A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to create flow by the addition of energy to a fluid.

Centrifugal pumps are commonly used to move liquids through piping. The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward into a diffuser or volute chamber (casing), from where it exits into the downstream piping. Centrifugal pumps are used for large discharge through smaller heads.
Contents
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1 History 2 How it works 3 Vertical centrifugal pumps 4 Multistage centrifugal pumps 5 Efficiency of large pumps 6 Energy usage 7 Problems of centrifugal pumps 8 Centrifugal pumps for solids control 9 Magnetically coupled pumps 10 Priming 11 See also 12 References

[edit]History According to Reti, the Brazilian soldier and historian of science, the first machine that could be characterized as a centrifugal pump was a mud lifting machine which appeared as early as 1475 in a treatise by the Italian Renaissance engineer Francesco di Giorgio Martini.[1] True centrifugal pumps were not developed until the late 17th century, when Denis Papin made one with straight vanes. The curved vane was introduced by British inventor John Appold in 1851. [edit]How

it works

Cutaway view of centrifugal pump

A centrifugal pump uses a spinning "impeller," which normally has backward-swept blades that directly push water outward.

Like most pumps, a centrifugal pump converts mechanical energy from a motor to energy of a moving fluid; some of the energy goes into kinetic energy of fluid motion, and some into potential energy, represented by a fluid pressure or by lifting the fluid against gravity to a higher level. For more details on this topic, see Centrifugal compressor. The transfer of energy from the mechanical rotation of the impeller to the motion and pressure of the fluid is usually described in terms of centrifugal force, especially in older sources written before the modern concept of centrifugal force as a fictitious force in a rotating reference frame was well articulated. The concept of centrifugal force is not actually required to describe the action of the centrifugal pump. In the modern centrifugal pump, most of the energy conversion is due to the outward force that curved impeller blades impart on the fluid. Invariably, some of the energy also pushes the fluid into a circular motion, and this circular motion can also convey some energy and increase the pressure at the outlet.

The relationship between these mechanisms was described, with the typical mixed conception of centrifugal force as known as that time, in an 1859 article on centrifugal pumps, thus:[2]
To arrive by a simpler method than that just given at a general idea of the mode of action of the exterior whirlpool in improving the efficiency of the centrifugal pump, it is only necessary to consider that the mass of water revolving in the whirlpool chamber, round the circumference of the wheel, must necessarily exert a centrifugal force, and that this centrifugal force may readily be supposed to add itself to the outward force generated within the wheel; or, in other words, to go to increase the pumping power of the wheel. The outward force generated within the wheel is to be understood as being produced entirely by the medium of centrifugal force if the vanes of the wheel be straight and radial; but if they be curved, as is more commonly the case, the outward force is partly produced through the medium of centrifugal force, and partly applied by the vanes to the water as a radial component of the oblique pressure, which, in consequence of their obliquity to the radius, they apply to the water as it moves outwards along them. On this subject it is well to observe that while the quantity of water made to pass through a given pump with curved vanes is perfectly variable at pleasure, the smaller the quantity becomes the more nearly will the force generated within the wheel for impelling the water outwards become purely centrifugal force, and the more nearly will the pump become what the name ordinarily given to it would seem to indicatea purely centrifugal pump. When, however, a centrifugal pump with vanes curved backwards in such forms as are ordinarily used in well-constructed examples of the machine, is driven at a speed considerably above that requisite merely to overcome the pressure of the water, and cause lifting or propulsion to commence, the radial component of the force applied to the water by the vanes will become considerable, and the water leaving the circumference of the wheel will have a velocity less than that of the circumference of the wheel in a degree having some real importance in practice.

The statement "the mass of water ... must necessarily exert a centrifugal force" is interpretable in terms of the reactive centrifugal forcethe force is not an outward force on the water, but rather an outward force exerting by the water, on the pump housing (the volute) and on the water in the outlet pipe. The outlet pressure is a reflection of the pressure that applies the centripetal force that curves the path of the water to move circularly inside the pump (in the space just outside the impeller, the exterior whirlpool as this author calls it). On the other hand, the statement that the "outward force generated within the wheel is to be understood as being produced entirely by the medium of centrifugal force" is best understood in terms of centrifugal force as a fictional force in the frame of reference of the rotating impeller; the actual forces on the water are inward, or centripetal, since that's the direction of force need to make the water move in circles. This force is supplied by a pressure gradient that is set up by the rotation, where the pressure at the outside, at the wall of the volute, can be taken as a reactive centrifugal force. This is typical of 19th and early 20th century writing, to mix these conceptions of centrifugal force in informal descriptions of effects such as that in the centrifugal pump.

John Richards's drawing of a theoretical shape for the volute casing around the impeller, which he calls a "mistake" due to the constriction at a

Differing conceptions and explanations of how a centrifugal pump works have long engendered controversy and animadversion. For example, the American Expert Commission sent to the Vienna Exposition in 1873 issued a report that included observations that "they are misnamed centrifugal, because they do not operate by centrifugal force at all; they operate by pressure the same as a turbine water wheel; when people understand their method of operating we may expect much improvement." John Richards, editor of the San Francisco-based journal Industry, in his in-depth essay on centrifugal pumps, which also downplayed the signficance of centrifugal force in the working of the pump, remarked:
[3]

This extraordinary report stands printed in a Government publication, signed by men who were, or are, eminent in mechanics, and we can only deplore the stupidity, as well as presumption of the commission who thus disposed of a subject that had twenty years before been carefully investigated by such men as Sir John Rennie, Professor Cowper, Mr. Whitelaw, Dr. James Black, Professor Rankine, and many others. The most astonishing part is, however, that this report was passed and signed by men who we can hardly suppose would fail to perceive its absurdity.

Modern sources say things like that the fluid "flows radially under centrifugal force",[4] or "centrifugal force flings the liquid outward".[5] Others counter that "there is no force at all, and a great deal of confused thinking."[4] Some are more careful, attributing the outward force to the impeller, not to centrifugal force: "the impellers throw the water to the outside of the impeller case. This centrifugal action is what creates the pressure..."[6] Even serious texts that explain the working of the pump without mention of centrifugal force introduce the pump as one in which "the mechanical energy is converted, into pressure energy by means of centrifugal force acting on the fluid."[7] [edit]Vertical

centrifugal pumps

Vertical centrifugal pumps are also referred to as cantilever pumps. They utilize a unique shaft and bearing support configuration that allows the volute to hang in the sump while the bearings are outside of the sump. This style of pump uses no stuffing box to seal the shaft but instead utilizes a "throttle Bushing". A common application for this style of pump is in a parts washer. [edit]Multistage

centrifugal pumps

A centrifugal pump containing two or more impellers is called a multistage centrifugal pump. The impellers may be mounted on the same shaft or on different shafts. If we need higher pressure at the outlet we can connect impellers in series. If we need a higher flow output we can connect impellers in parallel. All energy added to the fluid comes from the power of the electric or other motor force driving the impeller. [edit]Efficiency

of large pumps

Unless carefully designed, installed and monitored, pumps will be, or will become inefficient, wasting a lot of energy. Pumps need to be regularly tested to determine efficiency. [edit]Energy

usage

The energy usage in a pumping installation is determined by the flow required, the height lifted and the length and friction characteristics of the pipeline. The power required to drive a pump (Pi), is defined simply using SI units by:

Single Stage Radial Flow Centrifugal Pump

where:

Pi is the input power required (W) is the fluid density (kg/m3)

g is the standard acceleration of gravity (9.80665 m/s2) H is the energy Head added to the flow (m) Q is the flow rate (m3/s) is the efficiency of the pump plant as a decimal
The head added by the pump (H) is a sum of the static lift, the head loss due to friction and any losses due to valves or pipe bends all expressed in metres of fluid. Power is more commonly expressed as kilowatts (103 W) or horsepower (multiply kilowatts by 0.746). The value for the pump efficiency may be stated for the pump itself or as a combined efficiency of the pump and motor system. The energy usage is determined by multiplying the power requirement by the length of time the pump is operating. [edit]Problems

of centrifugal pumps

Cavitationthe NPSH of the system is too low for the

selected pump solids Corrosion inside the pump caused by the fluid properties Overheating due to low flow Leakage along rotating shaft Lack of primecentrifugal pumps must be filled (with the Wear of the Impellercan be worsened by suspended

fluid to be pumped) in order to operate Surge

[edit]Centrifugal

pumps for solids control

An oilfield solids control system needs many centrifugal pumps to sit on or in mud tanks. The types of centrifugal pumps used are sand pumps, submersible slurry pumps, shear pumps, and charging pumps. They are defined for their different functions, but their working principle is the same. [edit]Magnetically

coupled pumps

Small centrifugal pumps (e.g. for garden fountains) may be magnetically coupled to avoid leakage of water into the motor. The motor drives a rotor carrying a pair of permanent magnets and these drag round a second pair of permanent magnets attached to the pump impeller. There is no direct connection between the motor shaft and the impeller so no gland is needed and, unless the casing is broken, there is no risk of leakage. [edit]Priming Most centrifugal pumps are not self-priming. In other words, the pump casing must be filled with liquid before the pump is started, or the pump will not be able to function. If the pump casing becomes filled with vapors or gases, the pump impeller becomes gas-bound and incapable of pumping. To ensure that a centrifugal pump remains primed and does not become gas-bound, most centrifugal pumps are located below the level of the source from which the pump is to take its suction. The same effect can be gained by supplying liquid to the pump suction under pressure supplied by another pump placed in the suction line.

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Originally used in Europe, submersible wastewater, foulwater, surfacewater and sewage pumps first were seen in the United States in the mid-1950s. Submersibles pumps are the dominant feature in the pumping station market.A submersible pump includes not only the pump-motor unit, but sophisticated electrical and mechanical controls, piping and wet well with access frame and cover, too. The submersible solids handling sewage pump operates under water and is floodproof. It is designed for single or dual, wet-pit use and can be removed easily for maintenance.

The pump is efficient, quiet in operation, safe to install and performs long and reliably, the submersible wastewater pump is used primarily for wet-pit sewage pump stations and for industrial sump or process effluent applications, a common use for small pumps is to move effluent from a GRP tank. Large and small units are used in a variety of ways in the home, farm, hotel, school, marine, commercial building, industrial plant and municipal sewage and storm water pump systems. Submersible pumps have been proven over the last half of a century, disproving those sceptics who originally questioned how an electric motorpowered pump could run under water. Originally developed in Europe, millions now are used daily throughout the world to pump clear water, raw water and wastewater. The submersible submersible wastewater, foulwater, surfacewater and sewage pump became popular in the early 1960s, when a guide-rail system was developed to lift the pump out of the pit for repair. This ended the dirty and sometimes dangerous task of sending people into the sewage or wet pit. Growth of the submersible for wastewater pumping since has been dramatic, as an increasing number of specifies and users learned of its advantages. Two classes of submersibles exist. The smaller units, commonly called sewage ejectors, are used in home and light commercial applications; they normally handle up to 55mm

spherical solids and range from .75kW to 2.2kW. Larger submersibles handle 65mm and larger solids and have a minimum of 80mm discharge. They are used in municipal and industrial applications for pumping sewage and all types of industrial wastewater. Submersible Pump Station Advantages: Submersible wastewater pumps have a number of advantages to users. A major one is low initial cost. In sewage pumping applications, only one pit is necessary, which reduces initial investment. There is no need, in most installations, for ventilation, lighting or other equipment, which is normal for dry pits. Flooding problems also are eliminated.Another advantage is low operating cost. They have the obvious hydraulic advantage of working in the water and not some distance above it. They never lose prime. Submersibles have safety and noise reduction benefits, too, since the working installation is well below ground level. A lesser chance for accidents from an exposed motor exists, and noise is minimal when the pump is operating. Above-ground equipment is minimal -- usually only the control box and a frame for use in attaching the hoist for removal of the pumps. There is no unsightly pump or any need for a pump house. Moreover, because wet-wells are designed so incoming wastewater scours the bottom, little chance of odours occurs. But the most striking advantage of submersibles is reliability and long life. The pump is designed to operate efficiently under water. It runs only when needed, reducing wear and power bills. The water cools the motor naturally, adding to its life span.

Pump Features :

Submersible wastewater pumps are vertical, direct-coupled, extra-heavy duty units, which operate under water and have a solids-handling, non-clog capability. While single pumps often are installed, most applications require two pumps (called duplex) -- to ensure continued operation if one pump fails -- to minimize wear on one pump and equalize it between two -- and to provide extra capacity in times of extraordinary loads. A submersible pumping system consists of the motor-pump unit together with automatic electrical controls. Controls can be simple or complex, depending on the application. The latter may consist of an entire factory-packaged station enclosed in a steel or fibreglass tank and ready for installation and pipe-electrical hook-up. Submersibles are being specified increasingly in applications where self-priming, dry pit, straight centrifugal, vertical extended-shaft and pneumatic ejector pumps once dominated. Depending on the impeller design, a 100mm discharge pump normally will handle spherical solids of 80mm. Each manufacturer's literature specifies the maximum solids size, which can be handled by a particular pump. Normal discharge sizes for larger submersibles range from 80mm to 600mm and larger. The pump selected should be sized to the application. Submersible pump motors can be sized to the application. They normally are available in 950, 1450 and 2900 rpm, on 50-cycle power. kW ratings range up to 200kW or larger. Variable speed units also are available with the use of variable frequency and voltage power supplies. Again, depending on the application, motors operating on, 230-volts and 415-volts are available and may be single- or three-phase. Single-phase units usually are limited to 2.2kW. Thus, submersibles can be tailored to job requirements. Like any pumps, submersibles also can be tailored to the capacity requirements of the particular installation. A specified can ask for a high dynamic head, or can accept a lower head and obtain a higher L/S or can get both a higher head and a higher flow rate by increasing the kW rating. Typically, dynamic heads range from 2.5 meters 95 meters. Flow rates range from 2l/s to 200l/s, and larger pumps produce 6,000 l/s or more. The pump-motor unit can be tailored to installation needs. Many larger pumps can be used in conjunction with a variable speed drive to further fit the performance to the application. System Control : Control panels are engineered for the particular installation. The heart of the control system for submersibles is the liquid level control, which activates and deactivates the pump(s) at specified levels within the wet-well.

The simplest control system would contain an on-off magnetic contactor and disconnect. Systems normally have three sets of controls -- one for turn-off of the first pump, one for turn-on of the pump and one for the high liquid alarm. Twin systems usually alternate pumps on each successive cycle. Twin systems also usually include an override control, which brings in the second pump when in-flow is unusually heavy or in case of failure of the first pump. Control panels are installed above ground and usually contain: pump disconnects across-the-line starters with overload protection hand-off-automatic selectors elapsed time meters alarm systems for indicating high level conditions in the wet-well In addition, twin systems provide for automatic sequencing and alternating of pumps. Alternation allows for equal run-time and wear of the pumps. Alarm systems vary but can be visual, audible or remote monitoring by telemetry devices or telephone lines. The manufacturer will help determine what controls are needed for a particular application, and then design the control panel to this specification. Wet-pit installation is a major advantage of submersible wastewater pumps, since only one pit is required. The pump usually is installed on guide-rails. If field service or replacement is needed, the pump is easily lifted to the surface. When lowered into position, the pump outlet flange automatically seats with the discharge piping. Wrenches or special tools are not needed, nor is there need for anyone to enter the pit. Most submersibles can be serviced in the field without disturbing the piping; this represents a major cost saving to the user. Complete-package sewage lift stations are available from Southern Pump Services Engineering Limited click here for further details. The complete package -- from the tank to the pump-motor unit, guide-rails, piping and valves, all controls, etc. -- is shipped ready for installation. Access frames and covers are available from Southern Pump Services Engineering Limited click here for further details for either wet-pit or sump allocations. They are designed so the cover can be locked safely in the open or closed position. Trafficbearing covers are available.