FILTER BANK DESIGN BASED ON TIME DOMAIN ALIASING CANCELLATION WITH NON-IDENTICAL WINDOWS

Greg Smart and Alan B. Bradley

Department of Communication and Electronic Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Australia.

ABSTRACT
In this paper a new method of designing perfect reconstruction filter banks using analysis and synthesis windows that are not identical is presented. The filter bank design method is based on Time Domain Aliasing Cancellation (TDAC) introduced by Princen and Bradley. In this proof, a generalisation of window design is achieved by removing the restrictions on window shapes. We show that by utilising a post-processing amplitude equalisation window, perfect reconstruction can be maintained through control of aliasing cancellation alone. This allows a new degree of freedom for control of window shape and frequency domain selectivity. We also present an algebraic derivation of the perfect reconstruction requirements that allows the equalisation window to be merged into the synthesis process. Merging the two windows results in a perfect reconstruction filter bank that has non identical analysis and synthesis windows.
1. INTRODUCTION

Analysislsynthesis structures providing discrete time and frequency domain decomposition and reconstruction have widespread use in signal processing applications. Filter banks with adequate frequency domain selectivity and the potential for perfect reconstruction are important for the coding of speech and music waveforms. Filter bank structures based on time domain aliasing cancellation (TDAC) were originally introduced by Princen and Bradley [ 11. In the original development it was demonstrated that perfect reconstruction could be achieved using a time domain analysidsynthesis window shape that satisfied the

condition for time domain aliasing cancellation and whch resulted in a uniformly flat time domain composite response as consecutive window functions were overlapped and added in a synthesis operation. In recent literature several papers have been published which focus on optimal window design algorithms for the TDAC filter bank. Lookabaugh and Perkins [SI presented a method of developing optimal windows and Malvar [6],[7] has published an extended window length case and also a modulated window design particularly suited to image codlng. The results presented by these authors and many others have demonstrated the spectral selectivity that is possible using TDAC filter banks, but little attention has been placed on the process of cancelhng aliasing in the time domain. Smart and Bradley [2],[3] introduced an additional equalisation window following the overlap and add process that allows the abasing cancellation and unity summation constraints to be de-coupled and treated independently. De-coupling these constraints allowed for greater flexibility in the design of analysis and synthesis windows. The introduction of an equalisation window expands on the tradtional filter bank model but does not define the mmEed system mathematically. This paper reconsiders the original development by Princen and Bradley from a mathematical viewpoint to derive a direct relationship between the analysis and synthesis windows. ?he only constraints on the analysis window for th~s filter bank are that it must be of length W2 < h(r) c K for a K band system and it must be symmetrical. We demonstrate that previous work by Smart and Bradley provide useful insights into the effects of using nonidentical windows.

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0-7803-1775-0/94$3.00 0 1994 IEEE

2. THE TDAC FILTER BANK

The conditions for a perfectly reconstructing oddly stacked TDAC filter bank are derived by Princen and Bradley [l]. By following the development of these equations and by using the improvemenB to the TDAC filter bank as developed by Smart and Bradley [2],[3], an improved algorithm can be developed within this structure. The new algorithm is computationaly efficient and has window design constraints that are significantly more flexible than those associated with the original development, providing a new degree of freedom in window design. In this Paper both analysis and synthesis windows are limited to a length P = K for a K band system so overlap only occurs between adjacent time segments. Following Princen and Bradley, the reconstructed signal can be represented by gmo(r)= f(r + M)Ymo-l(r +MI + f(r)ymo(r).(2.1) Substituting the analysis equantions from [l] into Equation 2.1 gives the recovered signal at n = mp in terms of the input signal gm(r) = f(r + M){h(K- 1- r - M)xmo-l(r+ M) - h(r + M +2no - 1) X,~(K - 1- M -2no)} + f (r){h( K - 1 - r)xmo(r) + h(r + 2n0 - l)xm,(K- r - 2no)}. (2.2) By noting that M = W 2 and 2mo-l(r+M)= $mo(r) and by choosing 2no = M+Z then Equation 2.2 reduces to the final OLA equation as developed by Princen and Bradley [ 11.
= + 2mo(r) xmo(r){f(r M)h(M- l - r ) + h(2M-r - l)f(r)) +xmo( - r - 2n,){ f (r)h(r + M) - f (r + M)h(r)}. K

Further examination of Equation 2.3 reveals that if Equation 2.4 is satisfied, for the signal to be reproduced exactly, f(r+M)h(M-1-r) + h(2M-r- l)f(r) = 1. (2.5) If the analysis window h(r) is restricted to be symmetrical,itfollowsthat h(r) = h(2M-r-1) and h(r+M) = h(M-1-r),
E~~~~~~ simplifies to 2.5

(2.610.7) (2.8)

f(r+M)h(r+M)+ h(r)f(r) = 1. Equation 2.4 can be rearranged to give

f(r+M)=

f (r)h(r + M)

h( r>

(2.9)

Substituting equation 2.9 into equation 2.8 gives

f (r)h(r + MI2
+

h(r) which simplifies to

f ( r > W 2 = 1, h(r)

(2.10)

f ( r ) h ( r + M ) ? + f ( r ) h ( r f = h(r).

(2.11)

Equation 2.11 simplifies to give a complete description of the synthesis filter with respect to the analysis filter. f(r) = h(r) h(r+ M)2 + h(r)2 (2.12)

(2.3) For perfect reconstruction to be satisfied, aliasing distortion introduced in the time domain must be cancelled and subsequent analysis/synthesis windows must add to unity. Equation 2.3 describes the output 2mo(r) in terms of the input signal and an aliasing term. For aliasing cancellation to occur then we require f(r)h(r+M) - f(r+M)h(r) = 0. (2.4)

Equation 2.12 describes the conditions required for a perfectly reconstructing TDAC filter bank. The awtional requirements for Equation 2.12 to satisfy perfect reconstruction requirements are the analysis and synthesis filters must be symmetrical and have a length W2 < h(r) < K for a K band system. The only other requirement to achieve perfect reconstruction is h(r) and h(r+W2) must not both be equal to 0. This is equivalent to saying the input signal must be sampled.

3. FILTER DESIGN METHODOLOGY

Design methodologies for FIR filters and filter bank optimisation procedures have both been important

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research areas for many years and although they are closely related it has been difficult to merge the two procedures. The reason for this is that the design of FIR filters is a straightforward relationship between time domain response and fiequency domain response but filter banks have extra restrictions which reduce the freedom of the design procedure whch in turn reduces the spectral selectivityof the filter bank. Equation 2.4 and Equation 2.8 describe the restrictions imposed by the original development by Princen and Bradley [l]. By assuming that analysis and synthesis filters must be identical then Equation 2.13 must be satisfied f(r+M)* + f(r)* = 1. (2.13) Analysing Equation 2.13 it is obvious that r and r+M are related. Given that symmetry applies then r must also be related to M-r. For a K band filter bank only U 4 independent coefficients exist. Any filter design method that is implemented must account for equation 2.13 so traditional techniques for designing FIR filters cannot be implemented. Applying Equation 2.12 and not using Equation 2.13 allows perfect reconstruction to be achieved using any symmetrical analysis window within the filter length limitations. For a K band filter bank there are U independent coefficients so the 2 widely used filter design techniques described by Harris [4] may be implemented to improve the spectral selectivity of the filter bank. The filter design methods described by Harris may be used to implement analysis window designs but it is important to acknowledge the effect Equation 2.13 has on the firequency domain response of the TDAC filter bank. Equation 2.13 not only guarantees a flat time domain response but also guarantees a flat frequency domain response. The trade-off for better frequency domain selectivity is a non-flat frequency response. ?he designer must be careful not to sacrifice signal to noise ratio for spectral selectivitybut generally a good window design will only exhlbit non-flat spectral behaviour to a small degree. Smart and Bradley [3] presented a method of designing TDAC filter banks that use an extra correction window that can be implemented graphically. Using graphical analysis, TDAC filter banks can be designed with identical analysis and synthesis windows and an amtional post-processing

equalisation window. This method provides considerable insight into the window shape requirements and graphically demonstrates the degree of correction that is required to achieve perfect reconstruction. The new filter bank has superior frequency domain characteristics to TDAC filter banks with identical windows. Figure 1 describes a TDAC analysidsynthesis system that uses a postprocessing window as described in [3].
analysis window block m analysis window block m+l

Fomard/inverse SSE transform for data block at time m

Fowardlinverse SSB transformfor data block at time m + l

After the inverse SSB transform the signal is modified by a synthesis window which scales the aliasing terms and the reconstructed signal terms.

The time blocks m and m + l are overlapped and added. At this point the aliasing terms must cancel to achieve perfect reconstruction.

JI

The aliasing component of the signal has been cancelled so to reconstruct the input signal exactly, the output values must be scaled by an equalisation window.

V
Reconstructed output signal

FIGURE 1 TDAC ANALYSISBYNTHESIS USING A POST-PROCESSING EQUALISATION WINDOW

By analysing the reconstruction process in Figure 1 it becomes clear that there are two requirements which must be met to achieve perfect reconstruction. 'Ihe

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first requirement is that aliasing must be cancelled which is the purpose of the synthesis window and the second requirement is the system must have a uniform gain (normally unity). Separating these requirements simplifies analysis of the filter bank and the equalisation window provides exact detail of the modifications to the frequency response that need to be corrected to reconstruct the original signal. Given that the symmetry property applies throughout the analysis and synthesis processes then it follows that the equalisation window will also be symmetrical and thus will not affect aliasing cancellation. Therefore the equalisation window can be merged with the synthesis window to provide a new synthesis window that is not identical to the analysis window. The synthesis window can be defined in terms of the analysis window only which provides an extra degree of freedom in the analysis window design. This procedure can be developed graphically using Figure 1 or analymally using the Equation 2.12 presented in section 2. The definition described in Equation 2.12 adds an extra degree of freedom in the analysis window with no extra computational cost. For a K band system there are W 2 independent window coefficients where previously only W4 coefficients were independent. Duhamel et al. [9] has presented a fast algorithm for the TDAC filter bank that is widely accepted as being very efficient. Duhamel et al. present a special case for a memory saving algorithm that cannot be used as it relies on the use of a special window. The algorithm that is presented in Figure 1 of [9] has been implemented on a TMS32OC30 digital signal processor. For the case K = 128 (64 unique bands) an assembly code implementation of the analysis process takes 1320 cycles (79.2uS@33Mhz) and the synthesis process takes 1322 cycles.
4. CONCLUSION

We demonstrated that previous work by Smart and Bradley provide useful insights into the effects of using non-identical windows. We also reported on the results of a real-time implementation of a fast algorithm for an improved TDAC filter bank.

REFERENCES
[l] J. P. Princen and A. B. Bradley, "Analysidsynthesis filter bank design based on time domain aliasing cancellation," ZEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Processing, vol 34, pp. 1153-1161, Oct. 1986, [2] G. Smart and A. B. Bradley, "Efficient filter bank design based on time domain aliasing cancellation", submitted to ZEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Processing, April 1992. [3] G. Smart and A. B. Bradley, "Improvements in Adaptive Transform Coding Incorporating Time Domain Aliasing Cancellation", in Proc. ZSSPA92 (Brisbane, Australia), Aug 1992. [4] F. J. Harris, "On the use of windows for harmonic analysis with the discrete Fourier transform," Proceedings of the ZEEE, vol. 66, pp. 5 1 - 66, No. 1, Jan. 1978. [5] T. D. Lookabaugh and M. G. Perkins, "Application of the Princen-Bradley filter bank to speech and image compression," ZEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Processing, vol 38, pp. 1914-1926,NOV. 1990. [6] H. S. Malvar, "Lapped Transforms for Efficient TransfodSubband C d n g " ZEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Processing, vol. 38, pp. 969 - 978, Jun 1990. [7] H. S. Malvar, "Modulated QMF filter banks with perfect reconstruction" Electronics Letters, vol. 26, pp. 906 - 907,21st Jun. 1990. [8] R. E. Crochiere and L. R. Rabiner, Multirute Digital Signal Processing, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice - Hall, 1983. [9] P. Duhamel, Y. Mahieux, and J. P. Petit, "A fast algorithm for the implementationof filter banks based on "Time domain aliasing cancellation," in Proc. ICAASP (Toronto, Canada), May. 1991, pp. 2209 2212.

This paper reconsiders the original development by Princen and Bradley from a mathematical viewpoint to derive a direct relationship between t e analysis h and synthesis windows. The only constraints on the analysis window for this filter bank are that it must be symmetrical and it must be of length W 2 e h(r) e K for a K band system. The extra degree of freedom in t e design process allows a straightforward trade-off h between mainlobe width and sidelobe attenuation.

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