WMEA
Extended maintenance cycles Extreme environments Improper PPE Missing or ineffective hazard labeling Unsafe work practices Complacency
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Financial liability
Regulatory fines Litigation potential Lost production Insurance premiums
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Employee Safety
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Industry Standards
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(110.16) NEC 2005 Handbook OSHA 29 CFR 1910.269; OSHA 1910.132(d)(1) IEEE Std 1584-2002, IEEE Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations and IEEE Std. 1584a-2004 (Amendment 1) NFPA 70E, Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace 2004 Edition, 130.3(B)
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OSHA Interpretation
Though OSHA does not, per se, enforce the NFPA standard, 2004 Edition, OSHA considers NFPA standard a recognized industry practice. The employer is required to conduct assessment in accordance with CFR 1910.132(d)(1). Employers who conduct the hazard/risk assessment as stated in the NFPA 70E standard, 2004 Edition, are deemed in compliance with the Hazard Assessment and Equipment Selection OSHA standard.
Richard S. Terrill, the Regional Administrator for Occupational Safety and Health, US Department of Labor for the Northwest Region at Seattle
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Financial Liability
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hazard analyses at its 37 manufacturing facilities and parts distribution centers in the US
Settlement: U.S. Dept. of Labor, OSHRC Docket 00-0763
Injured employee did not properly lock-out nor test for voltage, but Ford was held liable, in part, for not using NFPA guidelines to define hazards and specify PPE
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provide appropriate PPE and identify the location of energized equipment and protective measures to be taken
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Creating Confidence
Implement Solution Identify Systems Data Collection Analyze Results Perform System Analysis
1 2
16. ( 74 4) 33. ( 47 8)
104. ( 6 25)
167. ( 36 40)
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Limits of Approach
Flash Protection Boundary Distance from exposed live parts where a person could receive a second degree burn if an electrical arc flash were to occur Limited Approach Boundary (Shock protection boundary) Distance from an exposed live part where a shock hazard exists
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If live components are not placed in electrically safe work condition, then it is considered energized electrical work, and a written permit is required
Short-Circuit Study
IEEE Std. 141-1993 Red Book
Periodically ensures system protection devices are correctly rated Provides fault information for setting overcurrent devices Performed when utilitys available short circuit current is increased Performed when substantial systems modifications are planned i.e. lines, motor or generation changes Assists in conceptual design Needed for Arc-Flash study
Short-Circuit Study Results
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Harmonics appear as distortions of voltage and current sine waves. Resonance can amplify these harmonics creating system problems
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