Alkanes

1. General Formula : CnH2n+2 (number of atoms, n = 1,2,3......) 2. They are saturated hydrocarbons; each carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms by single covalent bonds. 3. The members of the family, ending with name ane.
Number of carbon atoms (n) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Molecular formula Physical Molar state at mass room -1 (g mol ) temperatu re 16 30 44 58 72 86 100 114 128 142 Gas Gas Gas Gas Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid

Name

CnH2n+2
C1H2x1+2 = CH4 C2H2x2+2 = C2H6 C3H2x3+2 = C3H8 C4H2x4+2 = C4H10 C5H2x5+2 = C5H12 C6H2x6+2 = C6H14 C7H2x7+2 = C7H16 C8H2x8+2 = C8H18 C9H2x9+2 = C9H20 C10H2x10+2 = C10H22

Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decane

Consecutive members different in molar mass is 14 g mol-1

4. Structural formulae of alkanes Name Methane CH4 No. of isomers 0 Structural formulae and Name H HCH H 0 H H HCCH H H H H H HCCCH H H H H H H H HCCCCH H H H H n-butane

Ethane, C2H6

Propane, C3H8

Butane, C4H10

H H H H C C C H H HCH H H 2 - methyl propane Pentane, C5H12 3 H H H H H HCCCCCH H H H H H n-pentane H H H H H C C C C H 1 2 3 4 H HCH H H H 2-methyl butane

H H HCH H H C C C H H HCH H H 2,2-dimetyl propane Hexane, C6H14 5 H H H H H H HCCCCCCH H H H H H H n-hexane H H H H H H C C C C C H H HCH H H H H

2 - methyl pentane

H H H H H H C C C C C H H H HCH H H H 3 - methyl pentane H H HCH H H H C C C C H H HCH H H H 2,2 - dimethyl butane

H H H H CH H H C C C C H H HCH H H H 2,3 - dimethyl butane

Physical Properties Physical properties of alkanes i. cannot conduct electrity ii. less dense than water iii. dissolve in organic solvents, insoluble in water iv. low melting and boiling points Conclusion: - molecule held together by weak intermolecular forces - properties of covalent compound - gradually steady increase as the number of carbon in alkane increases

6. Steps to name branched alkanes; i. determined and named the long chains ii. determined and named the branch chain 3 CH : methyl 2H5 C OR 2CH3 CH : ethyl 3H7 C OR 2CH2CH3 : prophyl CH iii. give number to the carbon atoms in long chain, which started from the nearest branched iv. The number for carbon atom which branched emerged from, must put before/infront the alkyl v. Named the branched first, followed by the named of long chains The word di, tri is used if the branched chains is more than one

Chemical Properties Pg 38 Reactivity of alkanes 1. Not reactive/unreactive because saturated hydrocarbon 2. Did not decolourized purple solution of acidified potassium manganate(VII) 3. Did not decolourized reddish brown solution of bromin water 4. Neutral. Combustion of alkanes 1. In the presence of sufficient oxygen, alkanes burns to form carbon dioxide and water. complete combustion Chemical equation:
i.

CH4

O2

CO2

H2O

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

ii.

C2H6

+ 7/2

O2

2CO2

+ 3H2O

iii. iv.

C4H10 + 13/2 O2 C6H14 + 19/2 O2

4CO2 6CO2

+ +

5H2O 7H2O

Answers

i. CH4 ii. C2H6

+ +

2O2 7 O2 2

CO2

+ 2H2O + 3H2O

2CO2

2 x C2H6 2C2H6

+ 2 x 7 O2 2 + 7 O2

2x 2CO2 4CO2

+ 2x 3H2O + 6H2O

iii. iv.

C4H10 + 13/2 O2 C6H14 + 19/2 O2

4CO2 + 6CO2 +

5H2O 7H2O

C3H8 C5H12 C7H16 C8H18 C9H20 C10H22

2. If there is insufficient oxygen, carbon monoxide or carbon may be formed incomplete combustion

i. CH4 + 3/2 O2 2CH4 + 3 O2

CO + 2H2O 2CO + 4H2O

ii. CH4 + O2

C + 2H2O

Halogenation
The reaction is between alkane dan chlorine. 2. Takes place under sunlight/ultra violet light. 3. Carbon-hydrogen bonds broken and new carbon-halogen bonds are formed. One or more hydrogen atoms in alkanes molecule may be subtituted by halogen. 4. Halogenation is substitution reaction.
1.

Chlorination of methane First stage; H H C H +Cl-Cl H Second stage; H H C Cl + H Cl | H C Cl + HCl | H dichloromethane H | H C Cl + HCl | H monochloromethane

Cl2

Third stage ; Cl H C Cl + H Fourth stage; Cl H C Cl + Cl Cl | Cl C Cl + HCl | Cl tetrachloromethane Cl | H C Cl + HCl | Cl trichloromethane

Cl2

Cl2

Overall equation/chemical equation CH4 + 4Cl2 CCl4 + 4HCl HW: PG41 EP B no. 1-3
Prepared; Kamal Ariffin Bin Saaim SMKDBL

Alumina, Al2OO3 Alumina, Al2 3 CC9H20 (ce) CC2H(g) + +CC7H14 (g) 2H6 6 (g) 9H20 (ce) 7H14 (g) Panas Panas Nonana Nonana Etana Etana Heptena Heptena