USB (carrier + 9960 Hz)
posisi antenna Sideband
dan LSB (carrier – 9960Hz) secara bergantian.
Dari 48 buah Side Band antenna hanya 2 (dua) antenna yang bekerja pada saat
yang bersamaan, dan akan bergantian secara terus menerus dengan kecepatan 30 Hz.
Misalkan SB antenna no.1 memancarkan USB, maka secara bersamaan
waktunya SB antenna no.25 memancarkan LSB, begitu pula untuk antenna lainnya
(berpasang-pasangan yaitu no.1 dan no.25, no.2 dan no.26 dan seterusnya).

Efek Doppler yang terjadi di setiap titik/tempat sebagaimana gambar di bawah :

Upper Side Band Frequency Lower Side Band Frequency

Ant. No.1

Ant. No.25

Gambar 21 : Pancaran USB dan LSB pada Sideband Antenna

FM yang diterima di titik Utara, Timur, Selatan dan Barat apabila dideteksi
maka menghasilkan frequency yang mempunyai phase berlainan dan di semua tempat
kedudukan terhadap DVOR station selalu berbeda phase.
Titik Utara USB USB

LSB

Titik Timur
USB

LSB

Titik Selatan
USB

LSB LSB

Titik Barat
USB

LSB

Gambar 22 :
Hasil Deteksi/demodulator Pancaran Sideband Antenna
Oleh karena kecepatan switching Side Band Antenna adalah 30 kali putaran per
detik, maka signal hasil deteksi (signal merah) adalah sama dengan 30 Hz.
30 Hz inilah yang disebut dengan Variable Signal pada DVOR.

Persamaan dan perbedaan antara CVOR dengan DVOR secara umum :

Perbedaan :

Table 1 : Perbedaan Mendasar antara CVOR dan DVOR

No Item CVOR DVOR


1 Jumlah Antenna 2 (dua) buah 49 buah
2 Nama Antenna Carrier Antenna 1 (satu) Carrier Antenna 1 (satu)
buah dan Dipole antenna buah dan Side Band
1 (satu) buah Antenna 48 buah
3 Variable Signal Akibat putaran Dipole Switching pada Side Band
Antenna oleh motor 1800 Antenna 30 Hz counter
rpm clockwise clockwise
4 Modulasi :
AM Terjadi di udara akibat Terjadi di dalam pemancar
putaran dipole antenna DVOR (30 Hz) dikenal
1800 rpm / 30 Hz, dikenal dengan Reference Signal
dengan Variable Signal
FM Terjadi di dalam pemancar Terjadi di udara karena
CVOR (30 Hz), dikenal effect Doppler (30 Hz)
dengan Reference Signal dikenal dengan Variable
Signal

Persamaan :
1. Hasil pancaran menghasilkan dua macam modulasi yaitu Frequency Modulasi dan
Amplitude Modulasi.
2. Menghasilkan 30 Hz Reference Signal dan 30 Hz Variable Signal
3. Bekerja pada frequency 108 MHz – 118 MHz
4. Mempunyai identification signal
5. Mempunyai Sub Carrier Frequency 9960 Hz c(frequency deviation = 480 Hz)
3.2.1 Prinsip Dasar Side Band Antenna Operation :

Untuk mendapatkan 30 Hz Varible Signal di udara (doppler effect) pada DVOR


adalah akibat dari pancaran Side Band Frequency yaitu USB dan LSB oleh Side Band
Antenna secara bergantian yang hanya terdapat 2 (dua) buah Side Band Antenna
bekerja pada saat yang bersamaan.

Block diagram sederhana proses pembangkitan 30 Hz variable :

USB Side Band ODD


SB C/O 1
Generator Modulator Antenna
Distributor
47

Blending Shape
Generator Switching
Unit

EVEN 2
LSB Side Band Antenna
Generator SB C/O Distributor
Modulator 48

Gambar 23 : Simple Block Diagram Process of 30 FM (Variable Signal

Penjelasan :

1. USB Generator :
berfungsi sebagai pembangkit frequency USB (Carrier Frequency + 9960 Hz).
2. LSB Generator :
berfungsi sebagai pembangkit frequency LSB (Carrier Frequency – 9960 Hz).
3. Blending Shape Generator
sebagai pembangkit bentuk blending yang nantinya dimodulasi dengan USB dan
LSB.
4. Side Band Modulator :
berfungsi memproses penumpangan blending shape dengan Side Band
Frequency.
5. Switching Unit :
Berfungsi sebagai pengatur antenna memancarkan side band frequency secara
bergantian sedemikian rupa agar terjadi efek Doppler di udara.

Lihat blok diagram di atas :


Frequency yang dihasilkan oleh USB dan LSB generator sebelum dipancarkan,
maka haruslah di modulasi dengan blending shape pada side band modulator.

Gambar 24 :
Blending Shape USB dan LSB frequency
USB LSB
frequency frequency
Output Side Band Modulator diteruskan ke
switching unit untuk diteruskan ke antenna
distributor, di mana pada switching unit ini baik USB maupun LSB diatur waktunya
sedemikian agar keduanya dapat dipancarkan ke semua antenna melalui antenna
distributor (ganjil dan genap)

3.2.2. Pancaran Side Band Antenna :

1 3 5 23 1
USB USB USB USB LSB
freq freq freq freq freq

25 27 29 47 25
LSB freq LSB freq LSB freq LSB freq USB freq

Gambar 25 : Pancaran Antenna Ganjil


Pancaran Side Antenna Genap :

2 4 6 24 2
USB USB USB USB
freq freq freq freq LSB freq

26 28 30 48 26
USB
LSB freq LSB freq LSB freq LSB freq
freq

Gambar 26 : Pancaran Antrenna Genap

Bentuk pola pancaran hasil switching Side Band Antenna :

1 2 3 4 5 6 23 24 1 2

USB USB USB USB USB USB USB USB LSB LSB
frequenfrequenfrequenfrequenfrequenfrequen frequenfrequenfrequenfrequen
cy cy cy cy cy cy cy cy cy cy

25 26 27 28 29 30 47 48 25 26

LSB LSB LSB LSB LSB LSB LSB LSB USB USB
frequenfrequen
frequenfrequenfrequenfrequen frequenfrequen
frequenfrequen
cy cy cy cy cy cy cy cy cy cy

Gambar : 27 Pola Pancaran seluruh Antenna Sideband

Jika diperhatikan level signal antenna no. 1 belum sampai nol, maka disusul
dengan pancaran antenna no. 2 dan begitu pula antenna no. 3 disusul dengan antenna
no. 4 dan seterusnya.
Dengan demikian hasil pancaran seolah-olah tidak pernah mengalami level signal
nol, perlu diketahui bahwa waktu yang diberikan di setiap side band antenna untuk
memancarkan side band frequency adalah sepertujuh ratus dua puluh detik atau jika
dihitung frequency switching nya adalah 720 Hz. Jadi dengan jumlah side band antenna
yang ada pada DVOR maka dalam satu putaran atau satu siklus memerlukan waktu
sepertiga puluh detik atau 30 Hz,
Dengan demikian hasil FM di udara adalah 30 Hz, oleh karena waktu pancar di setiap
antenna berbeda maka menghasilkan beda pahase di setiap titik side band antenna,
dan hal ini disebut 30 Hz variable signal.

Ant. Ant. Ant.


No.1 No.3 No.47 24 x 1/720 = 1/30 sec
atau
= 30 Hz

1/720 sec 1/720 sec 1/720 sec


Gambar 28 : Duration switching Sideband Antenna

3.3. Pembangkitan 30 Hz AM Reference Signal

Simple Block Diagram :

30 Hz
oscillator Modulator
and Power Antenna
Audio
Amplifier Amplifier Coupler

1020 Hz Keyer
Oscillator

Carrier
Oscillator
Voice PreAmp

Gambar 29 : Simple Block Diagram DVOR Transmitter


Pada dasarnya pembangkitan 30 Hz Reference pada Doppler VOR sederhana
saja seperti pemancar AM kebanyakan. Hanya sedikit perbedaan yang mendasar bahwa
kebanyakan pemancar AM tidak mempunyai audio khusus seperti pada DVOR,
sebagaimana terlihat pada block diagram, DVOR mempunyai 1020 Hz, keyer dan 30 Hz
oscillator yang diperuntukkan sebagai “reference signal”.
Adapun 1020 Hz dan keyer diperlukan untuk Identification Signal daripada DVOR,
hal ini dimaksudkan bahwa 1020 Hz di putus-putus oleh keyer unit sesuai dengan kode
morse yang menyebutkan identifikasi DVOR itu sendiri, biasanya terdiri dari 3 (tiga)
huruf.

4. Monitor Unit

Setiap peralatan VOR maupun DVOR selalu dilengkapi dengan Monitor Unit,
biasanya berjumlah 2 buah, hal ini dimaksudkan bahwa signal yang dipancarkan oleh
DVOR Transmitter adalah benar-benar sesuai dengan ketentuan, misalnya frequency
carrier, frequency kedua side band, power output, ketepatan azimuth yang diberikan
dan prosentasi modulasinya.
Dengan kata lain bahwa semua yang dihasilkan oleh DVOR Transmiter (hasil
pancaran) harus dimonitor kebenaran dan keakuratannya agar tidak memberikan
informasi yang salah kepada pesawat terbang. Apabila terjadi kesalahan pada hasil
pancaran DVOR Transmitter, maka Monitor akan memberitahukan control unit untuk
mematikan atau menonaktifkan DVOR Transmitter atau memindahkan ke standby
transmitter.
Sebagai input signal Monitor Unit berasal dari Field Detector Antenna , yang
letaknya di luar VOR transmitter itu sendiri.
Pada dasarnya Field Detector Antenna dapat ditempatkan di mana saja untuk
memonitor hasil pancaran DVOR transmitter, namun biasanya dan kebanyakan
ditempatkan di titik Utara ataupun Selatan di sekitar transmitter shelter yang kurang
lebih 100 meter agar mendapatkan hasil yang bagus dengan signal strength yang
cukup untuk dikirimkan kembali ke monitor unit.
Antenna No.1
(USB)

FD antenna

± 100 meter

Antenna No. 25
(LSB)

Gambar 30 :
Layout lokasi field detector antenna

Dengan jarak kurang lebih 100 meter tersebut dimaksudkan untuk mendapatkan
efek Doppler yang sempurna sehingga hasil deteksi sub carrier 9960 menghasilkan
bentuk signal 30 Hz yang sempurna (balance antara time positive dan negative sycle).
Simple Essential Monitor Unit Block Diagram

Level
Low Pass 30 Hz
Compara-
Filter Amplifier
tor

30 Hz AM
Sine to square Fault
converter
FD Antenna
Display and
RF 1020 Hz BPF Bearing
Bearing
Amplfier and Ampl Counter
Fault

Sine to square
converter Sub Carrier
Fault
Level
9960 Hz FM Compara-
Band Pass Detector tor
Filter and Amp

Gambar 31 :
Simple Block Diagram Monitor Unit

Cara kerja simple monitor unit (block diagram di atas)


Signal yang diterima oleh Field Detector Antenna merupakan signal yang dikirim
oleh VOR transmitter berupa Composite Signal di mana terdiri dari beberapa unsur
antara lain : carrier frequency, 30 Hz AM, 1020 Hz identification signal dan 30
Hz FM (terjadi karena Doppler Effect).
Composite signal yang diterima oleh Field Detector Antenna melalui coaxial cable
dikirim ke RF Amplifier unit diperbesar/diperkuat untuk mendapatkan signal yang
cukup, selanjutnya diteruskan ke low pass dan band pass filter.
Low Pass Filter :
Berfungsi untuk memilih dan melewatkan frequency 30 Hz AM yang terkandung pada
carrier frequency.

30 Hz Amplifier :
Berfungsi untuk memperbesar signal 30 AM yang selanjutnya diteruskan ke level
comparator stage.

Level Comparator :
Lavel comparator berfungsi untuk membandingkan besar signal (30 Hz AM / reerence
signal) dengan level threshold yang dikehendaki, apabila level 30 Hz AM tersebut tidak
mencukupi besaran yang dikehendaki, maka 30 Hz AM dinyatakan Fault (alarm).

9960 Hz Band Pass Filter :


Berfungsi untuk memilih dan melewatkan frequency 9960 Hz yang terkandung di dalam
Doppler Effect akibat sistim pancaran USB dan LSB frequency oleh setiap Side Band
Frequency.

FM Detector and Amplifier :


Berfungsi sebagai detector 30 Hz FM yang terkandung di dalam 9960 Hz sub carrier
yang selanjutnya di perbesar untuk mendapatkan level signal sesuai yang dikehendaki.

Level Comparator :
Sama dengan level comparator yang terdapat pada jalur 30 AM, akan tetapi stage ini
dipergunakan untuk 30 Hz FM (variable signal).

Sine to Square Converter :


Berfungsi untuk merubah 30 Hz signal yang berupa analog sinus wave menjadi 30 Hz
square wave, yang selanjutnya diteruskan ke unit bearing counter.
Bearing Counter :
Pada unit ini mempunyai dua input signal yaitu 30 Hz (AM) dan 30 Hz (FM), di sini
dihitung selisih waktu antara ke duanya, dengan demikian dapat diketahui dan dihitung
yang selanjutnya dinaytakan kedalam besaran derajat sebagai azimuth.
Apabila Field Detector Antenna ditempatkan di titik utara (dilihat dari VOR transmitter),
maka seharusnya selisih waktu antara keduanya sama dengan nol, begitu pula untuk di
titik-titik lainnya, dengan demikian hal ini diasumsikan sama dengan “azimuth” terhadap
VOR.

5. Fungsi VOR

Sebagaimana VOR dapat memberikan informasi berupa panduan bearing dan


azimuth, maka sebuah VOR transmitter dalam navigasi penerbangan dapat digunakan
atau difungsikan untuk : Homing, En-route, Holding dan Locator.
Homing :
Panduan homing damaksudkan bahwa VOR dapat memberi panduan menuju ke tempat
dimana VOR transmitter ditempatkan, oleh karena biasanya VOR ditempatkan di sekitar
Bandar udara, maka dapat dikatakan bahwa VOR dapat memandu pesawat terbang
menuju ke Bandar udara tujuan.

VOR

Gambar 32 : VOR fungsi homing

En-route:
Panduan en-route merupakan panduan arah di sepanjang perjalanan dari satu Bandar
udara ke Bandar udara tujuan, biasanya penempatan lokasi tidak di Bandar udara akan
tetapi ditemopatkan titik-titik sepanjang route penerbangan, sehingga dapat
dipergunakan pula sebagai check point.

Gambar 33 : VOR fungsi En-route

Holding :
Panduan holding merupakan panduan reference point sebelum melakukan pendaratan
jika harus menunggu giliran mendarat.

Gambar 34 : VOR fungsi Holding


Locator :
VOR difungsikan sebagai Locator, bahwa informasi yang diberikan kepada pesawat
terbang berupa panduan menuju center line runway, hal ini dipergunakan pada saat
pesawat melakukan pendekatan ke landasan pacu pada saat hendak mendarat.
Fungsi locator ini biasanya dipergunakan apabila Bandar udara tersebut tidak
mempunyai Instrument Landing System (ILS), adapun penempatan sebuah locator
biasanya di perpanjangan center line runway.

VOR

Gambar 35 : VOR fungsi Locator


1
VHF Omni-directional Radio Range

General Description

 The old four-course, LF Radio Range stations were inflexible and subject to
atmospheric noise under crucial bad weather conditions.

 Near the end of WWⅡ, it became obvious that a more effective means was needed to
guide aircraft in flight from point to point.

 By 1940, the CAA (now FAA) had begun the development what is now known as the
standard vhf phase-comparison omni-range; sometimes called merely omni or VOR.

 In 1945, this system was presented to RTCA, and technical standards were discussed.

 Shortly thereafter, the U.S government offered the omni-range system to the world,
and subsequently it was adopted as part of a standard world airway system.

2
1
VHF Omni-directional Radio Range

General Description
 The operation of VOR is analogous to the operation of Light House.

 Frequency Band: 108-118MHz

 VOR gives Azimuth Information;


= Angular Distance, measured in degrees, in a clockwise direction from a reference
point

 Radial: identified by its magnetic bearing outbound from the VOR


MN
 Magnetic North(71º N/96º W)

 VOR/DME – comparison with Road/Signage

3
1
VHF Omni-directional Radio Range
General Description

 VORs are used as ‘En-route’ and ‘Terminal’ facilities.

 The siting of these facilities determine the routing of airways.

 VOR located at, or near, an airport not only provides bearing information for an
approach to that airport, but also provides en-route bearing information to
aircraft over-flying or using the airway on which the VOR is serving.

 The VOR signal can be adversely affected by reflections therefore siting of


VOR is important.

 Since the DVOR will successfully operates at sites where CVOR would be very
inaccurate, the Doppler VOR is installed to minimize the effect of reflections at
affected sites.

4
1
VHF Omni-directional Radio Range

General Description

 VOR is classified into two categories by the method of signal generation;


i.e., CVOR and DVOR

 No difference on the part of users(A/C)

 Ident : two(2) or three(3) letters using Int’l Morse Codes

 Ident Ratio – VOR : DME = 3 : 1

 When flying over a VOR, a loss of signal may be experienced.


- Cone of Ambiguity(Silence, Confusion)
Station Passage

5
1
VHF Omni-directional Radio Range
Typical Coverage of VOR

As the VOR operates in the VHF spectrum, the range of service is limited
to line-of-sight and is therefore considered a short range navaid;
typically 200NM at 35000ft 6
1
VHF Omni-directional Radio Range
Reception Range vs. Altitude of VORs

Range within Altitude


VOR Class
(nm) (feet)
Terminal (T) 25 1000 – 12,000
Low Altitude (L) 40 1000 – 18,000
40 1000 – 14,500
High Altitude (H) 100 14,500 – 60,000
130 18,000 – 45,000
7
1
VHF Omni-directional Radio Range
Air Routes of Korean Air Space

The air routes are composed of the VOR stations, which actually appear on the
aeronautical charts as a compass circle centered over the station.

8
1
Light House Analogy
 The basic principle behind the rotating beacon is the relationship between the observer and the
beacon in degrees of azimuth
 Both systems have fixed (reference) signal and rotating (variable) signal
 Light House - fixed white light and rotating green light
- The shielded green light rotates at a fixed speed and can be seen when the observer is directly facing it
- The white light flashes when the green light faces MN and is visible in all directions around the beacon
 VOR - fixed phase 30Hz and variable phase 30Hz signal
- The Ref-phase 30Hz signal is omni-directionally radiated through 360 degrees of azimuth, and its phase
is constant
- The Var-phase 30Hz signal rotates around the station at a speed of 1800 rpm, and varies in phase with
respect to the reference signal
Variable
Green Light

Variable
Green Light
Reference White

Rotates at 1 rpm
9
1

Light House Analogy

Calculating example point B:


1. Begin stop watch when white light is observed
2. Stop the watch when green light is observed
3. Calculate 6 degrees per second X elapsed time (52”)
60 X 52” = 312 degrees from the beacon

10
1
VHF Omni-directional Radio Range

VOR RX needs two signals for navigation !!

1. A 30Hz signal whose phase is constant regardless of bearing.


(Reference)

2. Another 30Hz signal whose phase varies with bearing from or to the VOR station.
(Variable)

11
Radiation Pattern and Phase Relationship of CVOR

VOR : Ref & Var phase relations at compass cardinal points


-At 00 on Magnetic North, the two signals are in-phase each other
-At other points, the phase of Var signal varies while that of Ref signal is constant
※ This slide will be shown later again!
12
1
VHF Omni-directional Radio Range

MODULATION

VOR uses both amplitude and frequency modulation

1. Amplitude Modulation
- Conventional AM
- Space Modulation

2. Frequency Modulation
- Conventional FM
- Doppler Effect

13
1
1. Amplitude Modulation
Conventional AM Space Modulation (CVOR)

 The amplitude of the carrier (fc) is varied by the


amplitude of the modulating signal (fm)
 The frequency of the carrier remains constant

Depth of Modulation

Modulation % - Depth of Modulation


M = Esm/Ecm or Vmax-Vmin / Vmax+Vmin

14
1
1. Amplitude Modulation
Space Modulation
 Space modulation is a method of creating amplitude modulation by radiating from
two (or more) different transmitters the signals needed to make the amplitude
modulated waveform
 The carrier is radiated from one antenna, while the sidebands are radiated from a
separate antenna
 The total sideband component, radiated separately, will combine with the carrier in
space:
* exactly in-phase
* 180° out-of-phase
* or at some phase angle  (phi)
 The desired combination is that the total sideband component combine precisely in-
phase or 180° out-of-phase
 In space, the two signals would be received by the RX antenna and the waveform
looks just like a normal amplitude modulated signal
※ This method is used to create the VOR signal

15
1

2. Frequency Modulation
Conventional FM

- Instantaneous frequencies are varied by the


amplitude of modulating signal
- The amplitude of carrier remains constant

※ Deviation Ratio(DR) = ∆f/fm


- proportional to the amplitude change of fm

16
1
2. Frequency Modulation
Frequency Deviation by Doppler Effect

D
=
16
/

17
1

Frequency Modulation in VOR System

9960Hz(or 10KHz -MARU220 DVOR) subcarrier frequency deviates by ± 480Hz at 30Hz rate.
- CVOR : conventional FM
- DVOR : Doppler Effect
The frequency modulated subcarrier is amplitude modulated on the carrier.

Detected 9960±480Hz

18
1

VOR Composite Signal

Composite waveform as the


result of amplitude and
frequency modulation

19
1
VOR Antenna & Radiation

CVOR : 4-Slot Cylindrical Antenna


• Reference Carrier
• Variable Sideband
- CW rotation of figure 8 pattern

DVOR : Alford Loop Antenna


• Reference Carrier
• Variable Sideband
- CCW rotation of sideband antenna switching

20
1
VOR Antenna & Radiation
Sideband Distribution Systems of CVOR and DVOR

LSBsin
sin
LSBcos

cos USBsin

USBcos

21
1
4-Slot Cylindrical Antenna (WILCOX 585B CVOR)

REFERENCE

Reference Feedline 1800


longer than Sideband
Feedlines

SE SW NW NE

GREEN RED REFERENCE


SIDEBAND SIDEBAND CARRIER
NO.1 NO.2 22
VARIABLE VARIABLE
1
VOR Antenna & Radiation

Reference signal is fed to all of the four slots on the


antennas in phase. This provides 4 lobes radiated
from the excited slots and the resultant is an omni-
directional pattern.

SB1

SB2

Two sideband signals are 900 out of audio phase


and are connected to opposite slot pairs.

23
1
VOR Antenna & Radiation

The maximum radiation is now off set from the antenna.


This is caused by the variable signal adding to and subtracting
from the reference signal.
24
1
VOR Antenna & Radiation
The amplitude of sideband lobes repeatedly increases and decreases

Increasing Amplitude of Sideband Lobe Decreasing Amplitude of Sideband Lobe

NW/SE lobes increase while NE/SW lobes decrease, and vice-


versa, causing the resultant figure-of-eight pattern to rotate in
a clockwise direction.

25
1
VOR Antenna & Radiation

+ - + -
Rotating
Figure 8 Pattern

+ - + -

26
1
VOR Antenna & Radiation
4-Loop Antenna (Another type of CVOR Antenna)

Top View Simplified Schematic Diagram


Four Loop Antenna Array RF Coaxial Bridge & Four Loop Connections

27
1
VOR Antenna & Radiation
4-Loop Antenna (Another type of CVOR Antenna)

No.1 Antenna Pair and No.1 Antenna Bridge

28
1
VOR Antenna & Radiation
4-Loop Antenna (Another type of CVOR Antenna)

Ant Pair No.1(Carr) Carr Radiation Pattern


from No.1 Ant Pair

Radiation Pattern from No.1 and


No.2 Pairs and Composite Pattern
Carr Radiation Pattern
Ant Pair No.2(Carr) from No.2 Ant Pair
29
1
VOR Antenna & Radiation
4-Loop Antenna (Another type of CVOR Antenna)

Circulating Currents of Carr Energy in Individual Antennas


and
the Effective Circulating Current as from a Large Single Antenna

30
1
VOR Antenna & Radiation
4-Loop Antenna (Another type of CVOR Antenna)

No.1 Antenna Pair(SB1) SB1 Radiation Pattern

SB Generator
Outputs

No.2 Antenna Pair(SB2) SB2 Radiation Pattern


31
1
VOR Antenna & Radiation
Radiation Pattern and Phase Relationship of CVOR

VOR : Ref & Var phase relations at compass cardinal points


-At 00 on Magnetic North, the two signals are in-phase each other
-At other points, the phase of Var signal varies while that of Ref signal is constant
32
1
VOR Antenna & Radiation

A B

C D

With receiving point at 00 (Magnetic North), the received signal varies in amplitude as shown.
This amplitude variation is caused by the rotation of limacon pattern.
This variation is detected as a 30Hz AM signal in the VOR receiver.

33
1
VOR Antenna & Radiation

Ref-Var 30Hz phase relation around the CVOR station

A
B

E C

34
1
VOR Antenna & Radiation
VOR Antenna Requirements
Omni-directional Pattern in the Horizontal Plane
 Uniphase Pattern
 Horizontally Polarized
 Efficient Radiator

Pictorial Representation of the Alford Loop Antenna

Alford Loop Antenna Configuration 35


1
VOR Antenna & Radiation

Radiating Element of Alford Loop Radiator

Current Distribution:
► same direction in each face at any instant; either CW or CCW
► maximum at center, and 0.707 of maximum at ends of radiating face

Radiating Face

IMAX
.707 IMAX

1/8  1/8 

1/2 

36
1
VOR Antenna & Radiation

USB/LSBsin and USB/LSBcos signals are each distributed to


every other antennas in a counter-clockwise direction.

37
1
VOR Antenna & Radiation

AM and FM Signals Received and Detected by


Aircraft Receivers A, B, C and D

VARIABLE FM
SUBCARRIER

REFERENCE
AM SIGNAL

DETECTED 30HZ
AM REFERENCE

DETECTED 30HZ
FM VARIABLE

38
1
VOR Antenna & Radiation
Ref-Var 30Hz phase relation around the DVOR station

D
=
16
/

39
1
VOR Antenna & Radiation
Signal Spectrum

AM
Space Modulation
Conventional
FM
CVOR

Conventional
AM

FM
DVOR (Doppler Effect)

40
1
VOR Receiver

1020 Hz
Filter

41
1 OBS/CDI

A: Rotating Course Card


B: Omni-Bearing Selector
C: Course Deviation Indicator
D: To/From Indicator

 The OBS allows the desired bearing to be selected and displayed by 3 digits on the
bearing indicator.
 The OBS also provides a TO/FROM indication which shows if the bearing selected is the
heading TO or FROM the VOR facility.
 Provided the aircraft is being flown on the exact bearing as selected on the OBS, the
needle of the deviation indicator will remain at the center.
 When the aircraft is off course, the needle will move either to the left or the right of the
center indicating which direction the aircraft must be flown to get back to the selected
bearing.
42
1 OBS/CDI

43
1
OBS/CDI

The VOR indicator can actually provide wrong information if the OBS is not set properly.
This figure shows the confusion that can result.

44
1
OBS/CDI

45
1
OBS/CDI

"The needle is centered, my


flying is perfect"

Nice thought,
but not necessarily!!!

No signal received?
Tuned to wrong frequency?

46
1
Comparison of Ref-Var Phase Relations between CVOR and DVOR

(FM 30Hz)
1
Azimuth Error (CVOR)

Magnetic North(0˚ )

Direct Wave 90˚

VOR Station Reflected Wave115˚

REF REF

Direct Wave REF


Phase 90˚
Reflected Wave
Phase 115˚ Direct Wave
VAR Course Error

Reflected Wave Vector Sum


VAR

48
MARU 220
Contents

1. VOR Theory

2. MARU 220 DVOR

3. Network connection for Operation

4. LMMS/RMMS

5. Case Study on the Troubleshooting

6. Antenna Assembly

MARU 220 DVOR -1-


Contents

1. VOR Theory

MARU 220 DVOR -2-


Introduction

VHF Omnidirectional Radio Range


• CVOR : Conventional VOR
• DVOR : Doppler VOR

Provides azimuth of aircraft

VHF range 108-


108- 118 MHz

ICAO Annex 10 specification compliant

DME/TACAN collocation

MARU 220 DVOR -3-


VOR Concept

Azimuth= phase difference between Ref. and Var.


CVOR : Ref= 30Hz FM Var= 30 Hz AM
DVOR : Ref= 30Hz AM Var= 30 Hz FM
Aircraft

Monitor
Antenna

VOR Site
MARU 220 DVOR -4-
VOR…?
0s
0 s A
0° Reference

North Variable
45 s 15 s

30 s
360°
360°= 60 s

270 ° 90 °

D Lighthouse B

180 °

C
MARU 220 DVOR -5-
CVOR…

A 0° Reference(CAR) = FM
= 0 – 0
North Variable(S/B) = AM

= 270 – 0 270 ° = 90 – 0 90 °
D B

Azimuth = AM (Phase) – FM (Phase)


(Receiver)

= 180 – 0
180 °
C
MARU 220 DVOR -6-
DVOR…

A 0° Reference(CAR) = AM
= 0 – 0
North Variable(S/B) = FM

-90 °= 270 °
= 0 – 90 = 0 - 270 -270 °
D B = 90 °
Azimuth = AM (Phase) – FM (Phase)
(Receiver)

= 0 - 180
C -180 ° = 180 °
MARU 220 DVOR -7-
Doppler Effect…

Stationary Sound Source

Moving Sound Source to


the Right

http://galileoandeinstein.physics.virginia.edu/more_stuff/flashlets/doppler.htm
MARU 220 DVOR -8-
Doppler Effect and VOR (DVOR)_Flight A

A Frequency Deviation
by Doppler Effect

+480Hz

B f

D A B C D A

-480Hz

MARU 220 DVOR -9-


Doppler Effect and VOR (DVOR)_Flight B

A Frequency Deviation
by Doppler Effect
+480Hz

B
D A B C D A

- 480Hz

MARU 220 DVOR - 10 -


CVOR vs DVOR

CVOR vs DVOR
FM Reference(CAR) AM
AM Variable(S/B) FM
S/B ANT
Switching

Low cost / Lateral multipath


Lateral multipath Ad./Dis-ad. / high cost

MARU 220 DVOR - 11 -


Types of multipath

Types of multipath

Longitudinal Multipath
causes Nulls in the vertical radiated pattern

MARU 220 DVOR - 12 -


DVOR _ Signals

Reference Signal (Carrier)


30Hz Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Variable Signal (Side Band)


30Hz Frequency Modulation (FM)
Source(Sub-carrier) : Carrier ± 9960Hz (AM)

MARU 220 DVOR - 13 -


DVOR _ Frequency Spectrum

MARU 220 DVOR - 14 -


DVOR _ Rotation _ Diameter

Last goal !
To get 30Hz Orbit frequency with ±480Hz frequency deviation
(FM Index 16)

∆f = π x D x fn / λ0
D = ∆f / (π x fn / λ0 ) = (16 * λ0 ) / π
∆f (frequency deviation) = 480Hz
λ0 (wavelength) = 2.65m (@113MHz)
fn (orbit frequency) = 30Hz
D = 13.5m

Diameter 13.5m at 113MHz Carrier frequency

MARU 220 DVOR - 15 -


DVOR _ Rotation _ Diameter

Diameter 13.5m at 113MHz Carrier frequency

13.5m

MARU 220 DVOR - 16 -


DVOR _ Rotation _ Blending Signal

Switching Time & Frequency

30Hz = 30 Rotation / Sec


1 rotation = 1/30s

1 Rotation = 48 Antennas
1 Antenna’s Switching Time = (1/30) / 48
= 1/1440 sec

COS : 1/720 sec = 720Hz


SIN : 1/720 sec = 720Hz

MARU 220 DVOR - 17 -


DVOR _ Rotation _ Blending Signal

Continuous Rotation Effect……


USB
1 3

2 4

1/720 sec

LSB
MARU 220 DVOR - 18 -
Contents

2. MARU 220 DVOR

MARU 220 DVOR - 19 -


Technical Characteristics

Dual Transmitter Easy Maintenance


TX1 and TX2 Plug-In Type
No tuning for module replacement
Dual Monitoring System (Hot-Swap)
MON1 and MON2 Comfortable GUI (Graphic User
Interface)
Dual Power Supply
2ea AC/DC and 2ea DC/DC
Self-Diagnostic Function
The Built-in Test Equipment (BITE)
function is included to check integrity
of the system operation

MARU 220 DVOR - 20 -


Operation

CSP (Control and Status Panel)


CSP is a user interface device attached on the upper side of the equipment cabinet.

Operating Software
LMMS (Local Maintenance Monitoring System)
Is user interface on local PC
RMMS (Remote Maintenance Monitoring System)
Is user interface on remote PC

Remote Control Unit


RCMU (Remote Control Monitoring Unit)
Is made possible to display and control the status of equipment by attaching the LED
indicator, LCD and keypad.
RMU (Remote Monitoring Unit)
Only has the function of indicating the status of equipment while not having the control
function of changing the status of equipment.

MARU 220 DVOR - 21 -


System Configuration

MARU 220 DVOR - 22 -


Rack Arrangement

MARU 220 DVOR - 23 -


System Block Diagram
S/B S/B S/B S/B S/B S/B
CAR ANT Ant 1 Ant 2 Ant 3 Ant 46 Ant 47 Ant 48

Counterpoise

A S U

CARRIER USB-SIN USB-COS LSB-COS LSB-SIN

CHANGEOVER RELAYS

CARRIER USB-SIN USB-COS LSB-COS LSB-SIN

CMA USMA LSMA


(fc) (fc+9960Hz) (fc-9960Hz)
Monitor
Ref ANT
Ref
sin cos
Composite signal

Control
Signal

MON CSU MSG MON

L C U

+5V +15V -15V +7V +28V RMMS


LMMS
PSU RMU
BACKPLANE

DC/DC DC/DC
RCMU
Backup Battery
AC/DC AC/DC

MARU 220 DVOR - 24 -


AC220V 60Hz
Subsystem

PSS (Power Supply Sub-System)


Two AC/DC Converter Unit
Two DC/DC Converter Unit

CMS (Control Monitor Sub-System)


Two MSG (Modulation Signal Generator)
One CSU (Control Switching Unit)
Two MON (Monitor Unit)
One LCU (Local Control Unit)
One CSP (Control Status Panel)
MAS (Modulation Amplifier Sub-System)
Two CMA (Carrier Modulation Amplifier Unit)
Four SMA (Sideband Modulation Amplifier Unit)

AES (Antenna Electronics Sub-System)


ASU (Antenna Switching Unit)
PDC (Power Detector & Changeover)

MARU 220 DVOR - 25 -


PSS – Power Supply Subsystem (1)

MARU 220 DVOR - 26 -


PSS – Power Supply Subsystem (2)

MARU 220 DVOR - 27 -


CMS _ Control Monitor Subsystem (1)

MARU 220 DVOR - 28 -


CMS _ Control Monitor Subsystem (2)

MSG
Composite signal generation : 30Hz Reference, 1020Hz ID Tone and Voice
Blending signal generation : 720Hz SIN & COS Blending Signal
Control signal for antenna switching(supply to ASU via CSU) generation
Phase of RF signal to be transmitted control
Oscillating frequency of SYN in CMA and two SMAs control

MON
Azimuth (Bearing) Measurement
AM Depth Measurement (30Hz AM / 9960Hz)
30Hz FM Index Measurement
IDENT Signal Measurement (Code Decoding & AM Depth)
Antenna Monitoring (CAR & S/B VSWR)
Power Output Measurement (CAR & S/B)
Frequency Measurement (CAR & S/B)

MARU 220 DVOR - 29 -


CMS _ Control Monitor Subsystem (3)

CSU
Selection of Antenna Switching Signal (from TX1 or TX2)
Changeover Signal Interface / PDC Relay Drive
DME/TACAN Collocation Interface
Test Signal Generation

LCU
Data Communication with MSG, MON
Data Communication with External Equipment (LMMS/RMMS, RCMU/RMU...)
CSP Control
FAN Control and PSS Monitoring

CSP
Almost system functions, such as the status indication and parameter setting, and
changeover can be controlled and displayed by CSP without LMMS and RMMS control

MARU 220 DVOR - 30 -


CMS _ Control Monitor Subsystem (4)

MARU 220 DVOR - 31 -


MAS _ Modulation Amplifier Subsystem (1)

MARU 220 DVOR - 32 -


MAS _ Modulation Amplifier Subsystem (2)

CMA
SYN (Synthesizer) : Generation of CW
- fCAR : 108.00MHz ~ 118MHz

MOD (Modulator) : Modulation of CW by composite signal


- 30Hz : 0% ~ 40%
- IDENT : 0% ~ 30%
- VOICE : 0% ~ 40%

CPA (Carrier Power Amplifier) : Amplifier


- 100 Watt (+more)

MARU 220 DVOR - 33 -


MAS _ Modulation Amplifier Subsystem (3)

SMA
SYN : generate CW
- fLSB : fCAR - 9960Hz
- fLSB : fCAR + 9960Hz

MOD : modulate CW by blending signal


- 720Hz, 100% AM Modulation

SBA (Side-Band Amplifier) : Amplifier


- 5WCW (+more)

MARU 220 DVOR - 34 -


AES _ Antenna Electronics Subsystem (1)

PDC

ASU

MARU 220 DVOR - 35 -


AES _ Antenna Electronics Subsystem (2)

PDC
Changeover of the transmitter connected to the antenna and of sampling the RF power
output level
Sampling of the RF signals from each course (CAR, USB SIN, USB COS, LSB SIN,and LSB
COS)
Detection of signal magnitude
Monitoring of the status (VSWR) of the antenna

ASU
ASU switches 4 sideband outputs (USB SIN, USB COS, LSB SIN, and LSB COS) from PDC and
distributes them to 48 antennas.
1 TM (toggling module), 4 SM(selection module)
Control signal : MSG CSU ASU

MARU 220 DVOR - 36 -


MAS & AES _ Block Diagram

MARU 220 DVOR - 37 -


Contents

3. Network connection for Operation

MARU 220 DVOR - 38 -


System Configuration

MARU 220 DVOR - 39 -


Local(LMMS) Network (1)

GUI Set

√ √
Accompanied port number must
be set after connection of USB –

serial (RS232)converter to PC


MARU 220 DVOR - 40 -
Local(LMMS) Network (2)

Cabling

Item Cabinet PC

Port LMMS (RS 232, Fe-male) USB (with Serial to USB Converter, male)

Cable & Connector D-sub 9pin, male --------- 2-2, 3-3, 5-5 ---------- D-sub 9pin, Fe-male

Top of Cabinet

MARU 220 DVOR - 41 -


Remote(RCMU/RMMS) Network _ Configuration (1)

Link Type : Optic Fiber

S/W
RCMU > MENU > SYSTEM > RCMU Configuration > Config S/W
COMM Port > Comm Port : RS-232/1 or RS-232/2 CSP > MENU > SYSTEM > LCU Configuration >
Config COMM Port
RMMS > MARU220 Icon > Setup > RMMS-RS232 > Modify > REM1 Line Type : RS-232
Set Com port > OK > connection REM2 Line Type : RS-232

H/W H/W
Switch Dip Switch to RS 232 on RCMU Switch Dip Switch to RS 232 on LCU

MARU 220 DVOR - 42 -


Remote(RCMU/RMMS) Network _ Configuration (2)

Link Type : Radio Link

S/W
RCMU > MENU > SYSTEM > RCMU Configuration > Config S/W
COMM Port > Comm Port : RS-232/1 or RS-232/2 CSP > MENU > SYSTEM > LCU Configuration >
Config COMM Port
RMMS > MARU220 Icon > Setup > RMMS-RS232 > Modify > REM1 Line Type : RS-232
Set Com port > OK > connection REM2 Line Type : RS-232

H/W
H/W Switch Dip Switch to RS 232 on LCU
Switch Dip Switch to RS 232 on RCMU

MARU 220 DVOR - 43 -


Remote(RCMU/RMMS) Network _ Configuration (3)

Link Type : Leased Line

S/W
RCMU > MENU > SYSTEM > RCMU Configuration > Config S/W
COMM Port > Comm Port : Modem1, CSP > MENU > SYSTEM > LCU Configuration >
Modem 1 Line Type : Leased Line Config COMM Port
REM1 Line Type : Leased Line
RMMS > MARU220 Icon > Setup > RMMS-Direct > Modify > REM2 Line Type : Leased Line
Modem line type : Leased line > OK > Connection
H/W
H/W Switch Dip Switch to Modem on LCU
Switch Dip Switch to Modem on RCMU
MARU 220 DVOR - 44 -
Remote(RCMU/RMMS) Network _ Configuration (4)

Link type : Dial up

S/W
RCMU > MENU > SYSTEM > RCMU Configuration > Config COMM S/W
Port > Comm Comm Port : Modem1, Modem 1 Line Type : Dial up, CSP > MENU > SYSTEM > LCU Configuration >
Site Tel No : ********* Config COMM Port
REM1 Line Type : Dial up
RMMS > MARU220 Icon > Setup > RMMS-Direct > Modify > REM2 Line Type : Dial up
Modem line type : Dial up > OK > Connection
H/W
H/W Switch Dip Switch to Modem on LCU
Switch Dip Switch to Modem on RCMU
MARU 220 DVOR - 45 -
Remote(RCMU/RMMS) Network _ Cabling (1)

RS 232 Connection (Optic Fiber, Radio Link)


Item Cabinet RCMU PC

RS232/1 or RS232/2 RS232/1 or RS232/2 USB (with Serial to USB


Connection Port
(D-sub 9pin, Male) (D-sub 9pin, Male) Converter)

Connector D-sub 9pin, Fe-male D-sub 9pin, Fe-male D-sub 9pin, Fe-male
Cable
Pin con. D-sub 9pin, Fe-male --------- 2-3, 3-2, 5-5 ---------- D-sub 9pin, Fe-male

Top of Cabinet

Rear of RCMU

MARU 220 DVOR - 46 -


Remote(RCMU/RMMS) Network _ Cabling (2)

Leased Line / Dial up Connection


Item Cabinet RCMU PC

Tip1 & Ring1


Modem
Connection Port or Modem 1
(Either internal or external)
Tip2 & Ring2

Connector Open 2 wire RJ11 RJ11


Cable
Pin con. 1 Pair (2 wire) ------ non direction -----1 Pair (RJ11)

Top of Cabinet

Rear of RCMU

MARU 220 DVOR - 47 -


RMU (Remote Monitoring Unit)

Cabling

Item RCMU RMU

RS485/1 or RS485/2
Connection Port RS 485 (D-sub 9pin, Fe-male)
(D-sub 9pin, Male)

Connector D-sub 9pin, Fe-male D-sub 9pin, Male


Cable
Pin con. D-sub 9pin, Fe-male ------- 1-2, 6-7------ D-sub 9pin, Male

Rear of RCMU

MARU 220 DVOR - 48 -


Contents

4. LMMS/RMMS

MARU 220 DVOR - 49 -


Login

[Right by user(account) level]

MARU 220 DVOR - 50 -


Main Window

MARU 220 DVOR - 51 -


Main Window _ Icons (1)

Icon Item Displayed content Color


Normal
Antenna
Aabnormal RED

Normal Mode
ASU
Maintenance Mode RED

Normal
Antenna
Aabnormal RED

Normal
Antenna
Aabnormal RED

If you click an Icon, more detailed information will be pop-up

MARU 220 DVOR - 52 -


Main Window _ Icons (2)

Unit Information and Color

Normal Alarm Unplugged Off

MARU 220 DVOR - 53 -


Main Window _ Icons (3)

Icon Item Displayed contents

Operating IDENT Code and Frequency those set


IDENT Code
by operator

Information of azimuth measured in the MON via


Azimuth (MON1) Monitor Antenna

Information of CARRIER output value measured in


Power (MON1)
MON via PDC

MARU 220 DVOR - 54 -


Transmitter Window

MARU 220 DVOR - 55 -


Transmitter Control (1)

Frequency and PLL Status

The frequency window displays the set Operation Frequency and status of carrier, USB and LSB
PLL.

MARU 220 DVOR - 56 -


Transmitter Control (2)

AM Modulation Depth

Click

Modulation Depth Setup Range

Factory Setup ;
30Hz : 30%
1020Hz : 7%
Voice : 0%

MARU 220 DVOR - 57 -


Transmitter Control (3)

Azimuth Adjustment

Click

Azimuth Offset Setup Range

Factory Setup ;
Azimuth offset : 0

MARU 220 DVOR - 58 -


Transmitter Control (4)

Modulation Control

Click

Displayed Contents

MARU 220 DVOR - 59 -


Transmitter Control (5)

Power Control

Click

Power Setup Range

MARU 220 DVOR - 60 -


Transmitter Control (6)

IDENT Control

Click

Displayed Contents

MARU 220 DVOR - 61 -


Transmitter Control (7)

Antenna Control

Click

Displayed Contents

In [Maintenance Mode], any antenna number can be chosen for


maintenance purpose.
In order to operate DVOR as normal position, Antenna mode must be
[Normal mode].

MARU 220 DVOR - 62 -


Transmitter Control (8)

Modulation AMP Control

Click

Displayed Contents

MARU 220 DVOR - 63 -


Monitor Window

MARU 220 DVOR - 64 -


Monitor Control (1)

Monitor Status and Active Path

Click Click

Displayed Contents

MARU 220 DVOR - 65 -


Monitor Control (2)

Alarm Range Setup

Click

Factory Setup
Parameter Lower Upper
Azimuth 0 ± 1°
FM Index 15 17
30Hz 28% 32%
Modulation
9960Hz 28% 32%
Depth
1020Hz 6% 8%
Carrier Designated Fre. ± 10KHz

All the other parameters are available to be set up as Frequency USB Designated Fre. ± 10KHz
above method. LSB Designated Fre. ± 10KHz
Output Power CAR 80W 120W
RF Input Level -30dBm -10dBm
All ranges are subject to change as follow local policy.
MARU 220 DVOR - 66 -
Monitor Control (3)

Configuration Setup

Click

Measurement Mode
MON1 AND MON2 : Occurred changeover, if MON1 and MON2 have alarm
MON1 or MON2 : Occurred changeover, if MON1 or MON2 has alarm

Alarm Duration
When an alarm is sensed, the system determines that alarm during [Alarm
Duration]

Test Signal
It is used for the test and the calibration of MON unit

MARU 220 DVOR - 67 -


System Window (1)

MARU 220 DVOR - 68 -


System Window (2)

System Status

MON Normal/Bypass Control

IDNT Keying Sound Control

MARU 220 DVOR - 69 -


System Window (3)

System Alarm Sound Control

Auto Fan Control

[Auto Mode] [Manual Mod]

MARU 220 DVOR - 70 -


System Window (4)

Version Information

[Information]

MARU 220 DVOR - 71 -


History Log Window (1)

Date Time Unit User Type Contents

2011-07-11 10:44:16 MON1 ALARM 30Hz AM Alarm (27.3%)


2010-07-11 10:44:16 MON1 ALARM 9960Hz AM Alarm (27.2%)
2010-07-11 10:44:16 MON2 ALARM IDENT code Alarm (NO IDENT)
2010-07-11 10:44:16 MON2 ALARM 30Hz AM Alarm (27.4%)
admin
2010-07-11 10:44:16 MON2 ALARM 9960Hz AM Alarm (27.3%)
2010-07-11 10:44:25 MSG1 CONTROL CARRIER, USB, LSB Power Amp ON
2010-07-11 10:44:28 MON1 ALARM 30Hz AM Alarm Cleared
2010-07-11 10:44:31 MON2 ALARM 30Hz AM Alarm Cleared

• Date: The date when an event occurred is indicated


• Time: The time when an event occurred is indicated
• Unit: The name of the unit where an event occurred is indicated
• User: In case of control record, a user who logged in RMMS/LMMS is indicated
• Type: Alarm Occur/Release record is indicated as ‘ALARM’ and Control record is indicated as ‘CONTROL’
• Contents: The content of events that occurred is recorded

MARU 220 DVOR - 72 -


History Log Window (2)

Alarm Description (MSG)


Unit Contents Description

MSG Temperature Alarm It occurs when the internal temperature measured in MSG is -10℃ or lower or 50℃ or higher

CARRIER PLL Fail Alarm It occurs when CARRIER PLL Lock has failed

USB PLL Fail Alarm It occurs when USB PLL Lock has failed

MSG LSB PLL Fail Alarm It occurs when LSB PLL Lock has failed

Internal EEPROM Access Failed It occurs when the internal EEPROM of MSG cannot be read (Checksum or Access fail)

External EEPROM Access Failed It occurs when the external Backplane EEPROM of MSG cannot be read (Checksum or Access fail)

Power Table Load Failed It occurs when Power table for output setup in MSG cannot be read

MARU 220 DVOR - 73 -


History Log Window (3)

Alarm Description (MON)


Unit Contents Description
CARRIER Output Power Alarm t occurs when CARRIER output power goes beyond alarm setup range.
RF Input Level Alarm It occurs when RF Level measured from a monitor antenna goes beyond alarm setup range.
CARRIER Frequency Alarm It occurs when Carrier frequency measurement value goes beyond alarm setup range.
IDENT Code Alarm It occurs when IDENT Code is not measured or when measured IDENT is different from set IDENT.
Antenna Notch Alarm It occurs when VSWR measurement value goes beyond standard value.
Azimuth Alarm It occurs when azimuth measured from a monitor antenna goes beyond alarm setup range.
MON Self Test Alarm It occurs when measured TSG signal goes beyond alarm setup range.

30Hz AM Modulation Depth Alarm It occurs when 30Hz AM modulation depth received from a monitor antenna goes beyond alarm setup
range.

9960Hz AM Modulation Depth Alarm It occurs when 9960Hz AM modulation depth received from a monitor antenna goes beyond alarm
setup range.
MON 9960Hz FM index Alarm It occurs when 9960Hz FM Index received from a monitor antenna goes beyond alarm setup range.

1020Hz AM Modulation Depth Alarm It occurs when 1020Hz AM modulation depth received from a monitor antenna goes beyond alarm
setup range

Backplane Voltage Alarm It occurs when each voltage measured in Backplane goes beyond alarm setup range
USB Frequency Alarm It occurs when USB frequency measurement value goes beyond alarm setup range
LSB Frequency Alarm It occurs when LSB frequency measurement value goes beyond alarm setup range
TSG 30Hz AM Modulation Depth Alarm It occurs when measured TSG 30Hz AM modulation depth goes beyond alarm setup range
TSG 9960Hz AM Modulation Depth Alarm It occurs when measured TSG 9960Hz AM modulation depth goes beyond alarm setup range
TSG 9960Hz FM Index Alarm It occurs when measured TSG 9960Hz FM Index goes beyond alarm setup range
TSG Azimuth Alarm It occurs when measured TSG Azimuth goes beyond alarm setup range

MARU 220 DVOR - 74 -


History Log Window (4)

Alarm Description (LCU)


Unit Contents Description
MSG1 Communication Alarm (Left) It occurs when there is a failure in communication with MSG1
MSG2 Communication Alarm (Right) It occurs when there is a failure in communication with MSG2
MON1 Communication Alarm (Left) It occurs when there is a failure in communication with Monitor 1
MON2 Communication Alarm (Right) It occurs when there is a failure in communication with Monitor 2
BATTERY1 Alarm Left) It occurs when Battery Switch of DC/DC1 is turned off
BATTERY2 Alarm (Right) It occurs when Battery Switch of DC/DC2 is turned off
AC/DC1 Alarm (Left) It occurs when AC/DC1 or unit input voltage fails or unit is unplugged
AC/DC2 Alarm (Right) It occurs when AC/DC2 or unit input voltage fails or unit is unplugged
DC/DC1 Alarm (Left) It occurs when DC/DC1 fails or unit is unplugged
DC/DC2 Alarm (Right) It occurs when DC/DC2 fails or unit is unplugged

PSU Left FAN Alarm (Lower left) It occurs when FAN temperature is measured higher than FAN activity setup temperature in
LCU Auto Mode

PSU Right FAN Alarm (Lower right) It occurs when FAN temperature is measured higher than FAN activity setup temperature
in Auto Mode

MAS Left FAN Alarm (Upper left) It occurs when FAN temperature is measured higher than FAN activity setup temperature in
Auto Mode

MAS Right FAN Alarm (Upper right) It occurs when FAN temperature is measured higher than FAN activity setup temperature
in Auto Mode
Unit Unplugged Alarm It occurs when one unit or more is unplugged within CMS/MAS Shelf

System Overheat Shutdown It occurs while system is being shutting down when one of two CMSs goes beyond setup temperature
after measurement of CMA temperature.
Log data is full It occurs when LCU Log Data exceeds maximal storage number

Shelter Door Open It occurs when Shelter door is open

Shelter Fire Alarm It occurs when fire breaks out in Shelter

MARU 220 DVOR - 75 -


Appearance of CSP

STATUS : Graphic LCD Display


CONTROL : Key pad ( 6 buttons)
Transmitter : Transmitter Operating Information LED
MON : Monitor Operating Information LED
MUTE: Mute Button

MARU 220 DVOR - 76 -


CSP Buttons

MENU : It moves to the main menu or to the upper menu.


LOCAL : Control mode of the system is changed
(Local or Remote mode)
CHOV : Main TXP Changeover
◀,▶ : Move the selection to the left/right
SET : Select, or complete the set up.
MUTE : Alarm sound is turned off.

MARU 220 DVOR - 77 -


CSP Buttons

Transmitter LAMP
Classification Color Description

MAIN GREEN Lighted when the TXP is in Active State.


Lighted when the TXP is in Standby state (connected to dummy
STDBY AMBER
load.)
Lighted when the TXP is in shutdown state, or an error has
FAULT RED
occurred.

MARU 220 DVOR - 78 -


CSP Buttons

MON LAMP
Classification Color Description

NORMAL GREEN Lighted when the MON is in Active state.

BYPASS AMBER Lighted when the MON is Bypassed.

Lighted when the MON measurement is abnormal, the self test


ALARM RED
is abnormal, or an communication error has occurred.

MARU 220 DVOR - 79 -


Contents

5. Case Study on the Troubleshooting

MARU 220 DVOR - 80 -


Output Power Fault

OK
Output Power Operating

Fail

Fail
Reconnection Cable Connection Check the RF, Signal Cable of rear & top side of rack

OK

Fail Check the output Signal by Oscilloscope


Replace MSG MSG
@ Front of MSG, CAR MOD, SIN MOD, COS MOD (BNC)

OK

Fail Check the output signal by Oscilloscope


Replace AMP AMP @ Front of AMP, ENV port (BNC)

OK

Fail Check the output signal by Spectrum Analyzer and/or


Replace PDC PDC Power Meter)
@ Top of PDC, CAR, LC, LS, UC and US ports(N-type)
OK

Inquire
Manufacture

MARU 220 DVOR - 81 -


Frequency Error

OK
PLL Lock Status Operating

Fail

Reset up GUI Fail


GUI Set Value Check the designated frequency
Value

OK

Estimate TCU Fail


Reconnection Cable Connection
TCU Check the RF, Signal Cable of rear & top side of rack
fault / Replace TCU

OK

Estimate TXU Fail


Replace MSG MSG
TXU Reset up the designated Frequency or Restart
fault / Replace TXU

OK

Fail Check the output Signal by Frequency Counter


Replace AMP AMP @ Front of AMP, FREQ port (BNC)

OK

Inquire
Manufacture

MARU 220 DVOR - 82 -


Modulation Depth Fault

OK
Modulation Depth Operating

Fail

Estimate TCU Fail


Reconnection Cable Connection
TCU Check the RF, Signal Cable of rear & top side of rack
fault / Replace TCU

OK

Estimate TXU Fail Check the output Signal by Oscilloscope


Replace MSG MSG
TXU @ Front of MSG, CAR MOD, SIN MOD, COS MOD (BNC)
fault / Replace TXU

OK

Fail Check the output Signal by Frequency Counter


Replace AMP AMP @ Front of AMP, ENV port (BNC)

OK

Inquire
Manufacture

MARU 220 DVOR - 83 -


VSWR Fault

OK
VSWR Operating

Fail

Fail
Reconnection/
Cable Connection Check the RF, Signal Cable of rear & top side of rack.
Replacement

OK

Fail Measure VSWR with 50 ohm Term.


Reconnection/
Estimate TCU Feeder Line and
TCU Reconnect Stub & Balun & Positioning cables in ANT
fault
Replacement
/ Replace TCU Connector
Radome.
OK

Estimate TXU Fail Visual check whether water is in the connector


Estimate ANT fault Antenna
TXU @ Connector between ANT and Feeder Line.
fault / Replace TXU

OK

Inquire
Manufacture

MARU 220 DVOR - 84 -


Communication Error (1)

OK
LMMS Connection Operating

Fail
Check cable Connection status (RS232 Serial, USB to
Fail
Reconnection Cable Connection Serial Converter)
* Pin Matcing
RS232 : 2 3 5 direct
OK

Estimate TCU Fail Check set configuration (Com port, etc.)


Re-configuration Set Configuration
TCU @ PC
fault / Replace TCU

OK

Estimate TXU Fail


Replace TCU LCU
TXU
fault / Replace TXU

OK

Inquire
Manufacture

MARU 220 DVOR - 85 -


Communication Error (2)

RMMS or RCMU OK
Operating
Connection

Fail

Reconnection/ Fail Modem / Media Check the connectivity of Modem or Media Converter
Replacement Converter Status Between site and remote office

OK
Check cable Connection status l(RS 232 Serial, USB to
Fail
Reconnection Cable Connection Serial Converter)
* Pin Matching
RS232 : 2 3 cross, 5 direct
OK

Estimate TCU Fail Check set configuration like link type(Leased, RS 232)
Re-configuration Set Configuration
TCU
fault / Replace TCU @ PC(RMMS), RCMU and CSP(LCU Interface)

OK

Estimate TXU Fail


Replace LCU LCU
TXU
fault / Replace TXU

OK

Inquire
Manufacture

MARU 220 DVOR - 86 -


Control Fault

OK
CSP Operating

Fail

Reset / Replace Fail


CSP Check LCD in CSP status Whether display well
CSP

OK

Reset
Estimate
/ Replace
TCU Fail
LCU
TCU
fault / Replace
LCU TCU

OK

Inquire
TXU
Manufacture

MARU 220 DVOR - 87 -


RMA & Service

If you have any faulty unit, please follow below process.

[Customer] [MOPIENS]

RMA & Service

1. Fill up RMA & Service form(Customer Category) and send it to MOPIENS

RMA & Service

2. RMA Number will be issued by MOPIENS and be sent it back to Customer

Faulty RMA & Service

3. Ship faulty unit with RMA & Service form to MOPIENS

Normal RMA & Service

4. Ship back to Customer the Repaired unit with RMA & Service Report

MARU 220 DVOR - 88 -


Contents

6. Antenna Assembly

MARU 220 DVOR - 89 -


DVOR _ Antenna Assembly

DME Antenna

Radom Cover
DME Antenna Top
Support

Radom Cover
Bottom

Pedestal

Carrier Antenna Sideband Antenna


MARU 220 DVOR - 90 -
DVOR _ Alford Loop Antenna

Radiating Pattern

Vertical Plane Horizontal Plane

MARU 220 DVOR - 91 -


DVOR _ Alford Loop Antenna

Radiating Pattern

Vertical Plane
(with Counterpoise)

MARU 220 DVOR - 92 -


DVOR _ Alford Loop Antenna

Disc
Antenna Elements Capacitor

• Two folded Dipoles

• Each dipole is fed 180


degree deference phase

• Currents of inner dipoles J2 J3


are faced opposite
direction with equal
strength (removed)
J1
• Currents of outer surface
are left and radiated

Feeding
Point

MARU 220 DVOR - 93 -


DVOR _ Alford Loop Antenna

Accessories
Dipole #1 Dipole #2
J1
Balanced

Position
Cable
J1 J3 J2

Right Angle
Adapter
‘T’ Adapter • Converts between
Unbalanced to balanced
transmitter line
• λ/2 length phase
reversed by 180
• Impedance matching 4:1
Tuning Stub

Unbalanced λ/2 Balun Cable

MARU 220 DVOR - 94 -


Thank you !
www. mopiens.com
Copyright (C) MOPIENS, lnc. All Rights Reserved

MARU 220 DVOR - 95 -

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