Prepared by Mr.

Sim Kwang Yaw

1
NOTES AND FORMULAE ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS FORM 4
1. FUNCTIONS
(a) Arrow Diagram

Domain = set A = {2, 1, 2, 3}
Codomain = set B = {1, 4, 8, 9}
Range = set of images = {1, 4, 9}
Object of 4 = 2, 2
Image of 3 = 9
In function notation f : x x
2

(b) Types of Relation

One-to-one

One-to-many

Many-to-one

Many-to-many

(c) Inverse Function
Function f maps set A to set B
Inverse function f
-1
maps set B to
set A.
Given f(x) = ax + b, let y = ax + b
x =
y b
a

f
-1
: x
x b
a

(d) Composite Function
fg(x) means the function g followed
by the function f.
E.g. f : x 3x 2, g : x
2
x

fg(x) = f(
2
x
) =
6
2
x


2. QUADRATIC EQUATION
(a) ax
2
+ bx + c = 0
x =
a
ac b b
2
4
2


Sum of roots:
b
a
+ =

Product of roots:

c
a
=


(b) Equation from the roots:
x
2
- (sum of roots)x + product of
roots = 0

3. QUADRATIC FUNCTION
(a) Types of roots
b
2
- 4ac > 0 2 real and
distinct/different roots.
b
2
- 4ac = 0 2 real and equal
roots/two same roots.
b
2
- 4ac < 0 no real root.
b
2
- 4ac > 0 got real roots.
y
x
0

y
x
0

y
x
0

b
2
- 4ac > 0 b
2
- 4ac = 0 b
2
- 4ac < 0

(b) Completing the square
y = a(x - p)
2
+ q
a +ve minimum point (p, q)
a ve maximum point(p, q)
The axis of symmetry is x p = 0 or
x = p

(c) Quadratic inequalities
(x a)(x b) > 0
Range x s a, x > b
(x a)(x b) s 0
Range a s x s b
4. INDICES AND LOGARITHM

(a) x = a
n
loga x = n
Index Logarithm
Form Form

(b) Logrithm Law
1. logaxy = logax + logay
2. loga
y
x
= logax logay
3. loga x
n
= n logax
4. loga a = 1
5. loga 1 = 0
6. loga b =
a
b
c
c
log
log

7. loga b =
a
b
log
1


5. COORDINATE GEOMETRY
(a) Distance between A(x1, y1) and
B(x2, y2)
AB =
2
1 2
2
1 2
) ( ) ( y y x x +

(b) Mid point AB
M
|
.
|

\
| + +
2
,
2
2 1 2 1
y y x x

(c) P which divides AB in the ratio m : n
Prepared by Mr. Sim Kwang Yaw
2


m : n
A(x , y ) B(x , y ) P
1 1 2 2


P
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
+
+
m n
my ny
m n
mx nx
2 1 2 1
,

(d) Gradient AB
m =
1 2
1 2
x x
y y

m = y-intercept
x-intercept

(e) Equation of straight line
(i) Given m and A(x1, y1)
y y1 = m(x x1)
(ii) Given A(x1, y1) and
B(x2, y2)
1 2
1 2
1
1
x x
y y
x x
y y

(a) Area of polygon
L =
1
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
.........
2
1
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x

(g) Parallel lines
m1 = m2

(h) Perpendicular lines
m1 m2 = -1.

6. STATISTICS
Measurement of Central Tendency
(a) Mean
n
x
x

=

For ungrouped data

=
f
fx
x

For ungrouped data with frequency.

=
f
fx
x
i

For grouped data, xi = mid-point

(b) Median
The data in the centre when
arranged in order (ascending or
descending).

Formula
M = L +
C
f
F n
m

2
1

L = Lower boundary of median
class.
n = Total frequency
F = cumulative frequency before the
median class
fm = frequency of median class
C = class interval size

By Ogive
n
n __
2
0 Median
Cumulative Frequency
Upper boundary


(c) Mode
Data with the highest frequency

By Histogram :
Frequency
Class boundary Mode 0


Measurement of Dispersion
(a) Interquartile Range
Formula :
Q1 =
C
f
F n
L
Q

+
1
1 4
1
1

Q3 =
C
f
F n
L
Q

+
3
3 4
3
3


Ogive :
0
Cumulative frequency
Upper boundary Q
Q
1
3
3
4
__
n
1
4
__
n

Interquartile range = Q3 Q1

(b) Variance, Standard Deviation

Variance = (standard deviation)
2


Prepared by Mr. Sim Kwang Yaw
3
n
x x

=
2
) (

=
2
2
x
n
x

For ungrouped data

=
f
x x f
2
) (

= 2
2
x
f
fx

For grouped data


7. CIRCULAR MEASURE
(b) Radian Degree
u
r
= u

0
180

(c) Degree Radian
u
o
= u
180

rad
(d) Length of arc
s = ru
(e) Area of sector
A =
2
1
r
2
u =
2
1
rs
(f) Area of segment
A =
2
1
r
2
(u sin u)

8. DIFFERENTIATION
(a) Differentiation by First Principle
x
y
x
had
dx
dy

0
=

(b)
dx
d
(a) = 0
(c)
dx
d
(x
n
) = nx
n-1

(d)
dx
d
(ax
n
) = anx
n-1


(e) Differentiation of product

dx
d
(uv) = u
dx
dv
+ v
dx
du

(f) Differentiation of Quotient

2
v
u v
v
u
dx
d
dx
dv
dx
du

= |
.
|

\
|

(g) Differentiation of Composite
Function
dx
d
(ax+b)
n
= n(ax+b)
n-1
a
(h) Stationary point
dx
dy
= 0
Maximum point:
dx
dy
= 0 and
2
2
dx
y d
< 0
Minimum point:
dx
dy
= 0 and
2
2
dx
y d
> 0
(i) Rate of Change
dt
dx
dx
dy
dt
dy
=
(j) Small changes:
x
dx
dy
y . ~


9. SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLES
(a) The Sine Rule

sin sin sin A B C
a b c
= = , or,

sin sin sin
a b c
A B C
= =
The Ambiguous Case

Two triangles of the same
measurements can be drawn given
ZC, AC and AB where AB < AC.
(b) The Cosine Rue
a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
2bc cos A
cos A =
2 2 2
2
b c a
bc
+


10. INDEX NUMBER
(a) Price Index

1
100
o
p
I
p
=
p0 is the price in the base year.
(b) Composite Index

IW
I
W
=

I = price index
W = weightage