QAB3012 DRILLING AND PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

DRILLING BIT

LESSON OBJECTIVES
To describe the basic types of drill bit and their differences Select drill bit for specific application Describe the bit evaluation process and IADC system Describe the techniques to evaluate bit performance Calculate cost per foot of a bit run Select a bit on a basis of a previous bit run data

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION TYPES OF DRILLING BIT BIT SELECTION

BIT EVALUATION
BIT PERFORMANCE

INTRODUCTION Drill Bit

INTRODUCTION
Drill bit is the cutting or boring tool which is made up on the end of the drill string It drills through the rock by scraping, chipping, gouging and grinding How well a bit drills depends on:
Type and condition of the bit The weight applied to make it drill

The rate at which it is rotated

The type of drilling fluid used for circulation The kind of rock/formation it is drilling

TYPES OF DRILL BIT

DRILL BITS
ROLLER CONE FIXED CUTTER

FISHTAIL MILL TOOTH TUNGSTEN CARBIDE INSERT

PDC (POLYCRYSTALLINE DIAMOND COMPACT)

NATURAL DIAMOND

ROLLER CONE BIT

The cones are mounted on bearing pins, or arm journals, which extend from the bit body

The cones rotate and drill hole with a crushing and/or gouging action
Require high WOB to fail the rock with high compressive loads Major advances: Jet nozzles to improve cleaning Tungsten carbide for hardfacing and gauge protection Sealed bearings
Faiza MN July07

NATURAL DIAMOND BIT

Employ natural diamonds set into tungsten carbide matrix body

Cutting action is by scraping/grinding

Very resistant to erosion and abrasion and are especially effective in harder formations. Expensive and care must be exercised when running in the hole since they are not resistance to impact loading or drilling on junk. Normally requires high RPM for better performance due to the limited depth per cut per rev

PDC BIT
Use small discs of synthetic diamond Use shearing or grinding action In relatively plastic, sedimentary rocks as shales, limestone, and weakly cemented sandstones the shearing action is most efficient cutting mechanism requiring the least energy to drill. The PDC cutters self sharpening effect results in long bit life and high rates of penetration. Thermally Stable Polycrystalline (TSP) is similar to PDC bits but are tolerant of much higher temperatures

BIT SELECTION
Must consider both mechanical and geological factors Useful to have condition of previously used bit in that hole or in the same section of an earlier drilled hole
MECHANICAL FACTORS GEOLOGICAL FACTORS

Cutters - offset, journal angle,

tooth or insert bits

Soft Fmn soft clay, unconsolidated

Fluid Circulation - regular, jet

fluid, air cooled

Medium Fmn shales, gypsum, salt,

chalk, siltstone, limestone, sandstone

Bearing Assemblies

Hard Fmn limestone, dolomite,

lime, hard compacted sand, quartzitic

BIT SELECTION (contd)

BIT OPERATING PARAMETERS
Formation Type SOFT WOB (per in of bit diam) Rotary Speed (rpm) Flowrate High since ROP high (500 800 gpm) High

Low 125 - 150 (3000-5000 lb/in) Low (3000 6000 lb/in) High (6000 10000 lb/in) 150 - 250 (shales) 100 - 150 (chlk/soft ss) 40 - 100

MEDIUM

HARD

Not critical

BIT SELECTION (contd)

Many variations in the design of drill bits IADC has developed a system of classifying drill bits, based on formation type and design variations. One for Roller Cone and one for Fixed Cutter

Series # - Type Features Additional Example: 1-2-4-E 5-1-7-X

ROLLER CONE IADC CHART

Mill Tooth

TC insert

Faiza MN July07

IADC - example
A Smith F2 bit has an IADC classification of 517X: 5 indicates that the Smith F2 has tungsten carbide inserts, 1 The bit is designed for use in soft formations with low compressive strength; 7 indicates that the cones on this bit have sealed friction bearings, and that the bit is designed for protection against gauge wear; X indicates that the inserts have a chisel tooth configuration (as opposed, for example, to a conical shape) there are 10 other characteristics.

BIT EVALUATION
As each bit is pulled from the hole, its physical appearance is inspected and graded according to the wear it has sustained Why evaluate bit? To improve future bit type selection To identify effects of WOB, RPM etc. To improve ability of personnel to recognise when a bit should be pulled due to wear To improve bit design Using IADC Dull Grading system

IADC BIT DULL GRADING

Inner / Outer Cutting Structure Location of Dull Characteristics

BIT PERFORMANCE
A good drill bit should gives: Good Rate-of-Penetration (ROP) Longest possible number of rotating hours Drill hole the same as the bit (true-to-gauge) Lowest cost per foot of hole drilled

ROP is affected by:

WOB Rotary Speed (RPM)

Mud Properties
Hydraulic Efficiency

BIT PERFORMANCE (contd)

Cost per foot of hole drilled

Cb

Rt Tt Cr F

C Cb Rt Tt Cr

= Overall cost per foot ($/ft) = Cost of bit ($) = Rotating time with bit on bottom (hrs) = Round trip time (hrs) = Cost of operatiing rig ($/hrs)

= Length of the bit run (ft)

The equation can be used to: Post drilling analysis to compare one bit run with another in a similar well Real-time analysis to decide when to pull the bit theoretically when the cost per ft is at its minimum

BIT SELECTION FROM OFFSET WELLS

The process requires several assumptions: The lithology encountered in the offset bit runs must be similar to that expected in the proposed well The depth of the offset bit runs are similar to that in the proposed well

The bit runs in the offset wells were run under optimum operating conditions
Having made the assumptions, the best bit will be selected on the basis of footage drilled, ROP and Cost-per-foot of bit run